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CHEMURGY Utilization of Farm Products in the American Way WHEELEK MCMILLEN Farm Journal, Washington Square, Philadelphia, Penns
F
ARM chemurgy is defined as putting chemistry to work for the farm. The movement fostered by the National Farm Chernurgic Council, Inc., seeks “to advance the industrial use of farm products through applied science.” In the broader sense, chemurgy is a program seeking to raise agricultural income and thereby create employment by freeing the farm market from the inelastic stomach market. Naturally most of this effort comes within the general field of chemistry, although the movement may concern itself with such matters as more fur-bearing animals, riding horses, or flowers, to the extent that such nonfood products of the farm may invite additional advantage. The chemrirgic concept was initiated about 1926 as an outgrowth of the postwar agriculturai situation. Numerous 540
political programs for farm relief were being advanced. Consideration of the various proposals led to the belief that most of them would have approximately the effect of efforts to stuff oversized pillows into undersized suitcases; whenever one end was tucked in, another appeared certain to pop out. At that time, agricultural technology had advanced far ahead of prewar standards. The mechanization of agriculture, along with the new knowledge of genetics and other sciences, iudicated that production could steadiiy increasein quantity and probably would. Since agriculture was primarily concerned with food production, the prospect was apparent that human stomachs would have to be expanded considerably or a great many more stomachs would have to come into the market for American farm products. Since birthrates were showing evi-
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
VOL. 31, NO. 5
(Below)
EXPERIMENTAL DEXTRIN CONVERTER coui1cav stein Ndl Comnany
dences of decline, and foreign buyers of foodstuffs beginning for various reasons to demand less from American farmers, little hope could he discerned. Even at that time it appeared fairly clear that agricultnre in the United States faced a clouded out.look if i t n-ere to be restricted to the existing markets. Inquiries by men interested in the problem revealed that considerable quantities of farm-grown raw materials were being utilized for nonfood purposes, while inventors and researchers were here and there concerning themselves with further efforts. Corn was being converted into butyl alcohol, starch, and several other industrial products. Oat hulls were beginning to be made into furfural. Soybean oil was trickling into industrial markets where cottenseed oil had long been used. Linseed oil, of course, had long been a paint material. Wastes, such as straw and cornstalks, were attracting attention. Organic chemistry was becoming a conspicuous science. Therefore, it seemed possihle that if research effort could be directed into the field of farm materials, eventually enough of them might he siphoned off into nonfood markets so that producers no longer would he burdened with the mighty surMAY, 193GPage 541
pluses. The idea was that if political approaches were d e pended upon, the problem would he a recurrent one; hut if tho scientific and industrial approach could he applied, some degree of pernianent solution might he expected. Advocates of the idea gained very limited acceptance. Politicians saw few votes in research funds and appropriated none. Industries were under little pressure to seek new sources of raw materials or felt that most of the farm materials under discussion were too costly to assemble. The depression years saw little encouragement for new industries. Agricultural scientists were mainly concerned with established efforts to increase production or reduce the costs. Meantime the agricultural situation steadily grew worse. Farm income dropped from 1.2 billion dollars to less than 6. In consequence of that and of mounting private debts, business collapsed and urban prosperity disappeared. Beginning with a few hundred millions for the Farm Board experiment in 1930, 8 hillion dollars have been expended in one way or another t,o raise farm income. The result, lowest prices in history, in terms of gold. I N THE spring of 1934 an attempt was made to organize the chemurgic idea when a conference of agriculture, industry, and science was called at Dearborn, hfich. Before 1934, however, there were important indications that raw materials from the soil had a future. Ford was already well advanced with soybean utilization, T H E AMERICAN WAY
Courfexy, Celofel Corporoiion
Mncnisrrs
FOR
TRIMMING CFILOTEX TO SIZE; SETTIXG AND RULES ARE USEDWmcn TAKEINTO A C C O ~THE T EXACT EXPANSION OF THE BO.ARU FROM BONE-DNT TO THE MOISTURECONDITION UNDER W e ~ c wIT WILLBE CSEV
