Nov., 1918
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
not before 1914. Professor Edgar F. Smith, by his books “Chemistry in America” (published in 1914)a n d LL T h e Life of Robert Hare” (published in 1917)has most auspiciously inaugurated the work of worthily presenting the labors and triumphs of America’s chemists. Could the Fiftieth Anniversary of the AMERICAN C H E W ICAL SOCIETY, which comes in 1926, be more fittingly marked and celebrated t h a n by a Jubilee Volume, which contains as compact and complete a n account as could then be made of what American chemists have done? From 1768,the date of the earliest known American chemical research, t o 1926 makes a span of I j S years. Just think of the tradition, concrete a n d tangible, crammed to the bursting point with the triumphs a n d trials of Americans, t h a t would be contained in such a volume. Could any one appraise in dollars and cents or otherwise t h e value of t h e stimulation t o and the enthusiasm for more and better work on t h e p a r t of America’s then chemists, from beginner t o old-timer, t h a t such a volume would create? Could we give the Nation a better or more dependable means of appraising the value of chemistry in its affairs? Incorrect knowledge of national achievements and capabilities is a national weakness; correct knowledge is a nstional strength. I know t h a t our Society has many burdens t o face in t h e near future, but could we not find time a n d opportunity for this work also? O U R X E M B E R S I N THE S E R V I C E
It may safely be taken for granted t h a t those of our members in Service, both at home and abroad, are acquiring new points of view as t o what t h e future course of action of America’s chemists should be
887
and t h a t they are formulating more or less definite CHEMICAL SOCIETY. lines of action for the AMERICAN When they come triumphantly home they will expect t o find our Society prepared t o receive, consider, a n d t o act upon their suggestions. N o doubt, a t meetings of our newest Section, “for t h e entire territory of France,” this subject will be threshed o u t more or less formally and conclusively. Should we not then be able t o match their plans with something we have planned so t h a t we can compare the two programs and act upon t h e result with the least delay? Would a n y other course be fair t o them? CONCLUSION
I a m fully aware t h a t in proposing pre-peace preparedness a task of very great dimensions is being opened up. R u t can we, in good conscience, do less? Our faces are set toward a future filled with perplexing problems; much effort will have t o be p u t forth, not all of i t can succeed. Many or even all of my suggestions may be impracticable or impractical, my present view t o t h e contrary notwithstanding; t h a t is something we must each and all individually be prepared t o face; t h a t should not and must not, in these extraordinary times, deter a n y of us from making all suggestions t h a t t o us seem proper. An imperfect suggestion may well contain the germ of a valuable plan. Neither personal pride nor fear of chagrin must in these times make us shrink from contributing whatever we can; fear of personal failure must resolutely be put t o one side. We must accustom ourselves t o “thinking out loud;” not all thoughts bear fruit, b u t t h a t is no reason whatever why we should not now (‘think out loud.” 25 BROADSTREET N E W YORE CITY
CHEMICAL MARKETS IN THE U N I O N OF SOUTH AFRICA B y 0. P. HOPEINS.Washington,
The Union of South Africa is a self-governing British dominion comprising t h e Cape, S a t a l , Orange Free State, a n d Transvaal provinces, t h e total area of which is 473,075 sq. mi. with a population of 5,973,394, of which 1,276,242are whites. Mining a n d agriculture are t h e chief industries, b u t t h e output of gold and diamonds easily exceeds in value all other products. The principal mineral products in 1914 were gold, $173,560,000;diamonds, $26,703,000;coal, $10,847,000; copper, $3,369,000;tin, $1,515,000. Manufacturing is still in a backward s t a t e despite t h e war stimulation and recent earnest discussion of plans for promoting industrial development. T h e manufacture of wattle-bark extract for export, in place of t h e bark formerly taken largely b y Germany, is a war industry, a n d there has also been a marked increase in sugar production. The diamond and ostrichfeather industries, on the other hand, have been very adversely affected b y t h e war. As a whole, the Union has h a d its share of war prosperity, t h e fly in t h e ointment being t h e high prices of necessities, which, as in other countries, have counteracted t o a large extent the high wages received b y t h e poorer classes. T h e per capita purchases of heavy a n d fine chemicals
