Chemical Foreign Trade in 1940' Effect of a Year of War Abroad OTTO WILSON 3025 Fifteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.
L
AST year it was pointed out2 that the coming of war in Europe brought an immediate sharp impetus to our foreign trade in both directions. It was reasonable to expect that the gains would continue. Returns for 1940 now show that they did so, but not evenly as between imports and exports. The feature of the year was a marked shift toward exports, which reached their highest total value in many years. Including re-exports, this value for 1940 stood a t $4,021,564,000, or 27 per cent more than in 1939. With this swelling volume of trade there were naturally marked changes in its character. Munitions of war and other manufactures steadily displaced agricultural supplies and raw materials generally. I n the import trade, on the other hand, foodstuffs and finished manufactures tended to give way to strategic raw materials and supplies for our factories. While the import trade felt the acceleration of the new conditions, the total gains were considerably smaller. The year closed with an aggregate value of imports for consumption of $2,540,289,000, about 12 per cent more than in 1939. Against this background the currents of chemical trade were naturally showing wide fluctuations of their own. With chemicals figuring so prominently in wartime industry, a greatly heightened outgoing chemical trade for the United States was a foregone conclusion. It reached a total value of $221,865,000 in 1940 compared to $164,658,000 in 1939, an increase of 35 per cent. Chemical imports, on the other hand, which in normal times flow heavily from countries now at war or blockaded, dropped to their lowest level since 1932. Their total value in 1940, $58,251,000,represented a loss of 27 per cent from 1939. Figures showing the value of the trade in chemicals and related products over the last 12 years are given in Table I.
drastic. There was a threefold increase in the exports of explosives, fuses, etc., although this classification includes only explosives for industrial and engineering uses, etc., and not ammunition for war. Among the major classes of chemical wares, exports of coal-tar products practically doubled, medicinals were higher by a third, and industrial chemicals were higher by almost half. On the other hand, our foreign sales of soaps and toilet preparations were about one sixth smaller than in 1939, and those of paints and related articles just failed to hold their own. The figures summarizing these wartime effects on the various classes of chemical goods are given in Table 11. In the paragraphs following, such effects on the trade in the leading commodities in each great group are set forth.
TABLE I. U. S. FOREIGN TRADE IN CHEDIICALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS (IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)
COAL-TAR PRODUCTS All the important articles in this group contributed to the general heavy decrease in imports. Dead or creosote oil was purchased from abroad to the extent of 39,010,000 gallons as against 51,877,000 in 1939, the total value dropping from $5,769,000 to $3,890,000. All other crudes together were valued a t $1,085,000 as compared with $1,442,000 in 1939. Acids and other intermediates mere imported t o a value of $864,000, a sharp decline from the 1939 figure of $3,067,000. Colors, dyes, stains, etc., accounted for a large part of the decrease, imports in 1940 reaching only 1,800,000pounds, valued a t $2,991,000, as against 1939 shipments of 5,138,000 pounds valued a t $8,058,000. I n the outgoing trade, benzene fell from 12,990,000 t o 7,923,000 gallons, the value dropping from $1,915,000 to $1,526,000. This, however, was the chief exception to the rule of heavy export gains. The leading item in the export group-colors, dyes, stains, and color lakes-showed a striking increase from 13,716,000 pounds valued a t 936,432,000 in 1939 to 24,400,000 valued a t $15,209,000 in 1940. The only other finished product separately listed is rubber-compound-
Year
Imports
Exports
Year
Imports
Exports
1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
$144 055 112'070 82:738 47.852 59 287 65:117
$151,992 127,770 100,027 70,348 76,771 92,566
1935 1936 1937 1838 1939 1940
$ 68,716 79,975 102.571 78,021 79,479 58,251
$103,092 116902 139:447 128.910 164.658 221.865
TABLE 11. FOREIGN TRADE IN CHEMICALS AND RELATED PRODCCTS BY GREATGROUPS(IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS) Increase (+) nr "1
Decrease (-), Imports Coal-tar products Medicinals and pharmaceuticals Industrial chemicals Pigments, paints, and varnishes Fertilizers and materials Explosives Soaps and toilet preparations
1939 $18,942 5,506 17,632 1,519 32,455 410 3.015
Exports Coal-tar produots Medicinals and pharmaceuticals Chemical specialties Industrial chemicals Pigments, paints, and varnishes Fertilizers and materials Explosives, fuses, etc. soaps Toilet preparations
Y14,612 22,317 36,041 36,514 22.761 17,141 4,999 3,448 6,823
Within the framework of the 1940 chemical trade radical changes were going on throughout the year, attesting t o the presence of some basic factor of interference with normal activities. Among the great groups of chemical imports the changes in comparison with 1939 ranged from a small 7 per cent gain in explosives to a 53 per cent loss in coal-tar products. Paints and varnishes were lower by a t,hird, and industrial chemicals by a fourth. In the booming export trade the changes were even more 1 Foreign trade figures for both 1939 and 1940 are preliminary, as the Government has not published final figures for either year. There is usually little difference, however, between preliminav and final figures. 1 IND. ENQ.CEInhf., 32, 421 (1940).
