BOOKS
Chromatography, Flow Cytometry, and Proteins Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography. Joseph Sherma and Bernard Fried, Eds. viii + 1047 pp. Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016. 1991. $165 Reviewed by Willie L. Hinze, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109 This comprehensive handbook constitutes Volume 55 of t h e popular Chromatographic Science Series. The general aim is to present an up-todate review of the state of the art of TLC. P a r t I: Principles and Practice of Thin-Layer Chromatography includes the first 13 chapters of the book, which focus on practical, instrumental, and theoretical aspects of TLC: "Basic Techniques, Materials, a n d A p p a r a t u s , " by S h e r m a ; "Theory a n d Mechanism of ThinLayer Chromatography," by Kowalska; "Optimization," by De Spiegeleer; "Sorbents and Precoated Layers in Thin-Layer Chromatography," by Hauck, Mack, and Jost; "Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography," by Jaenchen; "Gradient Development in T h i n - L a y e r C h r o m a t o g r a p h y , " by Golkiewicz; "Overpressured Layer C h r o m a t o g r a p h y , " by F e r e n c z i Fodor, Mincsovics, and Tyihak; "Thin-Layer Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry," by Busch; "Photographic Documentation of Thin-Layer Chromatograms," by Vitek; "Theoretical Foundations of Optical Quantitation," by Pollak; " P r e p a r a t i v e Layer C h r o m a t o g r a phy," by Nyiredy; "Thin-Layer Radiochromatography," by Shulman and Weaner; and "Applications of Flame Ionization Detectors in Thin-Layer Chromatography," by Mukherjee. P a r t I I : A p p l i c a t i o n s of T h i n Layer Chromatography consists of 18 chapters arranged according to the general classes of compounds or group types t h a t have been separated by TLC: "Amino Acids and
T h e i r D e r i v a t i v e s , " by B h u s h a n ; "Peptides and Proteins," by Bhush a n and Martens; "Antibiotics," by K r e u z i g ; " C a r b o h y d r a t e s , " by Prosek, Pukl, and J a m n i k ; "Inorganics a n d O r g a n o m e t a l l i c s , " by Mohammad and Varshney; "Enantiomer S e p a r a t i o n s , " by G u n t h e r ; "Lipids," by Fried; " N a t u r a l Pigments," by Isaksen; "Pesticides," by Fodor-Csorba; "Pharmaceuticals and Drugs," by Ng; "Phenols, Arom a t i c Carboxylic Acids, a n d I n doles," by Tyman; "Polymers and Oligomers," by Gankina and Belenkii; "Application of TLC and HPLC for the Detection of Aberrant P u rine and Pyrimidine Metabolism in Man," by van Gennip, Abeling, and de Korte; "Steroids," by Szepesi and G a z d a g ; " S y n t h e t i c D y e s , " by Gupta; "Toxins," by Stack; "Hydrophilic Vitamins," by Fried; and "Lipophilic Vitamins," by De Leenheer, Lambert, and Nelis.
theoretical and practical aspects of TLC to produce a very readable and valuable handbook. In t h e preface t h e editors state that they "hope that [their] handbook may have at least a small fraction of the impact in the near future that this classic work [i.e., Handbook of TLC by Egon Stahl, published in 1965] had on the development and growth of TLC." In my opinion, their hope will be realized because this handbook is a timely and invaluable compilation of pertinent information that should prove useful to and significantly aid the active researcher wishing to employ TLC. It may even help to spur further developments in this separation technique. Although the book is not inexpensive, I would highly recommend its use as a premier reference work in TLC t h a t every practitioner should possess.
In addition, the work contains a table of contents, list of contributors, glossary of terms, list of suppliers of TLC a p p a r a t u s and products, and subject index. In general, t h e most i m p o r t a n t topics in the field have been identified and adequately covered. Chapt e r s a r e well organized a n d well written, using many data tables, illustrations, and charts to help illuminate the text. Although each chapter is a fairly self-contained unit, there is little repetition of information. As with any m u l t i a u t h o r e d work, however, stylistic differences exist among the chapters. More than 2900 references are cited, and these g e n e r a l l y cover t h e l i t e r a t u r e through 1988. The editors have effectively selected, organized, and integrated individual chapters on the
Protein Purification: Principles, High Resolution Methods, and Applications. Jan-Christer Janson and Lars Ryden, Eds. 502 pp. VCH Publishers, 220 East 23rd Street, Suite 909, New York, NY 10010. 1989. $60
Suggestions for books to be included in this section should be sent to Book Editor, ANALYTICAL CHEMIS-
TRY, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036.