D. C.
are high, so t h a t t h e Union is a more attractive field for the sale of such products t h a n many of t h e more thickly settled countries t h a t receive more attention from our manufacturers. T h e principal difficulty lies in t h e fact t h a t t h e mother country does the bulk of the business a n d in all likelihood will continue t o d o so. American products are well a n d favorably known, however, a n d a steady expansion of t h e business should be possible, especially in view of t h e fact t h a t there are certain German lines t o replace, although it should be recognized a t t h e s t a r t t h a t this is one of t h e markets t h a t Teuton chemical products did not dominate. An idea of the extent of t h e market for chemicals a n d allied materials and products can be gained from t h e following table, which shows imports b y principal classes for t h e calendar years 1914, 1916 a n d 1917. It should be borne i n mind t h a t there was a dislocation of trade during t h e latter p a r t of 1914, wherefore t h a t year should not be considered normal. T h e total imports of all classes of goods into t h e Union in 1914fell about 2 0 per cent below the total for 1913;in value, the imports for 1916 correspond very nearly t o normal.
888
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol . SUMMARY OF IMPORTS OF
CLASSES Chemicals Drugs. medicines. perfumery. etc Dyes and tanning materials Explosives Fertilizers Oils. fats. and waxes Paints.parnishes. etc Metals and miscellaneous materials Miscellaneous products
.
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED LINES 1914 1916 1917 $6.226. 000 $7.566. 000 $7.392. 000 2.089. 000 2.760. 000 2.595. 000 137.000 28. 000 132. 000 1.189. 000 1.646. 000 1.201. 000 880 000 617. 000 219.000 9.614. 000 5. 215 1000 8.216. 000 1.304. 000 951. 000 831. 000
...................... .. ....... ...................... ...................... ............. ............ ........................ ........... TOTAL ........................
l . 527. 000 5.264. 000
3.041. 000 6.754.000
2.260. 000 6.169.000
23.249. 000
32.036. 000
30.538. 000
An idea of t h e relative importance of t h e principal chemicals and allied products t h a t enter t h e import t r a d e may be gained from t h e following arrangement. in which the articles are divided into two convenient classes and arranged according t o their importance i n 1917. only such lines being included as exceeded $400. 000 in value during one or more of t h e three years considered . It will be seen t h a t t h e three most important items under the heading “Chemicals. drugs. e t c . ” have t o do with mining. t h e principal industry of the country; t h a t is. they are materials for t h e manufacture of explosives for breaking rock. or materials for t h e reduction of t h e ore . Large quantities of explosives. however. are now being manufactured for war purposes . These classes are followed b y the finer chemicals included under t h e headings perfumery. medicines. a n d pharmaceutical supplies. the per capita consumption of which. considering t h e limited white population. is rather high . T h e only important item imported for agricultural purposes is superphosphates. t h e last on t h e list . T h e most imposing totals for t h e allied products are mineral oils. i n which the United States has a large share. paper. paraffin wax. and vegetable oils .
.
RELATIVEI M P O R T A N C E O F VARIOUS LINES IMPORTED ARTICLES 1914 1916 1917 CIIBMICALS. DRUGS. ETc $2.101. 000 $1.826. 000 $1.910. 000 Glycerin 1.357. 000 1.829. 000 1.073. 000 Industrial nitrates 2.167. 000 1.703. 000 1.812. 000 Sodium cyanide., 677. 000 398. 000 668. 000 Perfumery.. 595. 000 514. 000 648. 000 Medicinal preparations 375. 000 722. 000 620. 000 Pharmaceutical supplies 437. 000 148. 000 429. 000 Superphosphates ALLIEDM A T ~ R I A A LNSD PRODUCTS Mineral oil., 3.196. 000 4.105. 000 5.565. 000 Paper 1.267. 000 3.031. 000 2.595. 000 1.812. 000 626. 000 1.461. 000 Paraffin wax 1.295. 000 872. 000 1.608. 000 Vegetable oil 1.191. 000 683. 000 1.898. 000 %inc Glass 903. 000 1.651. 000 974.000 821. 000 1.315. 000 245. 000 Sugar 752. 000 463. 000 888. 000 Fuse 302. 000 201. 000 568. 000 Detonators
. ..................... ............. ............. .................. ......... ........ ..............
.................. ........................ .................. .................. ......................... ........................ ........................ ......................... ...................
No.