and soy1~ea.nproducts were going into several industries. Tung oil productioii was getting a foothold on the Gulf Coast. IIcrt,y's rosearclies pointed definitely to larger scale marketing of southern woods. Substantial evidence was
piling up. In the minds of the men who came to Dearborn t.hat May, even of many who came with skepticism, grew a strong presumption that here was an American Way of meeting the agricultural problm. The result was the organization of theFarm Chemurgic Council. More than the agricultural problem, however, is involved. Looking at the American scene now that 1939 is under way, we see that ten million people are listed as without employment. One fourth of the population may be characterized as being on half pay, since the agricultural income is seldom more than 12.5 per cent of the national income, and 25 per cent of the population is directly engaged in agriculture. Statisticians point to the extraordinary similarity of their chart lines depicting farm income and factory pay rolls. The two rise and fall together. Whoever studies these parallel lines finds difficulty in escaping the conclusion that if one is lifted, the other d l respond also. There may be some question as to which has to rise first, but none as to the historic experience that prosperous agriculture has always been accompanied by prosperity in the nation. Notwithstanding ten million unemployed and a depressed agriculture, forty-two million people are listed as gainfully employed. These are people with jobs or businesses, able to buy their food, shelter, and various luxuries. An American solution to the paradox, chemurgy argues, will be to enable the fortunate forty-two million to buy a larger share of their goods from the agricultural groups. Thon the increased earning power in agriculture will in turn operate to restore employment. The technique of accomplishing this diGIANTROTARY MACHINE FOR THE MANIJFACTVRE OF STBAIGHT-LINE INLA~D version of existing purchasing power into LINOLEUM AT THE P L A N T OF TEE ARYSTRONG CORK COMPANY; THE ENTIRE LARGESTOF ITS KINDIN THE Woiim, Is SEVEN STORIES HIGH OPERATION, farm income is not without complica-
542
INDUSTRIAL AYD EYGINEERI YG CHEMISTRY
VOL. 31, NO. 5
dollars of national income, by one process or another. The agricultural dollar is promptly sent into the channels of trade and manufacture. Farmers are consumers both of production and consumption goods. For nearly two decades they have been restricting their purchases hy necessity. A recent calculation indicated that present farm needs for telephones, electrical service and equipment, water systems, tractors, combines, automobiles and trucks, excluding all other items, approaches a total of seventeen billion dollars. Now that the farm debt structure is less oppressive than it was a fev years ago, new agricultural income will certainly go into channels creating employment. Upon this concept, a considerable measure of the validity of the chemurgic idea rests. The direct chemurgic objeetivcs are new uses for present crops, new crops for existing or new uses, and profitable markets for farm by-products and wastes.
Cowfew, Qvoker Oola Company
FURFURAL COLUMN
As a concomitant of all progress, doubtless some substitution of farm raw materials may develop for other American materials, such as minerals. Optimists may hope that such di.placement will be accompanied by suflicient new needs to prevent serious injury to any part of the present national economy. At the risk of repeating a well-understood fact, it may not be amiss to emphasize the point that increased agricultural income appears automatically to reflect itself in expanded national income. A raw material dollar becomes from 7 to 10 MAY, 193GPage 513
POSSIBLY the most spectacular result of the educational work done in recent years are the four new regional laboratories, authorized last year by Congress and provided with annual appropriations of one million dollars each. Although the Department of Agriculture has almost from its beginning recognized occasional industrial possibilities from agricultural materials, the creation of these laboratories marks the first substantial recognition by government of the necessity for more vigorous chemurgic research. Much of the research in this field must be done by government on the broad ground that new knowledge will eventually benefit all the people. Industries cannot be expected to conduct random research into farm products. Farmers cannot be organized to supply such large funds, nor should they be expected to do so since they are not the sole beneficiaries. Howexrer, the four laboratories, dramatic as they may appear, will touch only a small part of the research need. A glance at their restricted programs is sufficient. The law creating them contemplates that they shall work upon surplus crops. In accordance with that limitation, the plan is that, the studies shall he as follows: New Orleans-cotton, sweet potatoes, and peanuts; Peoria-om, wheat, and farm wastes; Philadelphia-spples, potatoes and truck, tobacco, and milk products; San Francisco-fruits and vegetables, wheat, potatoes, and alfalfa. In other words, the four laboratories will undertake to find new uses for the present surpluses only. They will do nothing towards finding new uses for less abundant crops or for finding THE AMERICAN WAY
