INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
148
(27) Great Western Electroohemiad Co.. Brit. Patent 609.368 (July 14, 1939). (28) Gro-a, P. H., "Unit Pmeessas in Or-c Byntheaia". and d., 1938. h l l . E. P.. and H e m e , G.. IND.ENQ.Carnu.. 31,1684-7 (1939). Hart. C.. U. 8. Patent 2,030,867 (Feb. 18.1936). Ibid., 2.030.868 (Feb. 18, 1038). Bolt. L. C.. and Daudt. E. W. (to E. I. du Pont de Nemoun 6. Co.. ho.).lbid.. 2.091.986 ( b t . 7. 1937). H i & . G.'A.. U.8.'Pat&t 1;3&,38e web. 16. 1921). 1. G. Farbenindukie, Brit. Patent 283.106 (Dea. 6,1928). I n g e h , H. J.. J . Chem. 800.. 1927.2244-64. Jackmu. K.E., J . C h . Education. 10,622-6 (1838). J a b . K. 8.. Waioaripht. 0 . E.. and Hail-. E. R. (to Imwrid 'chermiod Indun&. Ltd.).Brit. Psterk 438,Wk (Oot. ?. 1936). (38) Johnmn, G. W. (to I. 0. FarbenindustriB). IW.. 616,214 (July
z&
1.a3'1.662 ( A U ~21,1917). .
glipatein, E.E., C h . Mwluts, 25.6936 (1029). Kmw. %oh, and R 6 b , K. (to Hohverkohlwmr-hdmtrie)
U. 8.Patent 1,664,821 (Jan.3.1928). Kgelgen, F. von, and & w d , 0 . 0. (to VirSinia Lsb. Co.). bid., 1.147.83a (J* 27,1916). Lacy. B. 8.. U.8. Patent 1,242,208 (Oot.9.1917). L w . B. 8. (to Roesaler & Edsoher Chemical CO.), Ibid.. i.iii,84a (&pt. ag. 1914). Ibid., 1,263,wW (April 23,1918). , F.. U. 8. Pateut 1,459,777 (June 26. 1933). (48)Lloyd, ~~~. 8. J., and Kennedy, A. M., IW., 1,849,844 (March 16, 1932). (40) Low. F. 8. (& Wedtvaco Chlorine Fmducta Co.), Ibid., 1,746,-2 m h . 11. 8Ml).. - 1..__, (€4) Maim. C. G., U. 8. Bur. Mined. T d .Paper 360 (1826). (61) Maier. C. G.. U.8.Patent 2,183,987 (Oot. as. 1938). (62) Msier, C. G. (to Glad Weatem Eleotroohemioal Ca.), Ibid.. 2 . 1 4 a . e ~(J-. a. 1 ~ 9 ) .
--
vol. 33, NO.
a
(63) Moffett, E. W., Winkelmann, H. A. and Willisma. F. E. (to
~ a r b o uCOW.).IW.. 2,138,ma (Deo. 6, i9as). (64)Padrovmi, C.. D e Bartholomasis, E., snd 8inirsmed. C., Ani X" cam.idem Aim., 41,6143 (1939). (66) . . Palmer. W.0 . . and Clark. R. E. D.. ploe. Rar. 800. (London). .. Al49,'3& (1984). . (66) Payne. E. E., and Montgomery, 8. A. [to Standard Oil Co. (Id.)]. U. 8. Patent 1,463,766 (May I. 192.3). (67l Prshl. W., and Mathen, W. (to F. Raaohig. Q.m.b.H.), W.. 2,Oa6,917 (March 31, 1936). (68) Ralaton, 0. C.. U. 8. Bur. Mines, T d .Papa 321 (1923). (69) Raalin Corp., Brit. Patent 489,964 (Aug. 6. 1938). (60) Riohsrdmn, H. A., Ibid.. 621,976 (June 6. 1940). 631) Rob. K. (to EohverLohI-Indwtriatrie Akt.&.). IW.. 14, 1921). U.6. Patent 1,383,366 (Dee. 14. 1920). (64) 8oaYt6 Sen&& m6tallur(pque de Eobokeu, Brit. Patent €47.124 (68) Bsunders, H. F., and Butherland. L. T. (to GLyain Corn.). I1.321pI
(66) 8ooi66 intemationds des industried ohimiques et d6riv&a,8. A. Holding. h o b Patent 834,124 (Nov. 14, 1938). (66) &ell, J., and Runkel, C. (bo I. Q. Farbenindustrie), U. 8. Patent 1.880.167 (Nov. 28,1932). (67) Teichmaoo. C. F.. Klein, H., and Rathemsaher. 0. P.. U. 8. Patent 2,016,044 (8ept. 17. 1936). (68) Thomaa.C.A.."Scienoeof Petmleum",Vbl.4.pp.a7862801.Oxford univ. Praaa. 1938. (69) W-uht, R.. C h . F&. 1923.121-2. (70) Wesoott. E. W., U. 8. Patent 2,036,684 CApd 7, 1936). (71) Wiwevich. P. J., and Vederdel. H. Q., C h . Rea.. 19, 101-17
.- _.
and Yntema, L. F.. Tram. Am. &I&&.