546
1940
%
9 9,034
-53 -16 - 24 34 -16 7 - 12
4,604 13,334 995 27,207 437 2,640
$28,449 29,269 38,449 53,646 22,434 20,224 20,868 2,739 5,787
+
+
95 131 + 7 +47 - 1
+
18 +317 -21
- 1.5
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
April, 1941
541 ~~~
TABLE 111. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS (IN THOUBANDS) Imports Acetylene butylene ethylene, and propilene derivdtives Acids and anhydrides Acetic or pyroligneous Arsenious (white arsenic) Formic Oxalic. Sulfuric (oil of vitriol) Tartaric All other Alcohols, including fusel oil Ammonium compounds, n. e. 8 . 0 Chloride (muriate) Nitrnte . ..--.-.
All other Barium Compounds Calcium compounds Cellulose products, n. e. s.C Acetate All other Sheets more than 0.003 inch thick and other forms Sheets bands and strips more t h a d 1 inch wide, no; over 0.003 inoh thick Camphor Natural crude Natural: refined Synthetic Cobalt oxide Glycerol Crude Refined Iodine crude Lime, Lhlorinated, or bleaching hlagf;~&m compounds Potassium compounds, n. e.
8.c
Carhonate --. - _.~_..
~ 1 9 3 9 - Pounds Value
Nitrite . ......
Value
1,627
$ 342
776
8 197
1,439 29,348 522 183 4,206 116 4,515
1,822 19,857 2
74 4:3
5,400 2 6,320
35 1
...
60 562 28 9 27 25 152 1
8,487 2 125 1:161 1.053 2,631
191 31 109 40 74
2,703 466 368 382 3,413
53 7 37 9 96
7
7
2
2
82
46
15
8
...
a
1:s
71
16
22
6
1,157 818 528 681
323 329 213 945
397 ... 757
713
238 250 i:ii6
10.988 330 200
729 29 168
9,096 298 1,244
615 23 1,296
1,323 7,144
47 159
417 1,739
18 134
434 11,956 6 102 663 17.370 6,619
24 663 1 36 62 1,217 404
17 3,579
1 198
50
1,395 100 136 3,123 8:I 1 419 1,954 3,353
Chlorate and perchlorate Cream of tartar Cyanide Hydroxide (caustic) Argols tartar, and wine lees AII otder Sodium compounds, n. e. 8 . 0 Sulfate (salt cake) 133 tons Sulfate, anhydrous and crystallized 5 tons Chlorate 3,759 Cyanide 42 686 Ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate) 1:412 Phosphates (except pyrophosphate) Alj other Radium salts Other industrial chemicals
-1940Pounds
12 12,201 79 mg.
...
...20
...7
92 23,806 1,594
20 2,087 95
65 tons
1,010 1 68 2,119 4
1,836 50,410 65
... ...
3,603 30mg.
...
... ...