98 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 64, NO. 2, JANUARY 15, 1992
Reviewed by Michael R. Ladisch, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1295 Ultrapure proteins for h u m a n and animal use are the basis of the biopharmaceutical industry. When protein purity is the goal, LC is often the key method. This book covers the major types of chromatography: gel filtration, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, r e v e r s e d - p h a s e , chromatofocusing, affinity, and immobilized metal ion affinity, as well as a bonus chapter on aqueous two-phase systems. As if this weren't enough, a second book on electrophoresis is included within this 502-page volume. The chapter on gel filtration, my favorite, is best characterized as simply excellent. The author combines
theory, practice, and example in a clear manner that really "tells it like it is." Only a few minor criticisms are offered on this book. The well-written section on basic LC theory (Chapter 2) is separated from the other chapters that use equations (i.e., ion exchange, Chapter 4, and reversedphase, Chapter 6). At first, Chapter 2 seems to lack some of the fundamentals one would expect, such as capacity factor e q u a t i o n s for g r a d i e n t chromatography; however, this topic is covered in later chapters. The introduction to hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is good, but there seems to be some ambiguity between the definition of reversedphase chromatography (Chapter 6) and HIC (Chapter 7). Also, the dis-
The author combines theory, practice, and example in a clear manner that really "tells it like it is." tinction between salt-mediated ionexchange versus hydrophobic interaction effects (Chapter 4) may be unclear to anyone unfamiliar with this type of chromatography. The chapter on chromatofocusing seems to be oriented toward the knowledgeable reader. Nonetheless, this is a good book, and if it were more detailed, its length would be unmanageable. After reading it, a colleague reminded me that protein purification is a hot area with several recently published titles. I would also like to recommend Protein Purification: From Molecular Mechanics to Large-Scale Processes (ACS), Protein Purification: Design and Scale-up of Downstream Processing (Harper Publishers), and Process Chromatography: A Practical Guide (Academic Press). As co-editor oîFrom Molecular Mechanics..., I may
be biased, but this series of books is a worthwhile addition to any analytical or bioprocess technology library. Together, they touch on the chemistry, theory, basic modeling, costs, regulatory constraints, strategies for process development, and qualitative s c a l e - u p c o n s i d e r a t i o n s for both chromatographic and nonchromatographic separations.
Affinity Membranes: Their Chemistry & Performance in Adsorptive Separation Processes. Elias Klein. 152 pp. J o h n Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158. 1991. $70 Reviewed by William H. Scouten, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798 This thin book is actually composed of two small booklets held together by a final chapter on affinity membrane processes. The first half of the book concerns the membrane activation methods and immobilization of ligands with other aspects of affinity chromatographic systems. The review is well written and would cons t i t u t e a good source for anyone wishing to go into affinity chromatography on membranes. Unfortunately, it contains numerous small errors, one of the most serious of which is found in the section on sulfonyl chloride activation (p. 42), where trifluoromethanesulfonyl e s t e r s are m i s t a k e n l y labeled as "mesyl" esters, and it is implied that this is a common activation material for protein immobilization and affinity matrix preparation. Actually, trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride, termed "trifyl" and not "mesyl" chloride, is really a chlorinating agent and not a sulfonylating agent, and the trifyl ester given on p. 42 is not prepared with any significant yield by the method depicted. Moreover, although trifyl-activated materials have been prepared in our laboratory, they cannot be prepared as depicted and have not been reported as used in any applications of affinity chromatography. "Mesyl" or methanesulfonyl esters, conversely, are not active enough to be widely used. Most of the discussion in this section, however, is correct, and for the person who is not going to use the information directly but might wish to consult the references and apply the concepts therein, this mistake makes relatively little impact. The same is true with several other small errors throughout the section. Basi-
cally, this section provides a reasonably useful, quick introduction to this subject. The second part of the book deals with the physical chemistry of membrane formation. As an affinity chromatographer, I found this section extremely interesting and informative, although it would have held together much better had a chapter on the basic chemistry of membrane materials been introduced as a transition between the first and second sections. Nonetheless, I found the section very informative, although somewhat too concentrated on the physical and engineering aspects of membranes and not enough on their applications or chemical structures. The final chapter on applications of affinity microfiltration membranes also seems to be practical. Unfortunately, it implies that relatively few applications of this methodology exist. N o n e t h e l e s s , some very good ideas for future r e s e a r c h can be gleaned from it, and I believe it will excite readers' imaginations and creative instincts—particularly if they are soundly based in engineering concepts. Basically, this is a very useful book for an overall review of affinity membranes and seeks, successfully, to demonstrate t h a t this is a rapidly growing field. I would, therefore, recommend t h a t individuals dealing with affinity chromatography, downstream processing of biomolecules, and preparation of diagnostic materials, among other areas, have this monograph on their shelves.