II
IMPORTS OP CHEMICALS ARTICLES Acids: Acetic United Kingdom United States Nitric United Kingdom United States Sulfuric United Kingdom United States Tannic. Germany United Kingdom United States Tartaric Germany Italy United Kingdom United States Ammonia: For ice.making
1916
1914
.......................... 192 ............... $ 1.1. 290 19 .................. 1. 698 ........................... 1. 552 ............... ..... .................. 6 . 823 ......................... 6. 546 ............... .................. ..... 550 ......................... 448 ...................... ............... ..... .................. 25...... 190 ......................... 12. 818 ...................... 706 .......................... ............... 10. 628 ...................
...................
....................... ...............
Carbonate United Kingdom United States Nitrate Belgium Germany., Norway United States Borax United Kingdom United States Calcium carbide Canada Norway. United Ststes Carbonic ac
.................. ......................... ....................... .................... ....................... .................. ............................. ................. .................... .................... ......................... ........................ .................... ................ ................ ............ ............ ............ ................. ...........
United Kingdo United States . Creosote . . . . . . . . United Kingdom United States Disinfectants an United Kingdom United States Glycerin. industrial:
......... ................. .................... ............... ............... ............... ................... United States .................. Nitrates Cor manufacturing purposes .. ........... ........... .................. dom ........... United States .............. Saltpeter ........................ United Kingdom ............... United States .................. Compounds of. n . o. d *........... United Kingdom ............... Germany ...................... United States.,. ................ Sheep and cattle dlp................ United Kingdom ................. United States .................... Soda: Carbonate ....................... United Kingdom ............... .................. des
CHEMICALS
The following table shows t h e extent t o which the various articles t h a t may be classed as chemicals are imported into the Union of South Africa and the ext e n t t o which t h e principal competing countries share i n the market . T h e glycerin is imported chiefly from t h e mother country. bu-t there has recently been a n acute shortage and great efforts are being made t o stimulate t h e domestic output and a t t h e same time t o produce mine explosives t h a t do not require glycerin . The sodium cyanide was supplied by Great Britain and Germany before the war and now comes exclusively from t h e former country . T h e United States has no share in t h e trade . The sodium nitrate is imported directly from Chile .
IO.
...............
.....
.....
.....
34. 431 14. 800 6 . 536 11. 879
.....
60. 850 60. 019 550 256. 065 111. 161 105.273 12.994 6 . 833 4 794 1. 187 ~
..... 11. 290 11. 144 5 2. 769 2 769 ~
GO
226; 213. 464
4 . 531 2 100 927
1:177: 173 (a) 258
.....
2. 370 1. 630 419 2 . 837 2. 453 384 3 . 815 2. 793 1. 022 2. 331
..... .....
2. 331 39. 024
24. 284 14. 634 934
18. 396 17. 841 268
31. 439 10.692 9 . 227 11. 519 7 . 583 7 . 568 15 42. 923
43. 638 15. 461 16. 478 11. 699 8. 186 8 . 186
..... .....
42 923
..... ~
120. 553 120. 081 443 257. 564 149.071 64. 924 14. 590 5 646 34 4 . 375 54 31. 625 28. 552 2 . 068 8 . 444 8 . 424 20 393. 948 363. 659 20. 220 ~
486. 188 409. 531 1 . 340.iO3
.....
..... 574
..... ..... ..... 57. 965
57. 274 15 140. 326 111. 477 14. 809 2 . 304 4. 989
.....
4. 989
19;iis 18. 566 258 2 . 384 2. 384
.....
396. 090 363. 216 24. 464
598 526 514. 424 711 .311. 128 .255. 465 19. 282 .829. 357 .746. 626 ~
1 07i‘iij 1:044:682
.....
1.337. 275 2. 930 1 . 356 980 1 . 348. 751 92
9 . 184 3 . 299
I . 343 1 . 265
184. 670 184. 670
6 . 575 3 . 991
1;;585 15. 364
l5:860 14. 463 1. 397 67. 411 46. 188
.....
.....
69. 815 16. 878 16. 328 633 215. 250 192. 252 18. 284
..... .....
I3
117. 195 85. 271 1 . 849 8 . 123 321. 642 264. 684 56. 851
.....
.....
11. 281 259. 414 186. 718 62. 685
45. 896 42. 480 1. 976 248. 817 160. 045 124. 743 1.703. 241
107. 005 101. 7 7 8 4 . 701 1.812. 431 739. 990 1.064. 153
24. 878 24. 863 15 346. 476 268. 772 76. 896 2.167. 287 7 548 2. 1.59 739
I . 703 1 141
69. 815 63. 157 5
78. 93.5 70. 730 6 . 994
49. 239 46. 013 1. 796
58. 340 55. 883
205. 897 80. 307
310. 079 29. 569 89. 787 37. 229 152.025 43. 677 7 . 597 10. 166 745 25. 160
.....
