42
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(139) Rees, A. L. G., and Spink, J. -4., Acta Cryst., 3, 316 (1950); Nature, 165, 645 (1950). (140) Reisner, J. H., J . Appl. Phys., 22,561 (1951). (141) Reisner, J. H., and Zollers, S. M., Electronics (January 1951). (142) Rich, A. R., Voisin, G. A., and Bang, F. B., BUZZ.Johns Hopkins Hosp., 92,222 (1953). (143) Rochow, E. G., and Rochow, T. G., J . Phys. Colloid Chem., 55, 9 (1951). (144) Rossa, G., Seent-Gyorgi, A. G., and Wyckoff, R. W.G., Exptl. Cell Research, 1, 194 (1950). (145) Roesa, G., and Wyckoff, R. W. G., Ibid., 11,630 (1951). (146) Rudsinska, M., and Porter, K. R., Proc. SOC.Protozool., 3, 9 (1953). (147) Schmitt, F. O., Gross, J., and Highberger, J. H.. Proc. .Vatl. Acad. Sei.,39, 459 (1953). (148) Scott, D . B., Intern. Dental J. (London), 4, 64 (1953). (149) Scott, D. B., Cssing, RI. J., Sognnaes, R. F., and Wyckoff, R. W. G., J. Dental Research, 31, 74 (1952). (150) Seigel, B. hI., AZernan, J. P., and Scheraga, H. A , , Biochim. et Biophys. Acta, 11, 329 (1953). (151) Selby, C. C., Cancer Research, London 4, 64 (1953). (152) Selby, C. C., “Electron Microscopy of Tissue Cells,” chapter in “Analytical Cytology,” R . C.Mellors, ed., Iiew York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., in press. and ..Scott, G. D., Can. J . (153) Bennett, R. S., MoLauchlan, T. .I Phys., 30, 370 (1952). Proc. Soc. Ezptl. Biol. &fed., (154) Sharp, D. G., and Beard, J. W., 81, 75 (1952). (155) Sharp, D. G., Eckert, E. A , , Beard, D., and Beard, J. W., J. Bacteriol., 63, 151 (1952). (156) Sharp, D. G., Eckert, E . d.,Burmester, B. R., and Beard, J. W.. Proc. SOC. Exntl. Biol.Med.. 79. 204 11952) ’ (157) Sjostrand, F. S . , Experientia. 9, 68 ~(1953j. (158) I M . , p. 114. (159) Sjostrand, F. S., J . Cellular Comp. Phyaiol., 42, 15 (1953). (160) Ibid., p. 45. (161) Sjostrand, F. S.,Xature, 168, 646 (1951). (162) Ibid., 171, 30 (1953). (163) Sjostrand, F. S., and Rhodin, J , Erpfi C‘dl HrreuIcii, 4, 426 (1 953). (164) Sniith, K., Wyckoff, R . W. G., and Seros, S . , Parasitology, 42, 287 (1953). (165) Sognnaes, R. F., Scott, D. B., Ussing, 11. J., and Kyckoff, R . W. G., J . DentaZRcsiaich, 31, 85 (1952).
(166) Stromberg, R. R . , Swerdlow, hZ., and Mandel, J., J . Research ,Vatl. Bur. Standards, 50, 299 (1953). (167) Tulloch, G. S., and Shapiro, J. E., Bull. Bklyn. Entmnol. Soc., 48. 57 (1953). (168) Watson, J, H: L., and Grube, W. L., J . Appl. Phys., 23, 793 (1952). (169) Watson, J. H. L., and Rouge, S.R., Ibid., 24, 1106 (1953). (170) Watson, M. L., and Robinson, R . A, Am. J. Anat., 93, 1 (1953). (171) Weber, R. L., -4m. J. Phys., 20, 301 (1952). (172) Williams, R. C.,“Application of Freeze-Drying to Electron Microscopy,” chapter in “Drying by Vacuum Sublimation,” New York, Academic Press, in press. (173) Williams, R. C., Biochina. et Biophys. Acta, 9,237 (1952). (174) Williams, R. E., Expt. Cell Research, 4, 188 (1953). (175) Williams, R. C., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quad. Biol., in press. (176) Williams, R. C., and Fraser, D., Proc. Satl. Acad. Sci., 39, 730 (1953). (177) Williams, R. C., Luria, S.E., and Backus. R. C., J. Bacteriol., 61, 179 (1951). (178) Williams, R. C., and Steere, R. L., Am. J . Bot., 