courtrsy,
CClOlCS
Corporalion
IN TEESE BOARD MACXINES,C-E FIBERSARE FELTED INTO BOARD AND G I ~ AN FEEOX TREATMENT Wnxcn Is A CHEMICAL COMPLEX TOXIC TO FUNGI, TERMITES, AND OTHER CELLULOSE-DESTROYING ORGANISMS
stirred up by the agitations of chemurgy, has made possible the marketing of considerable quantities of soybean oil through the paint industry. Other soybean uses have made possible the absorption of the record 57,000,000 bushel crop of 1938 without shock to the farm price. Tung oil production bas been stimulated on a sound basis and perhaps to some extent on an unsound basis. There seems to be no formula for gnaranteeing that every effort inspired by a worthy movement will be equally worthy. One of the conspicuous concerns of the National Farm Chemurgic Council has been to discoura g e improper promotions from which success cannot be expected. At the same time, it is recognized that some honest failures must be expected, as occur in the best of businesses, where all the elements cannot be foreseen. The American Way is to try. However the definite achievement to date may be measured, the greater part of chemurgic history is still to be made. The acceptance of an idea is deliberate and properly so. When an idea involves scientific research as a tool essential to its realization, years may be required for conspicuous gains to appear. When the ailments from which the nation suffershave been so long in the making, i t is not to be expected that they will yield to overnight treatment. CourUay, Comrnwcid satvanrr carp. Photo, Moroorct Bourke-Whils Chemurgy would like to burry but realizes that TAILBOXESON ANHYnRous ALCOHOL STILL
new crops, either of which might tend to prevent rather than cure the surpluses. Included therefore in the present chemurgic program are suggestions for a further appropriation to provide each stat0 with 25 thousand dollars to be used exclusively for studying new crop possibilities, and for another appropriation to be used to study expanded uses for the crops which at present produce no troublesome surpluses but which might be extended on acreage now devoted to the surplus crops. The four-laboratory program has no provision for studying grain sorghums, flax, hemp, pyrethrum, perilla, tung nuts, or any of perhaps a hundred subjectswhich lend hopeful promise. CHEMURGY may be justified i n making some claim to concrete results even now, although its leaders and their organisation are n o t concerned a b o u t c r e d i t s . One of t h e earliest and most active leaders, the late Charles H. Nerty, by his dramatization of the values of t h e s o u t h e r n forests, stimulated in part the recent large investment in new paper mills in the coastal plain areas. The newsprint mill a t Lufkin, Texas, now in process of erection, is clearly attributable to his efforts. Also in process is the new plant of the Champagne P a p e r Company, i n western North Carolina. The agricultural demand for soybean paint, 544
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
VOL. 31, NO. 5
the provision of markets adequate to absorb enough production to give the farming fourth of the population their fourth of the national income will require considerable time. Nevertheless, here is clearly an American approach to the problem, For a century the great gains in national wealth have come largely from new inventions, new scientific discoveries, and the utilization of neglected materials. Chemurgy proposes to follow that course with reference to agriculture. In their evangelistic moments, chemurgic leaders like to portray the possibilities as “illimitable, except for the limitations of human knowledge.” And perhaps they are. Plant growth is, except for about 2 to 5 per cent of its substance,
I
the product of air, moisture, and sunshine. The quantities of air, moisture, and sunshine are presumably without end. Their products reappear upon the earth each year. Consequently, as knowledge of plant materials advances, in theory a t least the industrial utilization of farm materials faces an inexhaustible supply of annually renewable wealth. Ample demonstration is available that knowledge can be obtained, and that, whenever it is worth commercializing, a business will follow. We believe this is in accord with the American Way of doing things and, like Americans, believing it desirable and perhaps even imperative, we want to hurry it along.