..... .....
~
..... ~
.....
80. 755 2. 414 44. 836 United States 38. 874 146 701 Plowers of 22. 639 124:807 Italy 5 Japan 13. 582 15.948 United Kingdom 5.538 1.436 United States (a) No classification of glycerin attempted in 1914 1 hTot otherwise distinguished
.................. ....................... .......................... ......................... ............... .................. .
1917
$
297 3 . 236 41. 794
.....
25. 856 10. 701 7 . 680 1.266 3 . 460 3 . 460
.....
...........
5.086 3 . 854 895 2. 866 2. 253 613 3 . 489 2. 711 779 3.708
.....
.
.....
Sheep a n d cattle dips. germicides. and disinfect a n t s together form a considerable total. of which Great Britain has almost a monopoly . According t o t h e Weekly Bulletin of the Canadian Department
Nov., 1918
T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
of Trade and Commerce. there will be a steadily increasing demand for ammonia for ice.making. as t h e refrigerating industry is bound t o grow . To those who have pondered the German success in other countries. t h e insignificant p a r t t h a t German chemicals have played in this market. as shown in the preceding table. will come as a surprise . DRUGS. M E D I C I N E S . PHARMACEUTICAL
SUPPLIES
I n medicinal supplies and perfumeries t h e United States has a very fair share of the South African trade. the United Kingdom alone having a larger business. a n d Germany being nowhere . I n pharmaceutical supplies English goods predominate. although American lines are sold in some quantity . German manufacturers did twice as much business as their American competitors in this line in 1914. I n estimating the effect t h e war has had on t h e trade. the rise in prices should .be kept in mind when comparing t h e import values for the different years . T h e South African market for drugs. medicines. etc., can be estimated from t h e following table: 1916
1917
$17. 938 $14. 400 5 . 373 10. 390 8. 522 6. 780 24. 338 65. 051 19. 2:s 62. 588 15 822 19. 043 29. 133 16. 449 23. 982 1. 484 243 Medicinal preparations : Spirituous United Kingdom United States Non-spirituous United Kingdom United States Opium Turkish Empire United States Perfumery and perfumed spirits: Perfumery United Kingdom i United States Perfumed spirits Germany United Kingdom United States Pharmaceutical supplies Germany United Kingdom United States Saccharine United K.ingdom United States Spirits. non-potable: Alcohol Methylated Other plain spirits Tartar cream of Pran’ce Germany United Kingdom United States
70. 827 ............................. 39. 837 ..................... 25. 832 ........................ 442. 897 ......................... 339. 380 ..................... 77.023 ........................ 2. 934 .................................. 2. 389 ........................ ............................. 311. 442 ............................. 149. 873 .... ................ 111. 204 ........................ 84. 001 ....................... 26. 231 ............................ 46. 310 ..................... 988 ........................ 541 ................... 721. 98. 498 ............................. 515. 966 ....................... 42. 304 .......................... 9 in ... ............................... 857 ....................... 53 ..........................
............................... ............................ ......................
......................... ................................ .............................. ....................... .......................... ........................... gdom ........................ United States .......................... Allother’ ............................... Germany .............................. United Kingdom ....................... United States .......................... 1 Includes
127. 108 108. 596 68. 477 82. 804 36. 416 41. 584 520. 721 486. 456 417. 707 362. 326 98. 070 83. 724 7. 660 6 . 818 560 3 . 353
...
...
527. 178 237. 733 205. 298 140. 476
517. 411 227. 815 232. 118 159. 538
123:j12 1 . 981 620. 216 759 460. 955 61. 337 3 . 319 3. 314 5
14j;i04 3. 076 375. 256 73 266. 762 42. 188 1. 518 1. 056 24
117 224
526 117
36: io0 22. 225 7 . 947 5 792
44 1688 28. 698
229 5 555 48. 105 32. 683
i:051 12. 594 3. 908 3. 076 822 648. 501 1. 382 517 718 731032
4. 102 1. 178 535 642 831. 568 1. 426 576. 748 109. 462
~
i:475 1 . 012 297 358. 613 73. 991 233. 565 23. 758
;;i54
all other drugs. chemicals. and pharmaceutical products
.