40.81 (1953). (179) Williams, R. C., and Steere, R. L., J . Am. Chem. Soc., 73, 2037 (1951). (180) Wilsdorf, H., and Kuhlniann-Wilsdorf, D., Z. angew. Phys., Parts I, 11, 111,4, 361, 409, 418 (1952). (181) Worley, L. G., Fischbein, E., and Shapiro, J. E., J . Morphol., 92, 545 (1953). (182) Kyckoff, R . W.G., Discussions Faraday Soc., No. 11 (1951). (183) Wyckoff, R. W.G., “Electron Alicroscopy, Teehniques and Applications,” New York, Interscience Publishers, 1949. (184) Wyckoff, R. W. G., “Electron Microscopy of Developing Bacteriophage and Other Viruses,” chapter 7 in “Progress in Biophysics,” Vol. 11, Xew Tork, Academic Press, 1951. (185) Wyckoff, R. W. G., “hlacromolecular Structure of Biological Materials,” Chap. VI, in “Science in Progress,’’ 7th series, G. -2.Baitsell, ed., K e a . Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1951. (186) Wyokoff, R. W.G., Pioc. -1-atl. Acud. Sci., 37, 565 (1951). 38,409 (1953). (187) Wyckoff, R. W.G., Z . ZeZZ/orschz~??g., (188) Kyckoff, R. W. G., and dnderson, T. F., Proc. Electron Microscolie6oc. A m . , J . Appl. P h y s . , 24, 111 (1953).
Chemical Microscopy WALTER C. MCCRONE A m o u r Research Foundation, Chicago 76,111.
T
HIS review covers the period from the first review (184) t o
the end of 1952 KOeffort has been made t o cover books or papers appearing during 1953 either directly or through the abstract journals. Some references in metallography and electron microscopy are included where the information given is of particular interest t o chemical microscopists. Several meetings of interest t o microscopists have been held during the past five vears. T h e first International Congress of Microchemistry wa8 held in Graz, Austria, during the summer of 1950 (379). T h e Armour Research Foundation held four summer symposia in the field of microscopy: Electron and Light Microscopy in 1918 ( 1 6 6 ) , Fine Particles and Resolution in 1919 (16‘7), Thin Films in 1950 (168), and Surfaces in 1951 (258). This series will be resumed in 1951 Richards (320-322) has published a series of studies on the history of the microscope, including a final study on recent advances in microscopy (523). Foster has also published a survey on advances in optical design of the microscope (116) and books b y Langeron ( 2 2 2 ) , Wredden (,$Os),and Lautenschlager (dW7) cover very well the theory and applications of the microscope. T h e polarizing microscope is covered in books b y Hallimond (165). and Hartshorne and Stuart (169) A handbook b y Freund (134)covers industrial applications of the microscope. T h e problem of the microscopist in technical work is discussed by Mason (267) and the place of the microscope in in-
dustry by Greenland (160) and \Yachtell (374). 4 good general discussion of the applications of the polarizing microscope b y Johnson (186)has appeared. The correlation of light and electron microscopy was the subject of one meeting (166) and a t least two studies (65, 265) Barer ( 2 2 , 25) critically discusses t h e relative advantages of phase contrast, polarized light, and interference microscopy in achieving resolution and appearance of detail. GEYERAL METHODS 4YD APPLICATIONS