138 748 2,046
ing agents of coal-tar products, the value of which rose to $1,295,000 from $1,191,000 in 1939. Phenol exports increased from 2,058,000 to 4,304,000 pounds and from $281,000 to $570,000 in value, and other coal-tar acids from $236,000 to $505,000. All other intermediates were valued a t $3,891,000,or more than three times the 1939 value of $1,248,000. MEDICINALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS Menthol, chief import commodity in this group, apparently felt the effects of the new conditions less than most other medicinals. Imports were 419,000 pounds valued a t $848,000, only a slight change from the 407,000 pounds valued at $884,000 of the 1939 trade. There was a notable increase in imports of quinine sulfate, shipments of which reached 2,464,000 ounces compared to 1,386,000 in 1939. The value in 1940 was $1,330,000 and in 1939, $740,000. Other quinine and alkaloids and salts from cinchona bark were valued a t $499,000, about one fourth less than in 1939. I n the outgoing trade most of the usual items showed substantial increases. The most popular American medicinals last year in foreign parts were tablets, pills, capsules, powders, ointments, and similar manufactures, which were sold abroad to a value of $6,983,000. I n 1939 their value was $3,957,000. Medicinal and reagent chemicals were valued a t $3,039,000, nearly three times as much as in the previous year, and liquid elixirs, tinctures, extracts, etc., at $2,586,000, a gain of
Exports
7-1939Pounds 1,794 540 3,197 7,375 18,573 18,464
Alcohols Methanol 1,220 Butanol (butyl alcohol) 7,619 Glycerol 7,399 Other 21,295 Acetone 23,115 But 1 acetate 6,828 Carzon disulfide 5,503 Formaldehyde (formalin) 3,926 Amyl acetate 461 Synthetic collecting reagents for concentration of ores, metals, or minerals 11,583 Cellulose acetate flake waste, and d scrap (not lasticishd) Other organic cEemicals 22663 Aluminum sulfate 69:467 Other aluminum compounds 3,584 Calcjum carbide 8328 Calcium chloride 38:765 Potassium compounds (not fertilizer) 7 158 Sodium compounds 705:563 Bichromate and chromate 10,855 Cyanide 2339 Borate (borax) 182:27S Silicate (water glass) 16,039 Sodium carbonates, including soda ash 160,113 Bicarbonate (acid or baking soda) 31,113 Hydroxide (caustic soda), dry weight 261,000 Sodium phosphate (mono-, di-, tri-, 8,906 meta-, or pyro-) 0th-v 32,920 Tin &;pounds 204 Gases, compressed, liquefied, and solidified Ammonia, anhydrpus 4,836 Other gaseous refrigerants 3,025 Chlorine 12,001 Helium gas, cubic feet 236 Other 888s n. e s C 1,650 Other intfustrial ch’emicals a Less than $500. b Less than 500 pounds. c Not elsewhere stated. d Not separately stated.
...
Value $
7-1940Pounds
Value
141 54 565
6.035 $ 498 290 43 11,310 2,437
130 867 676
7,313 19,636 27,723
942 1,726
473 593 959 2,068 1,562 562 261 177 60
2,158 4875 12:378 27,109 26,150 6,319 7,077 5,710 214
874 386 1,605 2 938 1:947 585 316 281 26
1,905
13,746
2,196
3,072 745 208 260 318 808 14,778 761 295 3,230 253
2,997 35414 87:231 3,839 32,101 17.814 28354 588:191 28,583 12,816 128,626 15,954
932 4,830 995 272 1,272 195 3,096 16,637 2,571 1,520 2,457 286
2.080 605
116,967 22,601
1,591
5.536
209,932
4,511
385 1,734 56
8,051 50,661 131
359 2,935 48
597 675 257 22 308 3,360
10,400 3,089 10,011 185 2,412
869 603 253 4 503 6,158
d
...
181
408
one fourth. Exports of glandular products, enzymes, ferm’ents, etc., $2,022,000, gained about 75 per cent over 1939; vitamins and vitasterols, $1,596,000, gained 90 per cent; tonics, blood purifiers, emulsions, and appetizers, $1,989,000, were 8 per cent less; and white mineral oil, $954,000, gained about one third. CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES The highly popular chemical specialties of American manufacture continued to advance in foreign markets despite the trade dislocations of war, registering a 7 per cent gain in total value. As in 1939 the largest single item in this trade was pyroxylin plastic film support (film base), sales of which abroad reached 4,751,000 pounds valued at $4,356,000. I n 1939 they were 3,602,000 pounds valued a t $3,275,000. The second largest item, synthetic gums and resins in powder, flake, or liquid form, also enjoyed large increases, shipments totaling 13,278,000 pounds valued a t $3,028,000 as against 11,897,000valued a t $2,378,000 in 1939. Among the other large-selling items were copper sulfate, $2,297,000,representing a gain of nearly 100 per cent; cellulose acetate plastic film support, $1,377,000, a loss of 11 per cent; cellulose nitrate and acetate, $1,458,000, a gain of 36 per cent; insecticides and exterminators, $1,380,000, a 13 per cent loss; textile specialty compounds, $1,254,000, a 58 per cent gain; flavoring extracts, $752,000, a 15 per cent gain; baking powder, $322,000, a loss of about 40 per cent.