DYES AND T A N N I N G MATERIALS
The items included under this head in t h e following table are those shown in t h e official statistics . The only articles of any importance are evidently included under t h e “All other” head. which itself is comparatively insignificant :
889
IMPORTS OF DYES AND TANNINQ MATERIALS ARTICLES
..................................... .................................... ................................. ................................. .............................. ................................... .......................... ........................
Bark Cutch Gambier Logwood Myrobalans Sumac Allother. n.0. d United Kingdom United States
...........................
1914 $ 107 307 866 170 331 428 25. 394 10. 273 5. 359
1917 1916 $ 9. 1 7 9 8; 3. 275 1. 981 944 1. 236 886 788 3 . 854 7. 057 4. 536 1. 178 5. 169 11 1. 477 116. 981 57. 338 60. 121 46. 403 42. 971
FERTILIZERS
T h e only important fertilizer imported into the Union of South Africa is superphosphate. t h e bulk of which came from the Netherlands before t h e war I n 1916 England was t h e most important source of supply. with Japan. a newcomer. second . I n 1917 Japan had t h e field t o herself. although unable t o satisfy demands . Details of the fertilizer trade are shown in t h e following table:
.
IMPORTS OF
FERTILIZERS
ARTICGES Ammonium sulfate., Basic slag United Kingdom., United States Bone manures India United Kingdom United States Guano Nitrate of soda Phosphates. raw Potash Superphosphates Japan Netherlands United Kingdom United States All other Netherlands United Kingdom United States
..................... ............................... ..................... .......................... ........................... ................................. ....................... .......................... .................................. ........................... .......................... .................................. ......................... ................................ ...........................
1914 $1 1 . 719 67. 090 29. 374
1916 $ 3. 859 100. 318 100. 318
89;023 4:404 24. 498 25. 691 5 44s 24. 171 1. 105 73 5. 767 30. 080 428. 753 4 3 j 133 139. 352 296; 633 8 7 . 986 284: 187 8. 595 70. 584 22i:604 78. 341 138. 510 60;677 3 . 509
1:105
...
... 1
....................... .......................... ................................ ........................... ....................... ............................. COLORS. PAINTS.
A N D PAINTERS’
1917 3 . 903 12. 191 12. 191
8
161069 8. 527 297 +;i40
... ...
14i10-53 130. 914 lj:i35 15 38. 013 li;i95 17. 953
GOODS
I n this line t h e United’ States has a monopoly of the trade in turpentine and a goodly share of the business in water paints. distempers. and ocher . T h e mother country dominates the important “All other” class . Details of the trade are as follows: GOODS IMPORTS OF PAINTS. COLORS.AND PAINTERS* 1917 1916 1914 ARTICLES $35.998 $47. 897 $44. 909 Ocher 44. 826 47. 858 35. 852 United Kingdom United States 7 i ;654 9 j 1632 S i ; 125 Turpentine and substitutes 87. 627 83. 281 69. 498 United States 107. 535 184. 811 128. 787 Varnish 6 6 4 93. 569 163. 758 110. United Kingdom 15. 817 1 7 . 792 9 . 412 United States 57. 065 81. 582 59. 673 Water paints and distempers 30. 927 24. 756 23. 753 United Kingdom 31. 481 48. 147 33. 963 United States 556. 075 895. 601 632. 193 All other kinds 484. 689 819. 922 495. 770 United Kingdom 45. 127 95. 287 43 005 United States
...................................
....................... .......................... ................ .......................... ................................. ....................... .......................... ............... ....................... .......................... ........................... ....................... ..........................
~
EXPLOSIVES
A glance a t t h e next table will show t h a t t h e mining industry has not depended upon foreign manufacturers t o any great extent for explosives. although reliance seems t o be placed upon outside sources for such accessories as fuses and detonators . As already mentioned. t h e shortage of glycerin has worked a hardship on t h e domestic explosive industry. but the manufacturers have been producing an explosive called sengite t o t a k e t h e place of gelignite. t h e new preparation not calling for glycerin . Nevertheless the Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Committee. in a report published by t h e Department of Mines and Industries and dated January 1918. states: The mining industry is dependent upon an adequate supply of explosives. in the manufacture of which glycerin forms an
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol.