Vinyl polymers are being used as embedding media for lenther previous to sectioning (290), as mounting media (158), and to seal microscopic cover glass preparations (33). Refractive index data for current mounting media (149) and for media rontaining diiodomethane ( 8 9 )have appeared. Dark-field illumination for determination of refractive indices b y the immersion method is recommended b y Dodge ( 9 5 ) ,and Dollar ( 9 6 ) proposes a stage and method for continuous variation of the refractive index during examination of a n immersed crystal. d much needed book on micromanipulation b y de Fonbrune, a pioneer in this field, has appeared (114). A scheme for electron and light microscopical study of identical areas of a specimen are reported b y H y a m and Kutting (183). Brandstatter ( 6 9 ) discusses t h e determination of molecular weight using the microscope. Howes (179) suggests the use of detergents in t h e
*
V O L U M E 26, NO. 1, J A N U A R Y 1 9 5 4 aqueous media when examining difficultly dispersible particles. Pristera (310) has developed a means of differential staining of high explosive mixtures such as cyclotol and pentolite so t h a t the non-TNT phase can be studied. T h e effect of aging of barium sulfate precipit’ates and other precipitation factors such as coprecipitation are discussed b y Fischer (112). Shadowcasting as an aid in light microscopy is suggested by Bhattacharya (49). Microscopic measurements of difficultly accessible dimensions (343) and of the amplitudes of micro-oscillat,ions ( 3 7 0 ) have been reported. .1 very useful technique called dispersion staining has been refined and applied b y Crossmon to a number of industrial problems (82-84). The sampling kind identification of particulate matter in the air have been studied with success b y Seely (350) and Crozier and Seely (86),\Tho impinge the sample on a gelatincoated slide in which specific qualitative reagents have been dissolved. Schaeffer (341) reports the use of isoquinoline as a reagent for microscopic identification of copper and cobalt in the presence of nickel as well as for the detection of zinc and cadmium. Schuldiner (348) identifies amidone (6-dimcthylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3heptanone) by the characteristic precipitates obtained when various inorganic reagents are used. Fischer and Simonsen (113) use the electron microscope t,o st,udy dimethylglyoxime derivatives of nickel, palladium, and bismuth, and Feinstein ( 1 0 9 )uses 1,2-cyclohexanedione dioxime as a reagent for nickel. The microscopic detection of alkaloidp by simple optical tests and characteristic crystal hahit is reported by Keenan (1.W. 194). T h e microscope has been applied to a number of industrial problems such as metal stearates ( 7 5 ) , coatings (368; 2[.,20, 685 (1948); Ibid., p. 870. (166) Hamm, E'. -I., (167) I b i d . , 21, 883 (1949). (168) I b i d . , 22, 958 (1950). (169) Hartshorne, N. H., and Stuart, d.,"Crystals and the Polarizing Microscope," 2nd ed., S e w York. Longmans, Green and Co., 1950. (170) Hauser, E. A., J . Cham. E d u c . , 26, 224 (1949). (171) Hauser, E. A, P S A Journal, 17B, 46 (1951). (172) Hauser. E. A,. and Le Beau. D. S.. Kolloid -Z.. 110.78 11948). (173) Hawksley, P. G. W., Bull. Brit. Coal c'tilisation Resear& A s k . , 16, 117, 181 (1952). (174) Helnil, F.,and Schedling, J. .I., Acta Phys. Austrinca, 5 , 237 ~
