Chemistry without Borders: An Overview - ACS Publications

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Chemistry without Borders: An Overview H. N. Cheng,*,1 Agnes M. Rimando,2 Bradley D. Miller,3 and Diane Grob Schmidt4 1USDA

Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States 2USDA Agricultural Research Service, P. O. Box 8048, University, Mississippi 38677, United States 3Office of International Activities, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States 4Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States *E-mail: [email protected].

As chemistry becomes more globalized, it is important for chemistry-related organizations to be interconnected and adaptable. It is equally critical for individuals to be flexible and adaptable, and to keep up with changes and the latest scientific findings. Many of the challenges and opportunities of globalization are in the areas of jobs, research, education, and innovation. It is useful to know what knowledge and skill sets are needed for the jobs in the future, whether students are properly trained for the globalized environment, and if we have the chemical workforce needed to satisfy future needs. A related question involves innovation and entrepreneurship, because they are the key engines for future economic growth. It is helpful to identify the global trends and drivers for entrepreneurship and innovation, and understand the factors that accelerate and hinder international entrepreneurship and innovation in chemistry. An overview of these issues is provided in this article, which summarizes the perspectives from some of the experts in global chemistry research, education, and entrepreneurship. These experts were invited speakers at two ACS presidential symposia in 2015, and they contributed chapters to this book. To

© 2016 American Chemical Society Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

support ACS global interests, the ACS International Activities Committee and the ACS Office of International Activities have been working hard to advocate, catalyze, initiate, and implement ACS activities, conferences, and initiatives pertaining to international education, research, scientific understanding and appreciation of chemistry. For the benefit of readers, this article also provides a summary of some of the current ACS activities in the international arena.


Transnational Study, Research, and Careers Every year, thousands of chemistry and related science and engineering students, researchers and professionals head overseas to work, study, and teach. They do so as part of job placements and company assignments, postdoctoral and visiting scholar research, sabbaticals, invited lecturing, conference attendance, exchange programs, and research collaboration, to name a few. These activities are often further stimulated and sustained by web-based interactions. The scientific contribution of this emerging ‘transnational chemical practitioner’ will be increasingly key to the worldwide success of chemistry and related sciences and engineering and to the U.S. as it strives to remain competitive in a global economy. Work- or study-abroad experiences provide personal and professional fulfillment, and they are becoming more and more essential in today’s world economy. Proceedings from a NATO/National Academies workshop on international mobility of scientists and engineers (1) recorded that the greatest worthwhile international mobility is in the natural sciences - including chemistry - as scientists in this area have a strong affinity for the scientific approach and are knowledgeable about where to go, what to do, and with whom to collaborate to enrich their science. In 2012, the journal Nature conducted a survey of its readership on global scientific migration (2) to identify underlying trends in scientists’ movements, investigate what is driving them, and explore how they may change. Among the findings, Nature found that while science has always had a global culture, it is now enmeshed in a global marketplace where knowledge generation and research constitute a borderless enterprise. Further global trends were reported by Judith Benham (3), who cited U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) data to show that many Asian countries have notably boosted their expenditure in scientific research in the past 20 years. Moreover, there has been an increase in international research collaborations; thus, internationally coauthored articles have grown from 16% to 25% from 1977 to 2012. In the global business environment, the following competencies are considered useful: ability to manage diverse employees, understanding international markets, ability to work in multiple overseas locations, foreign language skills, and cultural sensitivity. She noted that the ACS International Center™ is a valuable resource for people in search of international collaborative research or international exchange and educational opportunities. 2 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.