890
essential ingredient, and, unless the requisite quantity of this latter chemical is obtained, the supply of gold t o the United Kingdom, the revenue of the Union, the livelihood of many persons directly or indirectly dependent upon the mining industry, and the market for South African produce, must be seriously curtailed. IMPORTS O F EXPLOSIVES
ARTICLES 1914 Blasting compounds: Collodion and guncotton.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $245,247 65,173 Germany. United Kin,cdom.. .................. 180,074 United States ...........................
1916
$
..........................
1917
... ... ...
$.
?;.&37 7,582
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... 638
336 155,208 125,045 83 6i:iii 102,499 62,311 52,339 568.212 301,621 279,849 243,510 58, I I1 288,365 887,981 752,346
United States
.... ....
37,263 30,250 676
.........................
576: i21 308,074
718: 695 33,409
26,956 21,549 5,183
21,052 13,870 6,419
O I L S , FATS, AND WAXES
Mineral oils form b y far t h e largest item in this group of imports, and t h e United States dominates the trade, especially in lubricating and illuminating oils. The Dutch East Indies are a formidable competitor in the trade in t h e lighter distillates. American producers have some share in the edible-oil trade, b u t considering t h e vegetable-oil business as a whole t h e United States is not an important factor. American exporters had about half t h e business in paraffin wax before the war, b u t are second now t o the exporters of India, although sales have increased greatly in value. The imports of “anti-friction grease” were divided rather evenly between Great Britain and the United States before t h e war, b u t our exporters have increased their share since hostilities started. Details of t h e imports of these lines are shown in the table t h a t follows: IMPORTS OF
ARTICLES Oils, animal: Fish...... Lard Whale Other animal.. Oils, mineral: Lubricating.. . .
OILS,
F A T S , AND
WAXES
...................... ............................ .......................... ............
............ ............
..................... ................. .................... ...................
naphtha Dutch East India Islands.. . . . . . United States. Paraffin’ United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other mineral. Oils, vegetable: Castor .......................... India. United Kingdom.. United States.
.................. ............. .................
$
2,005 4 950 38:655 2,205
9,154 9,825 131 3,796
$
9 548 7:320 83 2,633
1 110 326 1:041:431
1,164,301 1,760,413 869 507 557,837 884’613 600,872 1,284,581 1 225’629 1,283,170 1:225:369 192,831 20,902
2,661,328 1 055 807 1’601 ’566 1’485:383 1:485,383 308,123
130,364 39,268 86,921 190 8,838 5,154 3,679 165,991
205,541 106,820 96,858 200 6,122 4,759 1,178 145,285
27,078 58,366 29,311
‘38;353 24,703 43,112 5,558 13,310 90,833 81,655 117 9,062 254,031 208,753 9,719
80,808 26,572 48,7Ri 774 10,843 5,276
....
.....
83 4,755 99,462 11,824 77,986 2,136 189,828 189,161 2,136 Kerosene.
$
1917
926 343 844:937
726,637 627,667
83,524 29,068 25,253 16,576
I
1916
1914
.....
.....
15,023 105,146 77.684 19,505 6,696 323,501 320,722 6,696
IMPOBTS O F OILS,
IO,
No.
II
FATS, AND WAXES (Concluded)
ARTICLES Oils. vegetable (concluded): Palm and palm kernel.. British West Africa Nigeria. United States.,. Salad: Cottonseed. United States Other salad oils.. India, United Kingdom. United States.. Other vegetable Anti-friction grease.. United Kingdom.. United States Margarine and other butter substitutes Net herlands. United Kingdom.. United States Wax: Beeswax. Paraffin.. India United Kingdom.. United States.. Stearin,......................... United Kingdom.. United States. Oil-bearing materials: Copra.. Zanzibar, United States. Palm kernels British West Africa United States .................. All other..
.......... ............. ...................... ............... ................... ................ .............. ...................... ............ .............. ................ ............... ............... .................... .................... ............... .................... ....................... ....................... ......................... ............. ................ ............. ................. ......................... ..................... ................. ..................... ............. ......................
1914
1916
1917
$ 76,755 13,128 62,393
$ 431,284
$ 125,546
.....
347,167 76,030
.....
120,787 29 7
149.606 123,819 126,738 3.037 43 745 48,865 50,077 214,953 113,005 97,427 107.521 52,592 50,378 1,509
150,501 133,927 261,385 75,056 66,448 82,658 16,313 331,764 132,890 198,529 152,268 65,820 84,069 652
83,719 79.708 315,675 137,566 77,032 51,298 54.715 315,992 124,539 191,186 32,980 5,159 22,259 2,623
1,976 626,163 148,404 122,310 317,608 148,219 61,970 9,052
7,193 1,461,118 259,531 66,326 1,113,922 118,227 110,454 7,626
10,030 1,811,671 914,547 93.428 770,620 145,266 134,340 10,925
..... .....