(1951).
(175) Herzog, A , , "Handbuch der 11ikroscopischen Technik fur Fasertechnologen," Berlin, Akad. Verlag, 1951. (176) Hohl. L. A,, Stain Tecliizol, 23, 129 (1948). (177) Honeycombe, R. R. K., J . I n s t . Metals, 80, 39 (1951). (178) Hogpe, IT., and Trurnit. H. ,J., 2. Saturforsch., 2A, 608 (1947). (179) Howes. H. S., Analyst, 76, 240 (1951). (180) Huhach, C . E., and Jones, F. T.. A i s ~ kCHEM., ~ . 22, 595 (1950). (181) Hurtig, H.. and Perry, A . S.,J . E c o n . Entonol., 43, 952 (1950). (182) Hutchings. L. E., J . Chern. Educ., 28, 214 (1951). (183) Hyam, E. D . , and Kutting, J., B r i t . J . Appl. P h y s . , 3 , 173 (1952). (184) Jelley, E. E., - ~ S . * L . CHEM.,21, 40 (1949). (185) Johnson, B. K., E n d e a z ' o u ~7, , 57 (1948). (186) Johnson B. K . , J . S c i . Iiistr. a n d P h y s . in I n d . , 26, 148 (1949). (187) Ibid., 13. 193. (188) Jones. R. hI., "Handbook of LIicroscopical Technique for Workers in Animal and Plant Tissue," Kew York, Paul B. Hoeber, 1950. (189) ,Jupnik. H., Osterberg, H . , and Pride. G. E., J . Opt. Soc. Amer., 38, 338 (1948). (190) Kardos, F.,ASIL. CHEM.,22, 1569 (1950). (191) Kastler, A . , and Montarnal, R . , Srcture. 161, 357 (1948). (192) Keck, P. H., and Brice, d. T., J . O p t . S O C . Amw., 39, 507 119491. (193) Keenan: G. L., Chemiaf Ancilysi, 40, 4. 11, 14 (1951). (194) Ihid., 40, 28( 1951). (195) Kent-Jones, D. R., et al.. A m l y s t , 73, 128 (1948). (196) King, J., J . Rou. N i c r o s c o p . Soc., 71, 338 (1952). . , (197) Kirkpatrick, P.] Sattrrc. 166, 251 (195O), (198) Kirkgatrirk. P., and Raea. .I.T.. J . O p t . Soc. Amer., 38, 766 (194X), (199) Iilenim, H . , M e t a l l , 1, 79 (194i). (200) Koflei. d.,C'hem. B c r . , 83, 594 (1950). (201) Kofler, 1., X i k r o s k o p i e , 5, 153 (1950). (202) Koflci,, L., Chem. Weekblad, 48, 70 (1952). (203) Kofler. L.. Mikrochcmic ~ e r .M i k r o c h i m . Acta, 36/37, 282 (1951). (204) Iiofler. L.. and Kofler. -1., "Mikromethoden zur Kenmeichnung Organischer Stoffe und Stoffgemische." Innsbruck, Universitiitsverlag Wagner, 1948. (205) Kofler. W., Mikrochemie ter. M i k r o c h i m . A c t a , 39, 84 (1952). (206) Kofler, FT., Kofler, A, and Kofler, I,.,Ibid., 38, 218 (1951). (207) Kohaut. .i.,Z . angew. P h y s . , 1, 165 (1948). (208) Komarek, K., Chemie ( P r a g u e ) , 4 , 30 (1948). (209) Krc, J., ANAL.CHEM.,23, 389 (1951). (210) Zbid., p. 675. (211) I b i d . , p. 806. (212) I b i d . , p. 932. (213) I b i d . , 24, 1070 (1952).
48
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(214) (215) (216) (217) (218) (219)
Krc, J., and RIcCrone, W. C., Ibnd., 22, 730 (1950). I b i d . , p. 845. Ibid., p. 1576. Krug, W., and Lau, E., Ann. P h y s . L p z . 8 , 329 (1951). Krug, W.,and Lau, E., D i e T e c h n i k . 6, 122 (3951). Land, E. H., Bird, G., and Shurcliff, W. h..J . O p t . Soc. A ~ n e r . , 40, 61 (1950). (220) Land, E. H., et al., Science, 109, 371 (1949). (221) Lane, G. R., N a t u r e , 164, 452 (1949). (222) Langeron, M., “PrBcis de AIicroscopie,” 7th ed., Paris, .