-I EQUIPMENT M. A. KNIGHT, J R ~ Maurice A. Knight, h. Ohio
TRICTLY speaking, chlorination involves the substitution of chlorine atoms for other atoms in molwules of a substance. In a broader sema it may be conaidered ea any pmoeas or chemical d o n involving chlorine itself or one of ita compounds in whioh substitution or addition of chlorine atoms occura. The aotivity of chlorine with nearly every metal in the presence of water, the temperatures reached in some meas, the organic solvent nature of many of the compounds p r o d , and the frequent praeenoe of hydrochloric acid rule out all forms of equipment except ceramicware or glm.
S
Definition of Chemical Stoneware Bow is chemid stoneware Merent from pottery, porcelab, clay building tile, or m e r pipe since they are all made from day?' Brielly, the above forms are essentially aluminum silicates plus minor amounts of other materials. Chins
and poroelain are white, dense, often translucent ceramic bcdies that are fuUy vitrified and acidpmf. Highly p u m raw m~terialssre used to en~mwhiteness, and the body is highly fluxed to obtain maximum denaity. This last oharaoteristio puts definite Dse limitations on true porcelain articles. Pottery such as flower v ~ s e sand mme d i m a r e is not alwap v i W and depends on an applied glase for service. Elementa added for coloring and for manufacturing eaee would lesoh out in acid Service. Mechanical strength is comparatively low. Building brick and sewer tile generally take raw clay from local murcea, and it is formed m d fired without puriscation to mske a earviceable prcduot. The premnce of iron permits lower firing tempemtu~~ snd imparts the familiar red color. The raw clays are too impure to be used for other ceramic purposes. Chemical stoneware, in addition to being acidpmof, must meet phyeical requhmenta ea to stmngth, tempersture,'pamsify, snd dimenDona in a variety of &apes which am much larger than
F.brtlary. 1941
I
149
those of the mal carrunic product. One d a t i o n ' is that modern chemical stoneware is a perfectly v i h u s , white or colored, nontrunulucent, opaque, ceramic body, the chemical compxition of which can vary within the wideat hits. In a suitably prepred stoneware body any material can be introduced which is noncombustible, does not d e m w or evaporate, and cannot be reduced at about 1400" C. These elements or compounds, alone or in the d& mixturw, can be added in d or large quantitiea; thus physical cbaraoteristics can be controlled and dtmd over a wide range. The propwive stoneware manufactum today can furnish a large variety of h p e n for chemical equipment. Certain items such as dpe, pump, bri&! jars, filters, towers, and valvea are stsndanhed. Over 70 per cent of the equipment sold, however, i~ made to order. Because of the relative e88e of forming articles of plastic clay, special shapes can be obtained at comparatively low When purcbashg stoneware equipment, it is well to specify the service conditionsfully in order to ob& the best type of carrunic body for the job. The mannfactnrer will choose the proper material and mske recommendations ss to any size and shape limitations. For large&e equipment beyond the safe service limits of onepiece stoneware, steel or concrete retsining shells are lined with stoneware tile or brick and acidproof w e n t . A segmless lining of rubber or one of the new synthetic r a i n s on the shell acta both aa an expansion cushion and a sesl against seepage which is bound to occur in any masonry construction. Using Pyroflex, a thermoplastic acid-resisting resin, as a lining, it is pomible to bond the tile directly to the linings; cement grout is thus eliminated and the physical stability of the tile becomes inde pendent of the joints. Extremely rugged and safe hrge-she equipment is thus poasible which has the hard, smooth, chemically inert qualities of chemical stoneware.
&.