253,903 196,938
299,937 230,176
I
.....
.....
.....
76,181 76,181 .
.
I
.
.
78,575
.....
..... ..... ..... .....
118,952
MI S CELLA N E 0 US P R 0 DUCT S
The United States has never enjoyed the lion’s share of the trade in any of the articles included in this group except baking powder, yet a study of t h e following table should reveal possibilities for future opportunities t h a t will be well worth while. T h e demand for some of these lines will grow steadily once the war is over and i t is unlikely t h a t certain of t h e old sources of supply will be relied upon again for some years t o come. IMPORTS OF
ARTICLES
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS 1914 1916 $ 228,726 $ 243,174 31,914 14,429 211,051 211,372
..................... ................. .................... ...........
Baking powder United Kingdom United States Blacking and shoe polish. United Kingdom.. United States... Blue United Kingdom.. United States. Candles.. United Kingdom.. United States Extracts and essences: Food United Kingdom.. United States.. Flavoring, spirituous France United Kingdom.. United States.. Flavoring, non-spirituous.. United Kingdom.. United States Glass: Bottles and jars Germany Japan Sweden... United Kingdom.. United States Plate Belgium,. Canada. United Kingdom.. United States Window.. Belgium.. United Kingdom.. United States.. Glassware, n. 0. d.. Belgium Germany Japan United Kingdom,, United States ................. ............. Glue.. . . . . . . . . . .
............... .................
.............................. ............... ................... .........................
............... .................... ........................... ............. ............... .............. ........................ ............. ................ ........ ............. .................. .................. ...................... ......................... .................... .............
.................. ........................... ..................... ...................... ............. .................. ....................... .....................
............. ................ .............. ....................... ...................... ......................... .............
United States
....................
1917 $ 409.803 15.632 394,152
19,982 433
254,941 241,968 12,886 70,043 68,550 151 10,774 10,186 10
240,275 226,132 13,758 114.636 114,582 24 4,628 4,531 78
123,576 120,782 618 83,879 14,829 67,124 185 9,942 7,889 219
130,086 125,623 2,526 110,971 26,708 83,130 779 12,556 8,162 419
68,219 62,520 4.370 89,145 28.061 60,627 268 5,918 2,132 355
499,848 78,443
894,356 13,456 63,469 245,656 261,351 236,288 182,464 4,069 2,847 160,195 15,364 206,057 10,798 98,912 368,302 85,456
509,703 1,304 61,907 76,721 284,564 57,211 137,245 151
234,872 241,129 3,796 63,864 63,494
..... 22,858
.....
75,022 267,468 46,860 115,682 32,523 80,891
.....15
97,287 44,573 44,388 44 190,719 46,870 52,393 920 56.106 i2;994 19,155 12,984 1,343
56,904 900 76,803 62,729 83,437 50,616 33,559 2,861 8,609 8,098
.....
.....
133,966 3,056 142,827 17,174 90,814 26,275 183,964 18,658 209 59,503 48.816 40,548 46,870 43.648 1.436 3,981 3,830
.....
Nov., 1918
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E i M I S T R Y
IMPORTS OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS (Concluded) 1914 1916
ARTICLES
Paper: $ 960,346 81 ,903,503 $1 Printing.. 288 394 3 12,634 Canada. 895 73,295 Germanv. 116,675 30,133 Norway.. 224.044 110.898 Sweden 996,095 439.567 United Kingdom.. 213,654 45,235 United S t a t e s . . 306,765 1,127,320 Wrapping. 2,540 288,365 Canada. 35,117 209 Germany.. 57,070 177,175 Norwav.. ..................... 110,898 348,101 Sweden 288,282 80,847 United Kingdom.. 5,290 79,752 United States. 240,177 292,569 Photographic material'. ............. 122 15,418 Germany. 132,491 168,434 United Kingdom.
....................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ....................... ............. ............... ...................... ...................... .................... ....................... ............. .................
~
.......................
United States. ........... Extracts and powders.. . . . . .
.
United States.. Sugar, molasses, etc.
,754,617 365,810 1 i i :ibo 382,346 606,142 225,095 840,634 168,113
.....