\Iasson et Cie, 1949. (223) La Porte, M., C o m p t . rend., 230, I592 (1950). (224) La Porte, AI., Roerich-Goussu, 0.. and Dejean, J., Ibid.. 232, 394 (1951). (225) Larsen, J., Poe, C. F., and Witt, X. F., Mikrochemie ver. Mikrochim. A c t a , 34, 351 (1949). (226) Larsen, J., mitt, S . F., &- Poe, C. F., Ibid., p. 1. (227) Lautenschlager, E., “Praktische RIikroskopie,” Basel, T’erlag Wissenschaft, Tech. u. Ind., 1950. (228) Leary, J. A., A x . 4 ~ .CHEM.,23, 850 (1951). (229) Lepine, P., J . A p p l . P h y s . , 22, 114 (1951). (230) Levaditi, J. C., Prudhomrne, R. O., and Augier, J., A n n . inst. Pasteur, 75,217 (1948). (231) Levi, F. A., .Vuoco C i m . , 7, 271 (1950). (232) Lhopitallier, P., and James, L. AI., Rev. matBriaux constritction et frav. publ., Centenaire naissance Henry Le Chatelier, 1950, 17. (233) Long, R. A., Metal Progr., 61, 166 (1952). (234) Loofbourow, J. R., J . Opt. Soc. Amer., 40, 317 (1950). (235) Loveland, R. P., ASAL.CHEM.,21, 467 (1949). (236) Lucht, C. LI.,and Harker, D., Rev. Sci. I n s t r . , 22, 392 (1951). (237) Ludford, R. J., Smiles, J., and Welch, F. V.. Suture, 162, 650 (1948). (238) LIcCrone, W. C., AF.LL.CHEM.,21. 436 (1949). (239) Zbid.,22, 197 (1950). (240) Ibid., p. 500. (241) Ibid., p. 954. (242) Ibid., p. 1067. (243) Ibid., p. 1225. (244) Zbid., p. 1459. (245) Ibid., 23, 205 (1951). (246) Ibid., p. 1188. (247) Ibid.. D. 1339. (248) Ibid.; 1523. (249) Ibid., p. 1718. (250) Ibid., p. 1884. (251) Ibid., 24, 421 (1952). (252) Ibid., p. 592. (253) McCrone, W.C., Discussions Faraday Soc., No, 8 , 159 (1949). (254) McCrone, W.C., Mihrocheniie ner. Mikrochim.A c t a , 38, 476 (1951). (255) AIcCrone, W.C., and Cheng, P. T., 6.A p p l . P h y s . , 20, 230 (1949). (256) hlccrone, w. c., and Corvin, I., ANAL. CHEM.,24,2008 (1952). (257) McCrone, W.C., Grabar, D. G., and Lieber, E., I b i d . , 23, 543 (1951). (258) LIcCrone, W. C., and Kirkpatrick, A. F., Ibid.,p . 1051. (259) McCrone, W. C.. and Krc, J., Ibid., 24, 1863 (1952). (260) McCrone, W.C., and Perrine, E. L., The Frontier, 12, 10 (1949). (261) AIcLean, J. D., Jr., Bull. A m . Assoc. Petroleum Geol., 35, 96 (1951). (262) Magnan, C., S u c l e o n i c s , 4, 52 (1949). (263) lIalmstrom, B. G., and Glick, D., -LNAL.CHEX., 23, 1699 (1951). (264) Martin, L. C., Ah.titre, 167, 831 (1951). (265) Rlarton, L., J . Opt. Soc. Bnier., 40, 269 (1950). (266) Marts, R. O., S t a i n Technol., 25, 41 (1950). (267) RIason, C. W., ANAL.CHEM.,21, 430 (1949). (268) Mather, K. R.,J . O p t . Soc. L4mer., 38, 1054 (1948). (269) Matthem, F. W.,ANIL. CHEM.,20, 1112 (1948); Ibid., 21, 1017 (1949). (270) i\Iarx, T., and Diehl, F., Saturu,isse?ischnfte,l, 35, 91 (1948). (2T1) Meisel, 51. N., Izvest. A k a d . S a u k S.S.S.R., Ser. F i z . . 13, 230 (1949). (278) Rlelankholin, K . M,, Zacodskaya Lab., 13, 495 (1947). (273) hlellors, R. C., Discussions Faraday Soc.. No. 9, 398 (1950). (274) hIellors, R. C., Science, 112, 381 (1950). (275) llellors, R . C., Berger, R . E., Rtreim, H . G , , Ihid., 111, 627 (1950). (276) llickey, G. H . , S t a i n Technol., 25, 217 (1950). (277) Miller, R. F. E . , “Practical Photomicroscopy.” London, Percival AIarshall8- Co., 1948. (278) LIillson, H. E., and Tnrl, L. H . , Teztiie R c s c a ~ hJ . , 21, 685 (1951). (279) Xlitchell, J., Jr., ANAL.C H E Y . , 21, 448 (1949).
i.