In his chapter (4), Joe Francisco asked the question, “What we can do as chemical educators to better prepare tomorrow’s chemists for competition in the global marketplace?” He pointed out that educators need to collaborate with leaders and recruiters in the global chemical enterprise to identify the essential skills students will need in the future. To help students develop these skills, educators may need to develop new curriculum and teaching methods to encourage a deeper, more significant conceptual understanding of chemistry. Teacher training should also be emphasized at the graduate level. He also highlighted the importance of increasing the international opportunities for women in academia and the awareness of U.S. students of the world’s social and cultural diversity. In another chapter, Jay Siegel (5) described his perspectives and experience as the Dean of the School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST) at Tianjin University. Despite the challenges of working with a culturally diverse student and faculty population, he has been successful in developing an internationally recognized research institution at SPST. The school recruited a distinguished collection of international talent, instituted a curriculum with courses taught in English, and admitted students not only from China but from other English-speaking countries. For its faculty, the school decreased the required number of in-class teaching hours and courses in favor of increased hands-on and experimental learning opportunities. It is a good example of an innovative international center of excellence in China. From his extensive experience in corporate management, Tom Connelly (6) provided valuable insight on innovation, globalization, and organizational changes needed for a global company. In his chapter, he pointed out the need to break out of the traditional industry-customer innovation model to adopt an exchange model, involving industry, customers, national laboratories, universities, and venture capital-backed startups. The organizational model may also evolve from a dependent model to an independent, and finally to an interdependent model. It is important for corporate teams to think globally and to work across boundaries. In her chapter, Angela Diaz (7) provided advice for individual scientists on how to succeed in the global workplace. She noted the importance of building relationships coupled with the use of seven tools: agility, balance, collaboration, diversity, integrity, respect, and teamwork. Students today need to have broadly based training and a greater awareness of global trends. Institutions of higher education, working in collaboration with government, industry, non-profits, and professional societies, are critical for building the global readiness of our workforce. Deva Hupaylo (8) works for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), and in her chapter, she described her experience in international science diplomacy. She indicated that the same principles that define good science also serve as the foundation for good international relations. They include: thorough knowledge of the subject, objective analysis, honesty, good communication, and openness to new ideas. It is important to use scientific principles as a guide when bringing together scholars in politics, science, and strategy to plan the structure of a long- term global community. Cross-disciplinary 3 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.


studies, cross-continent exposure, and cross-cultural understanding can synergize science as well as politics. One of the ongoing challenges of the global chemistry enterprise is the availability of clean water. One of the current ACS international programs is the Global Innovation Imperatives (Gii), which provides a forum to review and document existing water situations around the world and recommend solutions. In the chapter by Ellene Contis (9), she described a successful Gii meeting in Singapore in 2014 held in collaboration with the Singapore National Institute of Chemistry. The aim of the meeting was to present research, discuss current and future approaches, and conduct site visits of water treatment plants. This program is a good example of the synergies that can result at the confluence of international collaboration, research, education, and applications. As the chemical job market is increasingly globalized, it is useful for ACS members and students to have at least some degrees of international awareness and competency. In his chapter, Brad Miller (10) compiled a bibliography of key articles relating to international education and exchange. A large number of articles were found, confirming the relevance and importance of international education today. These articles will be useful resources for people interested in delving deeper into this topic.

International Entrepreneurship The wealth of a nation depends on a large number of factors, including productivity, allocation of resources, optimization of business activities, innovation, and entrepreneurship. It is often the latter two factors, innovation and entrepreneurship, that provide a nation with a competitive advantage. Whereas some of the fields within chemistry are or have reached maturity, other areas are still growing, and opportunities are rife for the prospective chemistry entrepreneur. We have a need in the scientific enterprise to encourage and to help entrepreneurs to start their businesses and to thrive. With increasing globalization, many businesses are now becoming international, and there are many opportunities overseas for U.S. entrepreneurs. At the same time, exciting possibilities exist for alliances and collaborations with international entrepreneurs (11, 12). In this book, 10 successful entrepreneurs and thought leaders provided their perspectives and advice on international entrepreneurship. The main questions they aimed to answer are: 1) What are the trends and drivers for entrepreneurship and innovation in science and technology? 2) What role does international engagement play in their fulfillment? 3) What factors accelerate and hinder international entrepreneurship and innovation? 4) What is the role of ACS to adapt, further, and sustain international entrepreneurship and innovation for the benefit of its members and the global chemistry community? In his chapter, Joe DeSimone (13), who is both an eminent scientist and entrepreneur, discussed his experience translating academic research into products for the commercial market. Innovation can be classified as something that improves efficiency, or is sustaining or disruptive. A good strategy for promoting innovation is to work at the convergence of different fields. He emphasized the 4 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.


