INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
January, 1925
erably less than 150. The values of these gases given by Taylor2 are shown in Table 111. TABLEI1 COMPOSITIONCnHPn+zSpecific CO Hs f N gravity
------PERCENTAGE COa Sample HzS CnHzn OS 1 0.5 12.8 0.2
+
2 3
0.5 0.0 1.0
4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
14.0 8.7 9.0
0.7 0.4 1.6 0.0
0.61 6.4 0.1 13.1 10.5 7.2 13.9 11.82 13.15 7.34 9.32 0.6 0.4
8.3 8.4 5.1 5.2 2.21 5,s 9.9 4.1 4.6 3.7 8.3 6.32 7.47 9.10 3.74 5.2 5.8
B. t. u. per cu. ft. 0.894 1123a (mixed gas i220)-
0.1
3.9
82.5
0.3 0.6 0.5
0.2 0.4 0.5
5.4 11.1 4.4
79.6 79.2 84.6
0.851 11230 0.660 1395 0.847 1702b
1.1 0.6 0.4
0.2 3.8 4.4 0.0 5.2 0.3 1.4 10.2 2.24 3.06 0.2 6.1 0.3 4.3 0.9 5.0 0.5 6.6 0.5 3.4 0.6 3.4 0.53 5.58 0.61 4.56 2.04 6.60 3.01 3.11 0.3 4.0 0.2 5.6
86.9 86.3 87.4 82.6 91.27 79.6 84.0 75.9 76.5 84.8 72.7 74.63 74.29 73.00 79.89 89.6 87.4
0.900 0.850 0.802 0.722 0.806 0.SO7 0.827 0.898 0.873 0.908 0.960 0,928 0.917 0.956 0.884 0.784 0.787
0.6 0.61 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.4 1.1 1.02 0.92 1.92 0.93
0.3
0.6 a Gas from cracked distillate receiver. b Gas from cracked distillate separator.
33
to 14 per cent. Taylor’s2 values for coal gas vary from 2.5 to 4 per cent. Brame,a citing Wallace, Lewes, and Korting as authorities, shows values of unsaturated hydrocarbons for carbureted water gas varying from 10.2 to 16 per cent. The average value based on those shown approximates that shown by Lewesenamely, 12.8 per cent.
~~
16s“;; 1562 1427 16001,
TABLE I11 (mired
1417)
Coke oven gas Water gas Carbureted water gas Producer gas: From coal or coke From lignite From peat From wood Blast fiirnace gas
...
1368 1600) 1265 1238 1326 1284 1302 1326 1264 1300 1317 1388
B.t.u. per cubic foot Gross Net
FUEL
560 300-320 650 ca.
490 280-300 590
Conclusion
For natural gas, the calorific values taken from various sources and cited by different writers average about 1000 B. t. u. per cubic foot. According to the writer’s analyses, the unsaturated content of gas from the cracking of petroleum oils varies from 3.7 “Fuel Production and Utilization,” p. 25. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 2
The gases produced by cracking petroleum hydrocarbons are of great importance in the fuel economy of the cracking process. Considerable progress has already been made in the production of alcohols from cracked gases. Further work along the lines of making other chemical derivatives should be both interesting and profitable. The cracking of heavy residues for the maximum production of gas should especially stimulate such studies. 8 “Fuels, Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous,” 1914. New York. 4 ”Liquid and Gaseous Fuels,” 1907.
Longmans. Green & Co.
Chemical Products of Cellulose [Compiled by the Division of Cellulose Chemistry] WOODs
COTTON~I~ I
ESTERSAND GELS
1
Nitrate
I
I Artificial silk Films Lacquers Plastics Explosives
I
Acetate
I
I
Artificial silk Films Lacquers
I
I
Viscose
I
I
I
Cuprammonium
Vulcanized fiber
Artificial silk Films
Artificial silk
Plastics
I
I
I
I DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS I I I HydrolyAlkali Distillasis
I
Alcohol Cattle food Acetic acid Furfural
(1) Sulfite pulp is used in place of cotton to some extent especially in making the viscose products. (2) Cotton linters are used for making certain paper pulps similar to the soda wood pulp. (3) Rags are used alone or in mixture with sulfite pulp in high-grade writing papers. (4) Mechanical pulp is, of course, not a chemical product, but its manufacture and use are so closely connected with the chemical pulp, especially sulfite pulp, that it is included here for completeness. (5) Oxalic acid is the only product that has been made commercially by the alkali fusion of wood. (6) Resinous wood distillation products are not included here because they are very largely products of the resin in the wood and not of the fiber.
fusion
I
tione
I
Oxalic Methanol acid “Methyl Pyrocateacetone” cholt FormaldeProtocatehyde chuic Acetic acid6 acid Acetic Acetone .~..~._ . ~~. . acid5 Methylethyl ketone Acetone oils Charcoal Tar Pitch Creosote
I
I I I
I
CHEMICAL PULPS
1
Sulfite’ P$P
I
Soda’ Pulp
I
Writings Book Tissue Blotting Wrapping
MECHANICAL PULP4
I
Sulfate Pulp WrJpping “Kraft”
I
Groundwood
I
Newsprint Wall
See Note 7
(7) The papers mentioned here are only those that are made to a very large extent from the particular kind of pulp under which they are arranged. There are many different kinds of papers, but they cannot be readily arranged on this chart since they may be made up of so many different combinations of pulps. Following are some of these combinations: Sulfite (A) Newsprint Book and magazine Writing Wrapping Tissue Blottina Glassin; Board Wall Bag
Soda ( B ) Sulfate ( C ) Groundwood ( D ) A and D B A and B. A B,and D A’, A’ and rLg peper A , C , A and D, C and D A , A and D B A
D, A , C,and old paper in various mixtures D,D and A , D and C A , C, A and D, C and D
.