(280) I1iy-ta. A., Yanagawa, S., and Noma, M., J. Opt. SOC.Amer., 42, 431 (1952). (281) 3Io:iier. J C., and Hocart, R. J., J . Sci. Instr., 27, 302 (1950). (282) Montainal, R., Rev. opt., 27, 477 (1948). (283) 3Zoore, d. T., Scott,, L. W., de Gruy, I. V., and Rollins, AM. L., Textile Research J., 20, 620 (1950). (284) AIoiehead, F. F., A S T M Bull. No. 163, 54 (1950). (285) XCiller, E. W., 2. P h y s i k . , 131, 136 (1951). (286) IIiiller, R. H., and Zenchelsky, S. T.. , i s . 4 ~ .CHEM..24, 844 (1952). (287) Xakamura, H., and Kuhota, H . , J . P h y s . Soc. J a p a i i , 7, 79 (1952). (288) Seuerberg, G. J., Ani. Mineralogist, 33, 496 (1948). (289) Seuerherg, G. J., and AIcCrone, W.C., ;IXAL. CHEM..23, 1042 (1951). (290) Newman, 8. B., J . Am. Leather Chemists’ Assoc., 44, 661 (1949). (291) Nickols, D. G., J . I r o n Steel I n s t . (London), 160, 415 (1948). (292) Sorris, K. P., Seeds, W.E., and Wilkins, 11.H. F., J . Opt. Soc. A m e r . , 41, 111 (1951). (293) Sorris, K . P . , and Wilkins, AI, H. F., Discicssions Faraday Soc., No. 9, 360 (1950). (294) Notsold, E., Rer. i n d . mine‘rale, 31, 192 (1950). (295) Opfer-Schaum, R., A p o t h . Ztg., 89, 269 (1949). (296) Osterberg, H., J . Opt. Soc. Anzer., 38, 685 (1948). (297) Osterherg, H., Ibid.,p. 1099. (298) Osterberg, H . , I b i d . . 40, 295 (1950). (299) Osterberg, H., and Pride, G. E . , Ibid., p. 14. (300) Osterberg, H., and Pride, G. E., I b i d . , p. 64. (301) Osterherg, H . , and Wissler, F. C., Ibid., 39, 558 (1949). (302) Paxton, R. R., Rock Products, 54, 127 (1951). (303) Pence, R. J., Science, 107, 631 (1948). (304) Perryman, E . C. W., and Lack, AI., Metallurgiic. 44, 97, 110 (1951). (305) Pfeiffer, H. H., Ber. oberhess. Ges. .Yictur- i i . H ~ i l k .Geisse., X a t u r w . Aht., 2 3 , 3 2 (1947). (306) Pfeiffer, H . H., Optik, 5, 217 (1949). (307) Pfeiffer, H. H., Saturwissenschaften, 39, 305 (l952), (308) Preece, -I., and Nutting. J., Exoineering. 169, 542 (19501. (309) Prince, E., J . A p p l . P h y s . , 2 1 , 698 (1950). (310) Pristera, F., ANAL.CHEM.,24, 1216 (1952). (311) Ramachandran. G. N . , P h y s . Reus., 85, 378 (19521. (312) Ramachandran, G. N., and Thathachari, Y. T., C‘rrvvent Sci. ( I n d i a ) , 20, 314 (1951). (313) Ramsey, J. V., J . S e i . Instr., 28, 24 (1951). (314) Rahbek, H., and Omar, l I . , Sature, 169, 1008 (19521, (315) Reimers, F., A n a l . C h i m . A c t a , 2, 1 (1948). (316) Reumuth, H., Kunstseide u. Zellwolle, 28, 37 (1950). (317) Rhodes, R. G., J . Sei. Inst?., 27, 333 (1950). (318) Richards, 0. W., J . O p t . Soc. A m e r . , 38, 668 (19481. (319) Richards, 0. W., S t a i n Technol., 23, 55 (1948). (320) Richards, 0. W., T r a n s . Am. Microscop. S O C . . 68, 55 (1949). (321) Richards, 0. W., Zbid., 68, 206 (1949). 13221 --, I b i d . . D. 275. (323) Ibid.,p. 292. (324) Richter, R., Optik, 2 , 342 (1947). (325) Roberts, F., and Young, J. Z., S u t u r e , 169, 963 (1952). (326) Roberts, F., and Young J. Z., paper 1348 presented before the Institution of Electrkal Engineers, 1952. (327) Rochow, T. G., Coven, G. E.. and D a r k E. G.. Paper Trade J . , 126, 104 (1948). (328) Rochow, T . G., and Rowe. F. G.. ;isa~.CHEM..21, 461 (1949). (329) Rodman, C. -4., and Pansey, -1. W., Te.rtile Research ,J., 20, 873 (1950). (330) Rogers, G. L., S a t u r e , 166, 237 (1950). (331) Rogers. G. L., Proc. R o y . Soc. Edinburgh, A63. 