***** N o n f o o d Uses of American Agricultural Products’ SOURCE
RAWMATERIAL
MANUFACTURED PRODUCT
Almonds Apricots Bay (Pimenta acris) Bayberry (wax myrtle)
Kernels Seed kernels Leaves Berries
Bees, honey
Comb honey
Sweet-almond oil Volatile oil Volatile oil Wax Volatile oil Beeswax
Broomcorn Candelilla weed Cascara tree (Rhamnus purshiana) Cattle
Panicles (brush) Stems
Brooms and whisk brooms Wax
Bark Hides and skins
Extract Leather Glue
Tallow and grease
Bones
Blood Hoofs and horns Glands, selected Entrails, miscellaneous Hair Feet and shin bones Milk
Citrus fruit Corn
Cull and surplus lemons Grapefruit seed Kernels
Gelatin Soap Stearic acid Glycerol Bone fat Bone meal Bone char Bone black Bone glue Phosphorus Bone oil Dried blood Blood albumin Glue Plastic Hormone preparations Tankage Hair felt Neat’s-foot oil Condensed whey Whey powder Condensed buttermilk Buttermilk powder Casein Lactic acid Citric acid and citrates Fixed oil Starch Dextrins
PRINCIPAL USES Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical Preparation of bay rum Candles, polishes Pharmaceutical Lutes, polishes, candles, cosmetics, lithographing Floor cleaning, brushing Polishes Medicinal Footwear, luggage, harnesses Adhesive, paper size, composition for inking rolls Photographic emulsions Detergent Candles, stearates Dynamite, pharmaceutical, plastics, antifreeze Soaps Fertilizer Decolorizer, absorbent Pigment Adhesive Source of pure phosphoric acid and phosphates Source of pyrrole, insectifuge Fertilizer, feed Leather finishing, clarifying agent, textile printing Adhesive Buttons, combs, knife handles Medicinal Fertilizer Rug liners, insulation Leather dressing, lubricant Feed Feed Feed Feed Paper coating, plastics, adhesives, binder in water paints Tanning, source of lactates Medicinal Sulfonated oil Sizing yarns and paper, laundering, explosives Adhesives, binders, sizing backs of carpets
(Continued on page 646) 1 Compiled by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Information on the industrial uses of woods and other forest products wa8 kindly furnished by H. S. Betts, U. 9. Forest Service. Mechanical uses of wood in the form of lumber, etc., are omitted.
MAY, 1939-Page 545
T H E A M E R I C A N WAY
Nonfood Uses o f American Agricultural Products (Continued from page 5466)
SOURCE
RAWMATERIAL
MANUFACTURED PRODUCT
Coba
Mixed sugars Corn sirups Lactic acid Corn gluten Corn oil cake Corn bran Corn sugar molasses Et&l alcohol Fusel oil Butyl alcohol Acetone Mechanical products
Stalks Lint
Fiberboard Yarns, fabrics, thread
Linters and hull fiber
Cotton felt and batting Absorbent cotton Absorbent cotton Cotton felt and batting Nitrocellulose Cellulose acetate
Corn (Continued)
Cotton
Paper pulp Cottonseed oil Cottonseed meal Cottonseed hulls Mucilage Linseed oil
Seed kernels Elm, slippery Flax
Fleabane, Canada Foxglove Ginseng Goats, Angora Goldenseal (Hydrastis) Grape Grass, marsh Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Hogs
Inner bark Seed Straw from seed
Linseed cake and meal Tow Rugs Pulp
Stems Flowering herb Dried leaves Root Hair Roots Seed (dried) Dried stems Stalks Immature flowering tops Carcass and selected viscera
Textile fiber Volatile oil (erigeron) Extracts, tincture Dried root Mohair yarns Extracts and tincture Grape (or raisin-seed) oil Rugs Textile fiber Extracts Lard oil
Skin (side strips) Bones
Blood Glands (selected) Intestines Entrails, miscellaneous Hair Horses: Butchered Not butchered Butchered and not butchered
Oleic acid (red oil) Leather Bone meal Bone black Bone fat Bone glue Dried blood Hormone preparations
.....