I
Bww. FaLq Ckn. A m 32, 682-3 (18351
INDUSTRIAL A N D PNQINPERING CHKMISTRY
I
Vd. 33, No. 2
Februq, 1S41
neitherthedrychlorinenorthemhydrounhydrogen chloride evolved is M&VE. It is often worth while in casea like this to recover
the hydrogen chloride in the form of acid. Stoneware absorbers and storage vwda provide an i n e v e and trouble-frea miniature acid plant. With the development of the Klein-Knight aheorber, one small tower willhandle asmuchas4 pound^ of dry hydrogen chloride per minute to produce 24' BB. a d . The tower ismade up of a series of dudlow motions each containing an individually watewmled 9atspiralcoilto~ovethe~t of reaction in the tower iteelf. The tower is pscked with Berl snddka to provide a maximum of surface area with a minimum of mistance to &sa flow. A compct KnightWare tnuill-type absorber has been designed to handle d amounta of &as. mie is not so a o i e n t as a packed tower, however, when any hydrocarbons with a lower speoific gravity than the acid are carried over. . Stoneware or Btonewarelind steel towera may be 4 for chlorination and slso for suhqueut puri6mtion by extnrction or dip a t i o n for MmDounds d d bv mdal. One proceae which may not striotly a chlorination reaction involves the w of anhydroun hydrogen chloride. In the manufacture of such synthetics as rubber hydrochlorides, anhydroushydrogen chloride is obtained by treating hydrochloric acid with concentrated 8ulfurio acid. The hydrogen chloridestomgeveds, pipe linea, and valva are stoneware. The reactorsmay be of stonewarelined steal. The sulfuricacid concentrators are of stonewar4id steal, and the vent gasea are scrubbad in stomwarepaoked
L
JARS SW-GALLONCAPACITY, ~OO-GALLON bBA b Rm ) AI m~hmom FLANQDD bsh) F ~ M N STBBL - ~TANK,w m ~ 4 MNCE AND OP h F L E x AND OlMY AND SID~WALU; B W cILEiDIucaCIN SanW, IS USBD W B M A K b B a o W CHWRID.
OP
APAOmX WITR
A SIMILAR '&NSTRUCnON,
towera.
T O P FOR C O m R ; %INCH
~Q
Joint. and Connections
In the d&gn and erection of stoneware equipment, the jointa and connections are important. The usual joint is the bell and spigot type which is calked with pure a s h h and waled with melted asphalt. This type is not always suitable where solvents, heat;, or p m u r e are encountered. The deots of Bolventa and heat may s o h be minimised if the joint is about halfor threa fourths calked with a s h t o s soeked in Bodium silicate solution and dried. Except for small apparatus and valvea, a stoneware-tostoneware lapped joint is impractical. Flanged jointa with gmund facea may be had on nearly any s t o n e m equip ment, but gasketushould be 4 between the fw a n d b+ tween the stonewareand the mdaldkmpsor bolts. hbh, rubher, lead, and hpmgnated fabrio BI'B the M m n materials for gaskate. The aonical 9anged type using metal compreesion ~h is preferable to the bolthole typ f h g e for meohanical strangth. Since the development of eaveral typ of practical rubber jointa for atoneware,it is no longer aeoed~lyto uen flanged pipe for equipment operating under preamre or vacuum. Two patented typ are aur8ntly on the market. One is a solid rubber cylinder or ring with a series of wedpnhapd 6ns around the h e r and outer wdu. When forced in one direotion into an annular apace of the proper a h , the rubber is put under cornpreenion and the 6ns prevemt movement in the direction oppcuite to insertion; thus a tight flexible joint is provided (Flexlock). The other type is a plain rubber cylinder or ring with a thin annular apsoe inside. The
slightly loomfitting rubber is slipped into position, and a special paste is needle-injected into the inner space in the rubber by a gun similar to a preS8ure esegse gun; the rubber cylinder is thus in9ated like a tire inner tube to d the joint completely. The paste is Belf-sealinp 80 that after injection it will not run out. Both types are made for the bell-and-spigot or the sleeve type connection (prasaureflex). For services where rubber might be &.cted too much, auxihy e;askets or foils may be inserted a h e a d of the rubber, or Borne of the synthetic rubber compounds may be employed. The addit i o d cost of the rubber is often more than offsetby the eaving in inatallation time and the extra cost of ground h q e d connectionS. Temperatures at the face of the rubber should not be over 180° F. if long life and the flexibility of the rubber are to be retained. In designing stoneware equipment, rounded or cylindrical shapes are preferable to sharp angles and large 9at areas for mechanical Ability. Stoneware haa a relatively low tensile strength but a high compr888i-a strength. Uniform wall tbidmeea throughout a piece is deairable where thermal 8traine may be encountad. Precision measurementa can be obtained by grinding, but in general, dimensional tolerances up to 0.26 inch per lined foot are acceptable. In erecting stoneware equipment on rigid supports or connecting to other hard matarials, insulation for ditlerences in thermal expansion should be provided at esoh point of contact. Finally, in operation,um gwd common sense and your ahemical stoneware equipment will be servioeable inde6nitely.