193 (1952). (332) Rose, H., ANAL.CHEM.,24, 1680 (1952). 1333) , - - - ,Ross. C. S.. Am. Mineralooisf. 33. 363 119481 (334) Royer, G.-L.T-As.LL.CHEM:, 21, 442 (1949). (335) Royer. G. L., ASTM B u l l . . S o . 165, 46 (195Oj (336) Royer, G. L., and Maresh, C . , R a y o n Textile M o r ~ t h h 29, ~ , 105 (1948). (337) Palaenstein, 111. .I.,and IIcCione, W.C.. J . C h e m . E ~ I L c28, ., 184 (1951). (338) Sasaki, S , J . A p p l . P h y s , 19, 1050 (1948) (339) Sarin, T‘. A , . Dokladu A k a d S n u k , S S S.R , 69, 117 (1949). (310) Saylor, C. P., Brice, A.T . . arid Zernike, F., 6.O p f . .Snc. .4n?er., 40, 329 (1950). (341) Schaeffer, H. F., ~ A L C .H E X . , 23, 1674 (1951). (342) Schedling, H., A c t a . P h y s . Austriaca, 2, 13 (1948,. (343) Schendell, G., B r c h . Tech. M e s s e n , 178, 120 (1950). (344) Schendell, G., O p t i k , 9 , 33 (1952). (345) I b i d . , p. 219. (346) Pchofield, F., B r i t . J . Applied Phys., 2, 18 (19511. (347) Schouten, C . , .4m. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 30, 130 (1981!. (348) Pchuldiner, ,J, A , , AXLL. CHEM.,21, 298 (1949). \
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V O L U M E 26, NO. 1, J A N U A R Y 1 9 5 4 Schumann, H., and Piller, H., N e u e s J a h r b . M i n e r a l . Monatsh, 1950, 1. Seely, B. K., ANAL.CHEW,24, 576 (1952). Seidenburg, R. L., and Benford, J. R., M e t a l Progr., 58, 725 (1950). Smith, H. G., “hIinerals and the Mcroscope,” 4th ed., Kew York, The MacMillan Co., 1950. Smithson, F., Mineralog. M a g . , 28, 384 (1948). Sokolov, S. Y., Z h u r . Tekh. Fiz., 19, 271 (1949). Spendlove, G. A., Cummings, M., and Patnode, R., P u b l i c Health Repts. (U. S.),63, 1046 (1948). Stevenson, D. G., J . Sci. Instr., 28,275 (1951). Steward, E. G., Ibid., 29, 214 (1952). Stock, E., Deut. Farben-Z., 5 , 273 (1951). Stock, E., Farben, Laeke, Anstrichstoffe, 4, 42 (1950). Stokes, A. R., Proc. R o y . Soc. (London), A212, 264 (1952). Strugger, S.,“Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie und Mikrobiologie,” Hannover, Verlag hI. -4.Schaper, 1949. Strugger, S.,M i t t . naturforsch. Ges. Bern., 8, 14 (1951). Tanfield, D. A,, and Hughes, W. H., Chemistry & I n d u s t r y , 1951. 27. Taylor; E. W., J . Opt. S O C .A m e r . , 42, Si4 (1952). Tchan, Y. T., N a t u r e , 170, 328 (1952). Tervet, I. W., Rawson, A. J., Cherry, E., and Saxson, R. B., Phytopathology, 41, 282 (1951). Tolansky, S., iVature, 169, 445 (1952). Tolansky, S.,and Omar, M., Ibid., 170, 81 (1952.) Ibid., p. 758. Tolansky, S., and Rahbek, H., Ibid., 169,1060 (1952). Tripp, V. W., and Rollins, 11.L., AXAL.CHEM., 24, 1721 (1952). Tronnier, H., and Wagener, H., O p t i k , 8, 165 (1951). Vandor, J., M a g y a r , Khm., L a p j a , 4, 641 (1949). Wachtell, R., Materials & M e t h o d s , 32, 49 (1950). Wahlstrom, E. E., “Optical Crystallography,” 2nd ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1951. Wambacher, H., M i k r o s k o p i e , 4, 92 (1949). Katts, N. P., and Boyd, G. A,, S t a i n TechnoZ., 25, 157 (1950). Weiser, hl., Rdntgen Blbtt., 4, 188 (1951). West, P. W., ANAL.CHEY.,22, 1069 (1950). West, P. W., and Granatelli, L., Ibid., 24, 870 (1952).