50,514 251,866 278,627 50,646 295,353
87,845
120,383
liS:849 108,396
184,467 150,862 7.539 28,455 155,101 102,757 39,905 11,996 11,315 428
172,002 77,013 30,211 63,834 263,000 174,284 85,203 26,333 25,895 389
130,208 82,293 23,924 19,432 207,011 151,597 50,495 21,408 21,198 107
58,899 54,627 312,750 312,493 88 3,650 1,197 1,314,889 588,384 586,170 7.898 - ,--
69,012 67,771 107,443 106,937 165 3,158 1,523 245,495 14,999 186,056
111,930 100,664 27,968 24,990 1,645 808 545 821,339 43,608 724,052 49.843
Molasses and treacle Saccharum. ..................... Surcar ........................... Mauritius. .................... Portuguese East AErica.. United States 1 Sensitized goods not stated separately.
........ ..................
1917
~
I
3 -4 -.,523 ---
MISCELLAKEOUS MATERIALS
Zinc is t h e only item of outstanding importance in this group and i t is now imported almost exclusively from t h e United States. Previous t o t h e war Germany was a serious rival. T h e extent t o which t h e various items are imported is shown in t h e following table: IMPORTS OF
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
ARTICLSS 1914 1916 METALS: 5 24,747 $ 39,959 $ Copper, bar, ingot, rod.. . . . . . 36,903 Iron, pig and ingot.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,770 Lead, bar, pig, and sheet.. . . . . . . . . . . 80,419 119,190
...
Tar and substitute
1918
134,817
192,003
23,126 56,617 58,734 188,664
17,729 340,169
14,230 227,475
20,863 105,389
86,088
137,887
142,224
( a ) Not stated separately in 1914.
ORIGINAL PAPERS EXAMINATION OF ORGANIC DEVELOPING AGENTS By H. T. CLARKE Received July 20, 1918
F r o m t h e time t h a t t h e European war c u t off t h e supply of foreign organic chemicals t o this country, t w o distinct activities have been apparent in t h e photographic developing agent t r a d e ; on t h e one hand, t h e efforts of manufacturing concerns t o produce t h e most necessary substances, like hydroquinone a n d salts of p-aminophenol, a n d , on t h e other, t h e less commendable manipulations of t h e purveyors of bogus and adulterated developing agents. For t h e control of both of these activities. chemists are necessary-to check t h e purity of t h e genuine products a n d expose t h e composition of t h e false. Moreover, i n many cases developing agents are submitted under fancy names and it is necessary t o identify t h e substances t h e y contain. T h e work of t h e analyst t h u s falls into t h r e e classes: t h e separation a n d identification of genuine developing agents; t h e quantitative determination of such substances; a n d t h e identification of t h e materials employed for adulteration or substitution. T h e following scheme for t h e identification of t h e commoner developing agents is drawn u p t o meet t h e first; a few suggestions for quantitative work follow; b u t owing t o t h e enormous number a n d variety of adulterants, n o a t t e m p t can be made t o indicate all of t h e methods employed for their detection a n d estimation, which i n a n y case are subject t o t h e methods of routine analysis.
QUALITATIVE METHODS GROUP TESTS
Taking 0 . I g. of sample: I-Insoluble in 5 cc. of cold water: p-Hydroxylphenyl glycine 11-Soluble in 5 cc. of ether: Hydroquinone Chlorohydroquinone Catechol Pyrogallol 111-Soluble in 5 cc. of alcohol: p-Aminophenol base p-Aminophenol hydrochloride 5-Amino-2-cresol hydrochloride 2,4-Diaminophenol hydrochloride p-Dimethylaminophenol oxalate IIIa-Insoluble in alcohol: p-Aminophenol sulfate 5 -Amino-n-cresol sulfate $-Methylaminophenol sulfate $-Dimethylaminophenol sulfate o-Methylaminophenol sulfate p-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride DISTINGUISHING TESTS
(A) Test aqueous solutions with litinus: Neutral or only faintly acid with Group 11; Groups I11 a n d IIIa give markedly acid solutions (with t h e exception of pure paminophenol base). Test aqueous solutions for chlorides, sulfate, oxalate, a n d other common anions. (B) T r e a t 0.I g. i n I cc. h o t water with one or two drops of I O per cent sodium carbonate solution, a n d let mixture s t a n d a few minutes t o cool.