Tankage Fertilizer
Jimson weed Magnolia (cucumber tree) Moss, Spanish Moss, sphagnum
Entrails Dried leaves Flowers Entire plant Entire plant
Canned meat Tankage Greases Leather Bone glue Bone meal Tankage Stramonium extracts Extract Decorticated Spanish moss Dried sphagnum moss
Nettle
Leaves
Chlorophyll extract
Nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
Leaves
Carcass Carcass
Fat Hide Bones
546
Carotene Extracts (Continued on page 647)
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
PRINCIPAL USES Spinning rayon Filling leather, tobacco products Tanning, source of lactates Feed Feed Feed Fermentation Pharmaceutical, perfume Solvent, source of chemicals Solvent, source of chemicals Solvent, absorbent for acetylene Absorbents, packing, polishing, feed diluent, smoking pipes Structural insulation, wallboard Clothing, household fabrics, cordage, bags, reinforcing rubber tires, awnings, paulins Mattresses, padding, rosin straining Dressing wounds Dressing wounds Mattresses, padding Explosives, lacquers, plastics Acetate rayon, plastics, flame-resistant film Blotting paper Soap Feed, fertilizer Feed, packing, stuffing Medicinal Paints, varnishes, linoleum, printing ink Feed Upholstering Floor covering Insulating board and “quilts”, oigaret paper Thread and twine Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal in China Clothing and upholstery fabrics Medicinal Lubricant, soap Floor coverings Cordage, bagging, canvas Medicinal Lubricant, illuminant, metal cutting, oiling wool Soap, oleates, ointment Insoles, razor strops Fertilizer Pigment, absorbent Soap Adhesive Fertilizer Medicinal Sausage casings Fertilizer Fertilizer I
Dog food Fertilizer Soap, lubricants Shoe uppers, razor strops Adhesive Fertilizer Fertilizer Medicinal Medicinal Upholstery stuffing Absorbent for retaining moisture in floral pieces and in plants during shipment Coloring food and food wrappers, soap, toilet preparations Medicinal, source of vitamin A Medicinal
VOL. 41, NO. 5
Nonfood Uses o f American Agricultural Products (Continued f r o m page 5.46)
SOURCE
MANUFACTURED PRODUCT
RAWMATERIAL
Oats
Hulls
Furfural
Olives
Fruit
Pennyroyal Peppermint and spearmint Pineapples Potato Rice
Green tops Green tops Waste juice Tubers Grain
Expressed oil Extracted oil Oil foots Volatile oil (hedeoma oil) Volatile oils Ethyl alcohol Starch Starch (from broken rice) Rice polishings Rice bran Paper pulp
Straw Hulls Straw
Safflower Sassafras Sheep and lambs
.....
Straw paper
Seed Root bark Carcass
Fiberboard Straw braid Drying oil Volatile oil Tallow
Intestines
Catgut Sausage casings Hormone preparations Tankage Bone products (similar t o those from hog bones) Dried blood Pulled wool Leather Imitation chamois skin Scoured wool Wool grease
Glands, selected Entrails, miscellaneous Bones Blood Skins Fleece
Soybean
Seed
Stillingia Sugar cane
Seed Stalk juice Extracted stalks (bagasse)
Sweet potatoes
Roots
Tansy Tobacco
Leaves, tops Wastes
Trees, forest: Aspen Basswood (linden) Beech
Wood Wood Wood
Soybean oil Soybean protein Soybean meal Fixed oil Molasses, inedible Fiberboard Acoustical board Mulching paper Starch Sweet potato pulp Volatile oil Nicotine Tobacco dust Paper pulp Paper pulp Paper pulp Charcoal Methanol Acetate of lime Wood tar Charcoal Methanol Acetate of lime Birch tar oil Cedar-leaf oil Cedar-wood oil
Birch
Wood
Cedar, eastern red
Leaves Wood
Cedar, northern white Chestnut
Leaves Wood
Cottonwood Fir (Abies species)
Wood Wood
Fir, balsam (Abies balsamica)
Wood Oleoresin
Volatile oil Extract Paper pulp Paper pulp Chemical wood pulp Mechanical wood.pulp Mechanical wood ‘pulp Canada balsam
Leaves
Volatile oil
Wood
Chemical wood pulp (Continued on page 648)
Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga tarifolia)
MAY, 1939-Page
547