Flow Cytometry. A Practical Approach. M. G. Ormerod, Ed. xxiv + 279 pp. Oxford University Press, 200 Madison Ave., New York, NY 101570913. 1990. $75 Reviewed by Alice Gilman-Sachs, Chicago Medical School, Flow Cytometry Lab, North Chicago, IL 60064 In the past 20 years, flow cytometry has become a popular tool for obtaining objective and fairly quantitative i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t cells or even smaller organelles or particles. In addition to clinical applications, especially the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS, leukemia, lymphomas, or other types of cancers, many other basic applications have evolved for quantitating DNA, RNA, calcium influx, and other cellular parameters or kinetics. This book is intended as a handbook for every laboratory with a flow
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 64, NO. 2, JANUARY 15, 1992 · 99 A
BOOKS cytometer or fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Chapters on principles and basic methods of flow cytometry are directed at the beginning scien tist, whereas other chapters on more sophisticated applications and proto cols make this book a valuable refer ence for the advanced scientist. The book is not directed toward the clini cian, however, because it lacks chap ters on clinical analyses and inter pretations. Among the topics are principles of flow cytometry, including a descrip tion of fluorescent probes commonly used and optical filters available for these probes; determination of lym phocyte subsets with antibodies; an analysis of DNA content by com monly used methods and more so phisticated procedures such as the bromodeoxuridine method; a descrip tion of how to do a cell sort with any of the three most commonly used flow cytometers; chromosome analy sis and sorting; calcium influx mea surements; RNA content; detection of nuclear antigens; analysis of radia tion and chemical damage in mam malian cells; and measurement of dy n a m i c c e l l u l a r e v e n t s . A list of suppliers of flow cytometers, anti bodies, optical filters, and other ne cessities appears in the appendix. Each chapter is clearly written and contains concise and fairly complete protocols. This book is a must for any laboratory that does flow cytometry. Also, it is lightweight (unlike other books on flow cytometry) and easy to carry from the bench to the flow cy tometer to the desk—a plus for the working scientist and the average flow cytometer "junkie."
Ion Exchange in Analytical Chemis try. Harold F. Walton and Roy D. Rocklin. 229 pp. CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431. 1990. $90 Reviewed by Donald J. Pietrzyk, Depart ment of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Ion exchange was introduced more t h a n 100 years ago in what today would probably be called agricultural chemistry. As with other developing concepts, several major advances have occurred. In the early days of ion exchange, advances were largely in the area of understanding the ionexchange process and the role of ion e x c h a n g e in n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g clays, minerals, zeolites, humic ma terials, and related substances. Rec ognition of ion exchange as a viable 100 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 64, NO. 2, JANUARY 15, 1992
separation technique took a major leap when organic synthetic ion ex changers based on the poly(styrenedivinylbenzene) copolymer m a t r i x were developed in the mid-1930s. Following this, industrial and ana lytical applications of ion exchangers g r e w v i g o r o u s l y . M u c h of t h e progress in the development of ionexchange principles and applications between the mid-1930s and up to about 1970 has been carefully docu mented in several books by different authors, including one by Walton. Another major t h r u s t in ion ex change occurred in the mid-1970s when Small, Stevens, and Bauman published a key paper {Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 1801) demonstrating that inorganic anions and cations could be separated on ion exchangers at col umn efficiencies and analyte-loading levels typical of other HPLC separa tions, and t h a t these low analyte loadings could be accurately and con veniently detected by conductance. Subsequently, applications and im provements in this type of separa t i o n , w h i c h h a s become w i d e l y known as "ion chromatography" (IC), have mushroomed. Of the several available books on IC, some are al ready in their second edition. In gen eral, these books tend to focus on the practical applications of IC. W a l t o n a n d Rocklin h a v e a t tempted to combine the principles of classical ion exchange and IC into