$
548
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
IKDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS The import and export trade of the United States in industrial chemicals in the last two years is shown in detail in Table 111. PIGMENTS, PAINTS, AND VARNISHES Our purchases from abroad of pigments, paints, and varnishes, never a leading department of our chemical trade, fell below the million dollar level in total value in 1940, reaching only $995,000. I n 1939 the trade was valued a t $1,519,000. Despite the general decrease the leading item, iron oxide and hydroxide, registered a substantial gain. Imports were 19,329,000pounds as against 16,914,000in 1939, and the value Tvas $495,000 as against $477,000. All other items, however, showed marked decreases. Ochers and siennas dropped from a value of $158,000 in 1939 to $92,000 in 1940, chemical pigments from $505,000 to $123,000, and paints, stains, and enamels from $148,000 t o $137,000. While exports also fell off, the decrease in total value was alight. Carbon black or gas black reached a total of 177,723,000 pounds valued a t $7,829,000 as compared with 1939 shipments of 203,828,000 pounds valued a t $8,888,000. Other important articles showing decreased trade (1939 figures in parentheses) included: zinc oxide, $472,000 ($533,000) ; red lead, $185,000 ($186,000); litharge, $198,000 ($254,000) ; dry white lead, $60,000 ($180,000); bituminous paints, liquid and plastic, $378,000 ($384,000); calcimine or cold-water paints, dry, $356,000 ($491,000); nitrocellulose (pyroxylin) lacquers, pigmented, $987,000 ($1,365,000), and dear, $411,000 ($481,000); ready-mixed paints, stains, and enamels, $3,997,000 ($4,707,000). An equally large number of articles showed increased exports, led by lithopone, shipments of which were valued at $1,112,000 a8 compared with $393,000 in 1939. Others were ocher, umber, sienna, and other forms of iron oxide for paints, $347,000 ($299,000); other mineral earth pigments, 3715,000 ($516,000); lampblack, $130,000 ($82,000); white lead in oil, $151,000 (895,000); titanium dioxide and titanium pigments, $868,000 ($698,000); paste and semipaste colors in oil, etc., $553,000 ($523,000); thinners for nitrocellulose lacquers, $565,000 ($554,000); and varnishes, $680,000 ($637,000). FERTILIZERS AND MATERIALS Although imports under this classification, fell off t o some extent as a whole, the largest single commodity in the list (sodium nitrate) registered a considerable gain both in quantity and in value. Imports of this item reached 664,000 tons valued a t $12,451,000, as compared n-ith a 1939 trade of 604,000 tons valued a t $11,213,000. TABLE Iv. Chloride, crude Kainite Manure salts Sulfate Nitrate (saltpeter)
IMPORTS OF POTASH FERTILIZERS
7 1 9 3 9 Tons Value 84.000 $2,314,000 19,000 155,000 22,000 2000 4S:OOO 1,624,000 1,636,000 58,000
-1940Tons Value 136,000 %2,836,000 32,000 231,000 395 4,000 26,000 652,000 50,000 1,424.000
Of the other nitrogenous fertilizers, ammonium sulfate registered greatly decreased shipments in the import trade, the 1940 total being 42,000 tons valued a t 31,275,000 as compared with 111,000tons and $2,987,000 in 1939. Ammonium nitrate mixtures also fell steeply in value from $1,810,000 in I939 to $386,000 last year. Calcium cyanamide dropped from 133,000 tons valued a t $3,174,000 in 1939 to 118,000 worth $2,473,000, and dried blood from $578,000 to $429,000.
TABLE v.