49 Weston, R. M., Phot. J., B91, 50 (1951). White, B. J., Witt, N. F., Biles, J. A,, and Poe, C. F., ANAL. CHEM.,22,950 (1950). Widerkehr, L., Assoc. tech. ind. papetihre, Bull., 2, 35 (1948). Wilchinsky, Z. W., ANAL.CREM.,21, 11% (1949). Wildman, A. B., and Appleyard, H. bI., Rea. Teztile Progr., 1, 319 (1949). Wilkins, J. E., Jr., J . Opt. Sac. A m e r . , 40, 222 (1950). Wilkins, M. H. F., Stokes, A. R., Seeds, W.E., and Oster, G., N a t u r e , 166, 127 (1950). Williams, M. B., and Van Meter, W. P., ANAL.CHEM.,24, 762 (1952). Williams, M. B., Van Meter, W. P., and McCrone. W.C., Ibid., 24, 911 (1952). Williams, M. B., Van Meter, W. P., and Robinson, R. J., Ibid., p. 1220. Willis, E. R., and Roth, L. M., Science, 109, 230 (1949). Wilsdorf, H. G. F., Naturwissenschaften, 38, 150 (1951). Wilson, E. T., Phot. J., 88B, 116 (1948). Winchell, H., Am. Mineralogist, 35, 130 (1950). Wolter, H., Ann. P h y s . L p z . , 7, 33 (1950). Wolter, H., Naturwissenschaften, 37, 491 (1950). Ibid.,p. 147. Ibid., 8, 1 (1950). Ibid., 9, 65 (1951). Wood, L. J., and Frank, A. J., ANAL.CHEx, 23, 695 (1951). Wooters, G., J . Opt. Soc. Amer., 40, 521 (1950). Wredden, J. H., Chemistry & I n d u s t r y , 1949, 762. Yagoda, H., Econ. Geol., 41, 813 (1946). Young, J. Z., and Roberts, F., N a t u r e , 167, 231 (1951). Zappfe, C. A., Rev. Met., 44, 91 (1947). Zappfe, C. A., Landgraf, F. K., Jr., and Worden, C. O., Jr., I r o n Age., 161,77 (1948). Zednik, V., and Kaderavek, Z., Hutnick6 L i s t y , 5, 45 (1950). Zeffert, B. M., and Hormats, S.,ANAL.CHEX.,21,1420 (1949). Zemany, P. D., Ibid., 24, 348 (1952). Zernicke, F., J . Opt. Soc. A m e r . , 40, 326 (1950). Zworykin, V. K., and Flory, L. E., Elec. Eng., 71, 40 (1952). Zworykin, V. K., Flory, L. E., and Shrader, R. E., Electronics, 25, 150 (1952).
Raman Spectroscopy ROBERT
F. STAMM
Stamford Research Laboratories, American Cyanamid co., Stamford, Conn.
T
HE last review on Raman effect in this series appeared i n January 1950 (14). However, the publication of other very good surveys (2, 9, 106, 126, 140, l 4 l ) , two books (59, l@), and a bibliography (3) has made i t unnecessary to list all the articles since 1950. Consequently, the present compilation includes papers published from October 1952 to October 1953. (Several exceptions will be noted.)
Davies (30) and Matossi (100) have extended the basic theories
of polarizability; Stein (162) has calculated values of LY for paraffins from bond a ’ s ; and Stansbury et al. (160) give values of (&/by) determined from intensity ratios (Raman/Rayleigh) in the gas state (hydrogen, deuterium, hydrogen bromide, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane). MOLECUL4R STRUCTURE
THEORY
There are nine publications listed which are concerned with the subject of intensities (10, 26, 67, 92, 101, 174, 191-193). Of these, one b y Long (92) reviews the theories and presents a matrix method for calculating derived invariants of CY (polarizability) in terms of CY functions characteristic of bonds and normal modes, a n d another by Theimer (174) provides extensive tables pertaining to the vibrations permitted in all the various point groups normally encountered. There are fourteen publications which have something in common, inasmuch as they employ previously published data for testing the theoretical aspects of interaction of vibration-rotation (47), improvements in methods of calculating force constants (93, 176, 180, 194), applications of group theory (QS), internal rotation (106, 107), torsional vibrations (170-172), a viewpoint on the true meaning of the term “characteristic frequency” (110), the effect of electronic arrangement on certain vibration frequencies ( l 4 2 ) , and the use of statistical theory in interpreting p data (178).
There are 54 publications in this field (5, 8, 18, 22, 24, 38, 36, 36, 38-45, 48, 49, 58-66, 60, 61, 64, 70, 75, 87, 91, 94, 97, 98, 102,lO4,109,118-122,227,128, 132, 134, 143,144, 150,161, 163, 164,177, 186), nearly all concerned with infrared and Raman spectra, vibrational analysis, and assignment of frequencies. I n addition, some contain the calculated values of the thermodynamic functions in the ideal gas state. [See (95) for values on cyanogen fluoride. ] The subject matter can generally be inferred from the titles in the bibliography. Of the 25 papers (19-22, 26, 31, 50, 51, 73, 80-82, 84-86, 99, 116, 117, 123, 125, 131, 139, 152, 153, 183, 190) dealing with crystals, the majority consist of contributions from India and France; five (73,117,152,183,190)are concerned with the theory of lattice vibrations. hTew and finer details in the Raman spectra of gases have been obtained in Canada. The molecules studied are ammonia (28), ethylene (27, 166), benzene (167),and methane, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and methyl bromide (187). The techniques employed are discussed under Apparatus. T o