benefits of academic entrepreneurship, noting that academics can potentially use their research as a platform to help build a new business. At the same time, taking on the role of entrepreneur improves the academic person’s skills in research, funding, organization, and communication. Alexander Sachse and Javier Garcia (14) are both successful entrepreneurs, and in their chapter, they put together a very useful guide for the chemistry entrepreneur. Their tutorial covers the importance of having a viable business idea, identifying potential competitors, securing intellectual property protection, formulating a business plan (where the Lean Launch Pad™ program was recommended), and having a sound financial structure (including cost and revenue streams). They presented a case study of Rive Technology as an example of a successful business creation. Jo Shen (15) used to work for Syntex and struck out on her own when Syntex was acquired by Roche. In 1997, she raised $100 million and started an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) company, ScinoPharm, in Taiwan. With support from the local investors and staff members, she and her colleagues established a global business and successfully entered the highly regulated pharmaceutical markets. In her chapter, she outlined the challenges facing a new international business and described how her company thrived. Based on her experience, startup excitement is not only for the young and fearless; older scientists can also enjoy it. Sundeep Dugar (16) has a track record of discovering new drugs and starting new pharmaceutical companies. In the chapter that he coauthored with Abhinav Dhandia, they pointed out that big pharma’s conventional R&D model has relied on a blockbuster strategy – which is dependent upon a major drug discovery and development breakthrough capable of delivering billion-dollar revenues. The alternative R&D model needs to be scalable, such that most costs are variable and only a small fixed cost and capacity structure are maintained. To be successful on the international front, an entrepreneur must be able to engage in creative out-of-the-box thinking, and remain attentive to compliance. Thais Guarantini (17) is the founder of a successful pharma business in Brazil. In the 1980s, Brazil provided incentives to increase innovative activities. As described in her chapter, she and her partners worked with universities to get products from technology transfer offices and gained the support of Brazilian funding agencies. After seven years, the company has overcome challenges and is now known as a knowledge-intensive service business. It acts as a facilitator, carrier, and source of innovation, interacting symbiotically with clients, and providing scientific solutions to pharmaceutical, veterinary, and cosmetic industries in Brazil. In his chapter, Sudhir Nambiar (18) provided an excellent summary of the growth of the pharma business in India. He noted that after its independence in 1947, India had an urgent need to offer affordable medicine to its people. Generic drugs became popular, and several successful companies grew. They started to collaborate with multinational companies and then entered into international markets, such as the U.S. This industry has now enjoyed a cumulative average growth rate of around 14% during the past five years. He works for Dr. Reddy’s Laboratory, which is successful as one of the largest API producers in the world. 5 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.


Frank Jaksch (19) started his own business at age 30 and built a successful international company. In his chapter, he noted that there are two styles of entrepreneurs: the “founders” and the “joiners,” and both types are needed. As a rule, “founders” are significantly more risk-tolerant and have a stronger interest in management, whereas “joiners” are more interested in functional work activities, such as research and development. At his company, his business model is to scour the world for technology, cherry pick valuable intellectual property, and then commercialize appropriate novel technologies. In 1979, Sharon Vercellotti (20) founded V-labs, Inc., which specializes in carbohydrates and provides valuable products and services to the carbohydrate community. Through a global partnership, she has built a network to supply researchers with rare, complex carbohydrate structures which are authentic standards in analytical instrumentation, enzymology, and immunology. In her chapter, she described some of the challenges she faced over the years and how she managed to overcome them. As the director of the Alabama Innovation and Mentoring of Entrepreneur (AIME) Center, Dan Daly (21) has successfully instructed students, professors, and staff on the basics of forming start-up companies. In his chapter, he recommended the formation of prototypes and Minimal Viable Products (MVP) as a milestone in the commercialization of an invention. He also pointed out that The Lean Launch Pad™ program can be used to help with business planning. Another point: collaboration with international companies may help start-up companies expand their product offerings at minimal cost. He provided three examples of start-ups with which his center has worked. In her chapter, Judith Giordan (22) noted different factors that contribute to STEM venture success. She also discussed the challenges facing researchers who wish to become innovators or entrepreneurs. She described the role of universities and the role that existing corporations do and could play in fostering and commercializing market-inspired research, especially if an entrepreneur contemplates cashing out of a new venture. To build a start-up in science, a scientist needs to have the skills to tailor his or her research to meet market needs, and the ability to communicate, negotiate, and lead.

ACS International Activities In view of the increasing globalization of the chemistry enterprise, ACS is making a great effort to help its members work effectively and knowledgeably within a competitive global workforce and economy and develop networks for their enduring professional success. In its Constitution (Article II, Sec. 3), ACS is committed to “cooperate with scientists internationally and be concerned with the worldwide application of chemistry to the needs of humanity.” To support ACS global interests, the ACS International Activities Committee (IAC) (23) and the ACS Office of International Activities (OIA) (24) have been working hard (and working together) to advocate, catalyze, initiate, and implement programs and activities pertaining to international education, research, scientific understanding, and appreciation of chemistry. They aim to be indispensable 6 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

resources advising and helping ACS members and staff in the international arena and also communicating, coordinating, and cooperating with other professional organizations worldwide. The following account summarizes some of the major programs being conducted by ACS International Activities. 1. International Education and Research Opportunities


ACS International Center™ The ACS International Center (IC) encourages, engages, and supports international exchange of scientific information at all levels (25). The target audience for the IC includes science practitioners at various stages of their careers - students, faculty, professionals, entrepreneurs, and more. The IC website seeks to be relevant for U.S. practitioners seeking opportunities abroad, foreign practitioners seeking to collaborate with American researchers, as well as third-country national scientists (citizens of one country, studying/working in another and seeking to collaborate with a third). Currently, the ACS International Center has gathered information on over 600 programs across 16 geographic regions (including one for ‘global’) and six career experience levels. More information is available on the International Center website (25).