Vol. 33, No. 4
IMPORTS AND EXPORTE O F P E T R O L E U M AND PRODUCTS (IIV THOUSANDS)
Imports Crude petroleum Refined oils Residual fuel oil Unfinished oils including topped *rn,ie
UnfinTsied oils for manufacture in bond and export Other refined oils
= -1 -,939 .-Barrels 34,106 27.350 17,714
Value 8 23,289 18,699 10,202
---1940--Barrels Value 43,085 S 32,211 40,528 33,964 29,985 22,332
5,778
4,704
5,148
4.396
3,022 835
2,627 1,166
819 4,576
676 6,560
Exports Crude etroleum 72,064 92,790 51,495 67,845 Natura? gasoline 4,111 8,739 1,704 3,204 Refined oils 103,527 263,136 62,682 203,461 Gasoline0 36,613 96,997 19,470 64,858 Aviation gasoline) 4,001 20,153 2,992 18,265 Other gasolinee 32,512 76,844 16,478 46,594 Naphtha solvents and other finished light prohucts 1,444 4,339 229 1.034 Kerosene 7,994 16,787 8,051 3,139 Gas oil and distillate fuel oil 30,618 42,272 17,565 24,796 Residual fuel oil 14,972 12,133 11,880 9,870 Lubricating oil 11,865 90,959 10,336 84.465 Other refined oils 121 649 63 386 Fuel or bunker oil for vessels in foreign trade (not inoluded in domestic exports) 37,036 39,026 35,037 41,863 a For 1940 this classification has been changed t o “motor fuel and gasoline”. b For 1940, “high-grade motor fuel”. For 1940, “other motor fuel and gasoline“.
Other forms of fertilizer materials followed the same trend in imports. Phosphatic materials were valued a t $208,000, a large reduction from the $442,000 of 1939. Imports of potash fertilizers, while lower in total value, were affected much less than might have been expected. Table IV gives figures (in even thousands) for the various grades. In the export trade, shipments of ammonium sulfate recorded a tremendous gain, reaching a total of 151,000 tons valued a t $5,808,000 as against 47,000 and $1,466,000 in 1939. Other nitrogenous chemical material was exported to a value of $3,660,000in 1940 as compared with $3,161,000 the year before. Exports of land-pebble phosphate rock were valued at $2,989,000 and high-grade hard rock a t $886,000, as compared with 1939 figures of $4,392,000 and $841,000, respectively. Superphosphates were valued a t $1,655,000,a marked increase over the 1939 figure of $1,010,000. Potassic fertilizer material totaled 83,000 tons valued a t $3,141,000, as against 122,000 and $4,447,000 in 1939. EXPLOSIVES, FUSES, ETC. Imports of firecrackers were valued a t $397,000 as compared with $377,000 in 1939. Exports, more than half of which were made up of dynamite in 1939, were featured in 1940 by heavy shipments of smokeless powder and other explosives, as well as fuses and blasting caps. Total shipments of smokeless powder amounted t o 18,360,000 pounds valued a t $9,391,000 against only 379,000 pounds and $247,000 in 1939. Dynamite shipments increased from 22,204,000 pounds valued at $2,857,000 in 1939 to 22,615,000 valued a t $3,025,000 last year. Other explosives were valued a t $5,684,000in 1940 as against only $564,000 in 1939. Safety fuses, $1,630,000, and blasting caps, $1,139,000, compared with 1939 values of $590,000 and $740,000, respectively. SOAPS AND TOILET PREPARATIONS Imports under this classification, never very extensive, were still further reduced by abnormal world conditions. Perfume materials, the leading item, were valued a t $1,874,000 last year and $1,983,000 in 1939, and perfumery, bay rum, and toilet water a t $334,000 in 1940 and 8396,000 in 1939.
April, 1941
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
The chief export item among the soaps is toilet or fancy soap, of which we sold $1,211,000 worth to foreign buyers in 1940 as against 81,675,000 the year before. Dental creams continue to lead the field of toilet preparations sold abroad, the value last year being $1,607,000 and in 1939, $1,964,000. Exports of lipsticks, $686,000; hair preparations, $515,000; talcum powder, $503,000; and face and compact powder, 96443,000, were the other leading items.