a 2 2 9 - p a g e book with 10 c h a p t e r s , each of which lists key references. The authors, however, have not pro vided a comprehensive l i t e r a t u r e listing of either classical ion ex change and/or IC. If this kind of in formation is desired, other books or review articles must be consulted. F u r t h e r m o r e , the a u t h o r s assume that the reader will have a working knowledge of the basic principles of LC. Nonetheless, it is easy to locate topics by key words listed in the Ta ble of Contents and in what appears to be a comprehensive index, and the book is nicely formatted. Following an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 contains a discussion of common synthetic ion-exchange ma terials, including poly(styrenedivinylbenzene) copolymer acrylic, Ν-containing, F-containing, carbo h y d r a t e , and silica-based ion ex changers. Structures are clearly il l u s t r a t e d and, in g e n e r a l , key physical and chemical properties are indicated from a practical viewpoint. Details of the synthesis, however, are not. Although chelating and chiral exchangers are mentioned, they are only modestly covered in this chap-
ter; some applications of these types of exchangers, however, are included in other chapters. Inorganic and liq uid ion exchangers, although in cluded, are covered only briefly. Chapter 3 outlines the basic proper ties of ion exchangers and covers equilibrium, selectivity, kinetics ca pacity, swelling, and other associated physical properties of exchangers. Chapter 4 introduces IC. Both sup pressed and nonsuppressed strate gies are described, evaluated, and compared. In addition, gradient elution and ion exclusion are briefly dis cussed. Not surprisingly, the discus s i o n of d e t e c t i o n f o c u s e s o n conductivity and its scope, advan tages, and limitations. Other detec tion options, such as electrochemical and optical, are also briefly consid ered in this chapter. Chapters 5 and 6 describe two re lated strategies: ion pair chromatog raphy and ligand-exchange chroma tography. These chapters, similar to C h a p t e r 4, emphasize principles, methodology, advantages, and limi t a t i o n s . Specific applications are cited in Chapters 4 - 6 , primarily to demonstrate scope. Furthermore, the examples cited are focused on the separation of inorganic anions and cations as well as simple organic ac ids and bases. Chapter 7 deals with the separation of amino acids, pep tides, proteins, and carbohydrates. In my opinion, this chapter should have been expanded and an additional chapter should have been included to focus on the ion exchange of more complex organic analyte ions. Chapter 8, " 'Stop and Go' Separa tion of Metal Ions"; Chapter 9, "Col lection of Traces"; and Chapter 10, "Miscellaneous Analytical Uses of Ion Exchange," present useful topics t h a t , for the most p a r t , originate from classical a n a l y t i c a l ion ex change. These assorted topics com p l e m e n t IC and, if properly em ployed, will enhance the power and scope of the technique. This book is not a textbook for a course in chromatography. It cer tainly would be useful for short courses in ion exchange or IC and as a reference or s u p p l e m e n t a l text when these subjects are covered in a s e p a r a t i o n s or c h r o m a t o g r a p h y course. Practicing ion chromatographers or newcomers interested only in a compendium of separation pro cedures and applications will want to consult other books. However, indi viduals who want to better under stand the principles of ion exchange in IC will want to include this book in their libraries.
Solutions for Environmental Analysis
Purge and Trap for GC, GC/MS
. / /
tl uD • tl fa •
D Π D D D D
First Again!t
P&T Control From Data System (1991) Automated Standards Injection (1988) Built-in Water Management System (1988) Low Dead Volume Interface (1987) 800° C/min Trap Heating Rate (1986) Microprocessor Control (1986)
01 Analytical is first again in innovative Purge-andTrap technology. The Purge And Trap Total Interface (PATTI R) allows control of the 01 Analytical Model 4460A Purge and Trap from a personal computer for fully integrated system operation. This Windows™ 3.0 compatible program can be operated in
conjunction with the HP Chemstation for full GC or GC/MS system control and method sequencing. 01 Analytical is your single source supplier for Purge and-Trap analysis systems. Call today for more information. (409) 690-1711
O.I.Analytical S ^ \ trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Solutions for Environmental Analysis
CIRCLE 105 ON READER SERVICE CARD
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 64, NO. 2, JANUARY 15, 1992 · 101 A