International Research Experience for Undergraduates ACS International Research Experience for Undergraduates (IREU) program (26) is funded by the Office of Integrative Activities and the Division of Materials Research at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). This program takes a non-traditional approach by connecting U.S. students with undergraduate research experiences throughout Germany, Italy, Singapore, and the U.K., while reciprocally, at no cost to the U.S. funding agencies, placing students from these countries in U.S. chemistry and materials science sites. For 2014-2015, 17 U.S. students per year from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds and from institutions with limited access to research facilities are recruited nationally to participate in the ten-week IREU program. The program also provides international students the opportunity to join U.S. REU sites with material support from their home institutions.

ACS Pittcon Travel Grants With generous support from the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh (SACP), the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (Pittcon), and the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, the ACS Office of International Activities has coordinated logistics for this annual program since 1995 (27). In 2015 fourteen early career chemists from Central America and the 7 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

Caribbean attended the Pittcon conference on March 8-12. The 2016 delegation will feature scientists from the Baltic States and the Balkans, and the 2017 program will focus on scientists from Mexico and South America.


Global Chemists’ Code of Ethics With funding from U.S. State Department, ACS International Activities will plan, organize and implement a seven-day workshop with the objective for participants to develop a Global Chemists’ Code of Ethics (GCCoE) in 2016. Using its network of leaders in chemistry from around the world, it will work with Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, partner chemical societies, and the U.S. Department of State priority nation representatives to organize this workshop. The deliverables include the official GCCoE and certificate; a handbook containing training materials; and a toolkit for future facilitators of code of ethics training and ceremonies. All of these materials will be made publicly available in several languages. This ensures the sustainability and future reach of the GCCoE.

2. International Outreach Building Opportunity Out of Science and Technology (BOOST) ACS International Activities has been funded by the U.S. State Department in 2013 (for Indonesia and Malaysia) and 2015 (for Thailand) to organize the BOOST program. Elements of the program include a traveling workshop and a week-long intensive Trainer Leadership Institute. Each workshop accommodated about 100 participants. Topics covered included scientific publishing and presenting; communicating science to the public; careers in science; and scientific collaboration and funding (28). The feedback from participants has been very positive.

Festival de Química Since 2005, the Festival de Química or Chemistry Festival has been a successful community event that showcases the importance of chemistry in our everyday life (29) via simple hands-on activities. This event targets the general public, especially children, and aims to educate them about chemical concepts, while communicating the value and impact of chemistry. For 2015, ACS International Activities has launched a grants program for new and existing festival organizers. Seven grant applications were peer-reviewed, and awards were dispensed in amounts ranging from $1,000-$3,000. Groups in the Bronx, N.Y., Malaysia, Hungary, Taiwan, Colombia, Shanghai, and Nigeria received funding to support these events. 8 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

3. International Symposia and Colloquia Global Innovation Imperatives


Global Innovation Imperatives (Gii) (30) fosters creative solutions to imperatives of global significance (e.g., clean water, food and health). The 2014 program was held in Singapore as mentioned earlier in this article. In 2015, the University of Uyo was awarded the grant to conduct a November 2015 workshop on “Sustainable Conservation of Water Resources and Remediation of Polluted Water Sources in Niger Delta Region.”

Asia-America Chemical Symposium This symposium is a provision of the ACS Alliance with the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS). ACS and FACS take turns organizing this meeting once a year around a scientific topic of current interest. In 2014, the Asia-America Chemical Symposium was held at the ACS national meeting in San Francisco in August, and the topic was “Global Stewardship and Chemistry Innovations for Sustainable Agricultural and Food Products." The 2015 symposium, which was to be hosted by FACS at the Asian Chemical Congress in Dhaka, Bangladesh in November, was postponed because of security concerns at Dhaka at that time.

Chemical Sciences and Society Summit (CS3) The Chemical Sciences and Society Summit initiative (CS3) (31) represents a collaboration among ACS, the Chemical Society of Japan, the Chinese Chemical Society, the German Chemical Society, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. The most recent white paper entitled “The Efficient Use of Elements” is the product of the fifth CS3 meeting, held in Narita, Japan in September 2013. The 2015 CS3 summit tackled the topic of “Chemistry and Water” in Leipzig, Germany.