TABLEVJ. EXPORTS OB NAVAL STORES,GUMS, A N D RESINS (IN THOUSANDS) Naval stores Gum rosin barrels (500 pounds) Wood rosi; barrels (600 pounds) Gum spirits’ of turpentine, gallons Wood turpentine, gallons Pine oil, gallons Tar and pitch of wood, pounds Sulfate resin, pounds Other gums and resins, pounds
MATERIALS RELATED TO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
.
By Johann Christoph Weigel
“The art of making gold would lead to gain Were not the oraftaman’s efforts aU in vain. The fool, who good coin in the 6re pokes, Trying out his art in curling clouds of smokes, Will find the Philosophic Stone his doom. Of all his fancied wealth the fateful tomb.”
Weigel, who was both the artist and publisher and is usually known as Christoph Weigel, was born in 1654 in Redwitz, Bohemia. He obtained his education while traveling from 1666 to 1691, and lived in Vienna, Frankfort on the Main, and Augsburg, finally settling in Niirnberg where he died in 1725. He was a prolific worker and illustrated many books. D. D. BEROLZHEIMER
New York, N. Y . The lists of reproductions and direotiona for ohtaining copies appear a8 follows: 1 to 96, Januery 1939,issue. pageJ24; 97 to 120, January, 1941, page 114. An addatloud reproduction appeara eaoh month.
- - 1 9 4 0 7
Amount Value
594 5 5,888 341 3,079 9,842 2,627 2,023 547 1.682 902 18,347 327 9,819 141 8,655 1,583
328 $ 3,291 291 2,657 4,999 1,592 1830 562 2:041 1,208 33 414 806 16:447 275 9,623 1,707
515,094
$12,098
--
table dyeing and tanning extracts stood a t $2,411,000 last year, the 1939 value being $1,748,000. Sulfur exports in 1940 were worth $12,961,000 for crude and $781,000 for sulfur crushed, ground, refined, etc., as against 1939 figures of $10,772,000 and $910,000, respectively. Imports of leading items last year, with the 1939 trade indicated in parentheses, included : inedible animal oils, fats, and greases, $4,182,000 ($5,498,000); edible vegetable oils and fats, $7,547,000 ($10,712,000); other vegetable oils, $55,838,000 ($46,659,000); crude rubber, $303,118,000 ($167,558,000); rubber latex, $14,593,000 ($10,468,000); gums, resins, and balsams, $17,390,000 ($14,338,000); drugs, herbs, leaves, roots, etc., $15,031,000 ($11,689,000); oil seeds, $32,237,000 ($33,232,000); essential oils, $6,406,000 ($6,444,000) ; and dyeing and tanning materials, $6,747,000 ($8,328,000).
OURthanks go t o Mr. Arthur Lina for his courtesy in permitting us to reproduce as No. 124 in the Berolzheimer series of Alchemical and Historical Prints, one of his extensive collection of engravings, the “Chemical Gold Fool”. This is from a very early collection of rather primitive engravings by Weigel which may have appeared in book form, illustrating the foibles of human nature and representing “Narren” (fools) in all walks of life. Subsequently some of the engravings were altered and were collected in a book which Weigel published in Niirnberg about 1690. The alchemist from this latter book will appear as No. 126 in the series. The old-fashioned poem translated by chemistry’s poet laureate, Jerome Alexander, reads as follows:
50 East 41st Street
7-1939Amount Value
Total
A number of articles in the import and export trade are related more or less closely to chemical industry but are included under other classifications. Following are figures showing the course of trade in 1940 in various important commodities of this type. Imports and exports of petroleum and products in the last two years are shown in Table V. Exports of naval stores, gums, and resins fell off about one fifth in 1940. Details are shown in Table VI. In the export trade, inedible animal oils and greases were valued a t $1,490,000 in 1940 compared with $2,073,000 in 1939. Edible animal oils and fats were valued a t $13,066,000 as against $21,229,000 in 1939. The chief item is lard, which dropped from $20,222,000 in 1939 to $12,724,000 in 1940. Edible vegetable oils and fats were valued a t $6,384,000 in 1940 and $4,981,000 in 1939, and inedible vegetable oils a t $6,267,000 last year and $5,179,000 the year before. Vege-
CHYMISCHER GOLDT NARR
549