PRINCIPAL USES Refining lubricating oils and wood rosin, plastics, source of furan chemicals Ointments, liniments Soaps, lubricant, wool oil Soap Insectifuge, medicinal Medicinal Pharmaceutical, perfume Textile sizing Face powder Dietetics, source of vitamin B complex Feed Paper and fiberboard Fuel, packing Wrapping, egg-case filler, corrugated strawboard Insulating Hats Paint, varnish Perfuming soap, medicinal Soap, lubricant, source of stearic acid and glycerol Strings for musical instruments and tennis racquets Frankfurters Medicinal Fertilizer Fertilizer Textiles Bookbinding, gloves Dusting, washing glass Textiles Stuffing leather, belt dressing, treating cordage, lubricant in wire drawing, source of lanolin Paint, varnish, soap Plastic, adhesive Feed, adhesive Candles, soap, textile dressing Industrial alcohol Wallboard, insulation Improving acoustics On pineapple plantations Textile size, dextrin Feed Medicinal Insecticide Insecticide Book paper Book paper Book paper Fuel, absorbent Solvent, source of formaldehyde Source of acetone and acetic acid Source of medicinal creosote Fuel, absorbent Solvent, source of formaldehyde Source of acetone and acetic acid Leather dressing Medicinal Moth repellent, perfuming soap, medicinal Medicinal Tanning Roofing paper, fiberboard Book paper Paper manufacture Newsprint paper Newsprint paper Adhesive for lenses, lacquer, mounting microscopic specimens Perfuming soap Paoer. fiberboard
T H E AMERICAN W A Y
Nonfood Uses of American Agricultural Products (Continued from page 6.47)
SOURCE
RAWMATERIAL
MANUFACTURED PRODUCT
PRINCIPAL USES
Wood
Mechanical wood pulp
Newsprint paper
Hemlock, western
Bark Leaves Wood
Chemical wood pulp Extract Volatile oil Mechanical wood pulp Chemical wood pulp Alpha-cellulose
Hickory Maple, sugar (hard maple)
Greenwood and sawdust Wood
Book paper Tanning sole leather Medicinal Newsprint paper Paper Rayon, transparent wrapping Smoking meats Fuel, absorbent, metallurgy Solvent, making formaldehyde-alcohol denaturant, antifreeze Source of acetone and acetic acid Ore flotation Disinfectant, ore flotation Dyeing, calico printing Fertilizer Fuel, metallurgy Source of acetic acid and acetone Solvent, denaturant, source of formaldehyde Dyeing, calco printing Composition roofing, ore flotation Fiberboard; wrapping, sheathing, and roofing papers Filler in molded plastics Chemical processes, bleaching straw and wood, ink and rust removers Cleaning floors Walls Source of acetic acid and acetone Dyeing, calico printing Solvent, denaturant for alcohol, source of formaldehyde Fuel, metallqrgy, absorbent Tanning sole leather Dyeing leather and textiles Paint thinner, solvent, source of pinene for synthetic camphor Varnishes, soaps, paper size Paint thinner
Hemlock, eastern (hemlock spruce)
Miscellaneous trees
Hardwood waste
...
Charcoal Wood alcohol Acetate of lime Hardwood tar Wood creosote oil Pyrolignite of iron Wood ashes Charcoal Acetate of lime Wood alcohol
Softwood waste
Pyrolignite of iron Hardwood tar Chemical wood pulp
Sawdust
Wood flour Oxalic acid
Oak
Wood
Floor sweeping compounds Gypsum plaster board Acetate of lime Pyrolignite of iron Wood alcohol
Oak, chestnut and black Osage orange Pines, southern
Bark Wood Oleoresin (from longleaf and slash pines) Stumps and “lightwood”
Charcoal Extracts Extract Gum spirits of turpentine Gum rosin Destructively distilled wood turpentine Destructively distilled pine oil Pine tar
Chemical wood pulp Chemical wood pulp Fiberboard Mechanical wood pulp Chemical wood pulp Alpha-cellulose Absorbent wood cellulose Mechanical wood pulp Chemical wood pulp Chemical wood pulp Charcoal
Ore flotation, disinfectants Roofing compositions, ore flotation, paint, tar soap, on cordage Medicinal Shoemaker’s wax, caulking decks Fuel Paint thinner, solvent Disinfectant, deodarant, detergent, ore flotation Varnish, soap, paper size Wrapping and bag paper, fiberboard Pressed-wood paneling, wallboard, insulating board Book paper Book and blotting paper Insulation Newsprint paper Book and writing papers Rayon, transparent wrappers Absorbent pads Newsprint paper Book and writing papers Wrapping and book paper Absorbent, black gunpowder
Nut kernels Straw
Drying oil Stra.wboard Strawpaper
Varnish, paint Insulation, egg-case fillers Wrapping, corrugated board
Leaves Dried leaves and twigs
Volatile oil Alcoholic extract
Medicinal, perfume Toilet preparations, pharmaceutical
Seeds and leaves
Volatile oil
Medicinal
Unexpanded flower heads
Volatile oil
Medicinal
Leaves
Volatile oil
Medicinal
Pine tar oil Pine pitch Charcoal Steam-distilled wood turpentine Steam-distilled pine oil Wood Wood, waste Poplar, balsam Poplar, yellow (tulip tree) Redwood Spruce, eastern
Wood Wood Bark Wood
Spruce, Sitka (western)
Wood
Tupelo Willow
Wood Wood
Tung tree Wheat Wintergreen (Gauttheria procumhens) Witch hazel Wormseed, American (Chenopodium anthelminticum) Wormseed, Levant (Artemisia maritima) Wormwood (Artemisia absknthiumn)
548
Wood rosin Chemical wood pulp Lignin-containing wood fiber
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