4. Global Grants and Recognition Global Innovation Grants This is an ACS International Activities program in which a grant of up to $4000 is given to each approved applicant for innovative, internationally concentrated projects (32). In 2014, 19 applications were received and 9 awards given. In 2015 ACS International Activities again provided 9 ACS divisions, local sections, committees and international chapters with funds ranging in value from $1,000 to $4,000 to carry out globally relevant projects. 9 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

Awards and Recognition


Since 2014 ACS International Activities has presented three ChemLuminary Awards annually for the best local section, technical division, and international chapter for their global engagement activities. A “Partnership for Progress and Prosperity” award was given to the international chapter with the best collaborative activities. Special “Salute-to-Excellence” awards were given to specific international chapters or chapter members for outstanding achievements. These awards recognize meritorious service and also serve to encourage future global chemistry-related activities 5. International Chemical Sciences Chapters ACS International Chemical Sciences Chapters (33) allow ACS members and other chemically related professionals within a geographic area to connect with one another scientifically, professionally, and socially. They help to foster collaboration, promote chemistry, organize local and regional meetings, and share ideas and resources. At the end of 2015, there are 16 ACS International Chapters, located in Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Hungary, Shanghai, Thailand, Romania, Korea, Malaysia, South Africa, India, Taiwan, Australia, Brazil, Nigeria, Peru, and the United Arab Emirates. 6. Global Alliances ACS believes that chemistry’s contributions toward global concerns, such as education, environment, and health and safety, should be extensive. In order to make significant progress on these issues, ACS partners with organizations around the globe to leverage our collective resources and capabilities (34). Currently, we have forged eight alliances with the following sister chemical organizations: Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ) Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC) Chinese Chemical Society (CCS) Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS) German Chemical Society (GDCh) Latin American Federation of Chemical Associations (FLAQ) Mexican Chemical Society (SQM) South African Chemical Institute (SACI)

Acknowledgments Thanks are due to the many authors of this book, not only for contributing chapters, but also for the talks they presented during the two ACS Presidential symposia. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 10 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

References NATO Science Committee. International Mobility of Scientists and Engineers: A Report of a Workshop; National Academy of Science: Washington, DC, 1982. 2. Van Noorden, R. Science on the move. Nature 2012, 490, 326−329 (http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.11602!/menu/main/topColumns/ topLeftColumn/pdf/490326a.pdf) 3. Benham, J. L. Global landscape: Chemistry-related transnational mobility and global talent innovation. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 2. 4. Francisco, J. S. Chemistry in a global economy: Can our curriculum meet the challenge?. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 3. 5. Siegel, J. School of pharmaceutical science and technology of Tianjin University: A demo project as an international center of excellence in China. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 4. 6. Connelly, T. Building a global technical workforce. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 5. 7. Diaz, A. P. Connecting the dots: Interdisciplinary relationships case study in 21st century global workforce. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 6. 8. Hupaylo, D. Science diplomacy and global relations: “Good guys only win if they work together”. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 7. 9. Contis, E. T. Water: Global issues, local solutions. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 8. 10. Miller, B. D. Bibliography on international education and exchange. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 9. 11. Isenberg, D. The Global Entrepreneur. Harvard Business Review December 2008; https://hbr.org/2008/12/the-global-entrepreneur.


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12. U.S. Department of State. Global Entrepreneurship Program; http:// www.state.gov/e/eb/cba/entrepreneurship/gep/. 13. DeSimone, J. M. Lessons in translating university research to the marketplace. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 10. 14. Sachse, A.; Martinez, J. G. A brief guide for the chemistry entrepreneur. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 11. 15. Shen, J. How to start a business and thrive in the global marketplace: A story from U.S./Taiwan/China. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 12. 16. Dugar, S.; Dhandia, A.; International entrepreneurship: Lessons from the road. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 13. 17. Guarantini, T. Knowledge-intensive business services in Brazil: Entrepreneurship in a stimulating scenario. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 14. 18. Nambiar, S. K. The creation of a globally sustainable generic pharmaceutical model. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 15. 19. Jaksch, F. From chemistry student to chemical entrepreneur and public company CEO. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 16. 20. Vercellotti, S. V.; Vercellotti, J. R.. The development of a global small chemical business with international marketing and outreach. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 17. 21. Daly, D. T. International prototype development. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and Diplomacy; Cheng, H. N., Rimando, A. M., Miller, B. D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1219; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Chapter 18. 22. Giordan, J. C. It’s a competitive world out there: Factors for STEM venture success. Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Entrepreneurship, and 12 Cheng et al.; Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.

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Chemistry without Borders: An Overview - ACS Publications

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