Literature Cited
(3) Hinesly, T. D., Braids, 0. C., Molina, J.-A. E., Dick, R. I., Jones, R. L., Meyer, R. C., Welch, L. F., “Agricultural Benefits and Environmental Changes Resulting from the Use of Digested Sludge on Field Crops,” Rep. No. Dol-UI-00080, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1973. (4) Page, A. L., “Fate and Effects of Trace Elements in Sewage Sludge When Applied to Agricultural Lands. A Literature Review Study,” Rep. No. EPA 670/2-74-005, ibid., 97 pp, 1974. (5) Montgomery County, Ohio, Soil Inventory, Progress Rep. No. 32, State of Ohio, Dept. of Natur. Resources, Div. of Lands and Soil, Columbus, Ohio, 55 pp, 1970. (6) Issac, R. A., Kerber, J. D., in Walsh, L. M., Ed., “Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soils and Plant Tissue,” pp 17-37, Soil Sci. SOC.Amer., Inc., Madison, Wis., 1971. (7) Gish, C. D., Christensen, R. E., Enuiron. Sci. Technol., 7, 1060-2 (1973). (8) Kirkham, M. B., Dotson, G. K., in “Municipal Sludge Management,” pp 97-106, Information Transfer, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1974. (9) Allaway, W. H., Aduan. Agron., 20, 235-74 (1968). (10) Berrow, M. L., Webber, J., J . Sci. Fd. Agric., 23, 93-100 (1972). (11) Beeson, K. C., US. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. No. 369, 164 pp, 1941. (12) Chapman, H. D., Ed., “Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils,” 2nd Printing, 1973, 793 pp, Quality Printing Co., Inc., Abilene, Tex., 1966. (13) Hineslv. T. D.. Jones. R. L.. Zieeler. E. L.. Comoost Sci.. 13(4),26-‘io (1972’). (14) Jones, J. B.. Jr.. in Mortvedt. J. J.. Giordano. P. M.. Lindsav. W. L., Eds., “Micronutrients in Agriculture,” pp 3191346, S&l Sci. SOC.Amer., Inc., Madison, Wis., 1972. (15) Hise, E. C., Fulkerson, W., in Fulkerson, W., Goeller, H. E., Eds., “Cadmium. The Dissipated Element,” pp 203-322, Nat. Tech. Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1973. (16) Brown J. C., Ambler, J. E., Chaney, R. L., Foy, C. D., in Mortvedt. J. J.. Giordano. P. M., Lindsay, W. L.. Eds.. “Micronutrients in Agriculture,” pp 389-418, Soil Sci. SOC.Amer., Inc., Madison, Wis., 1972. (17) Chanev. R. L.. in “Proc. of the Joint Conf. on Recvcline Municipal Sfudges akd Effluents on Land,” pp 129-41, Nat. issoc. of State Univ. and Land-Grant Coll., Washington, D.C., 1973. (18) Tatlock, M. W., Sewage Works J., 4,519-25 (1932).
(1) Carroll, T. E., Maase, D. L., Genco, J. M., Ifeadi. C.. “Review of Landspreading of Liquid Municipal Sewage Sludge. Draft Report prepared for SPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Contract No. 6803-0140,1973. (2) Barth, E. F., Ettinger, M. B., Salotto, B. V., McDermott, G. N., J . Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 37, 86-96 (1965).
Received for reuiew September 18, 1974. Accepted March 20, 1975. Contribution from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Enuironmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
the total element loadings deposited on the land. The bulk densities of the control soil and supernatant- and sludgetreated soils are unknown. Therefore, a bulk density of 1.33 metric tons/m3 was chosen, which is an average value for many textural classes of soils ( 4 ) .If we accept this density, the total amount of each element contained in the soil to a depth of 61 cm has been calculated (Table IV). Subtracting the control field figures from those for the sludge field gives the total element loading from the sludge. The loadings are biased to the low side because losses from leaching below depths greater than 61 cm, crop uptake, and erosion have not been considered. Loadings of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn are approximately 40-50 times higher, and loadings of Cd about 100 times higher. than those recommended by Chaney ( 1 7 ) . Yet the previously discussed uptake into the corn grain is small. However, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and pH of the supernatant- and sludgetreated soils are unknown. These analyses are needed to fully evaluate the mobility of trace elements in soil used as a sludge disposal site (4, 17). From the amount of elements found in the soil as the result of the 1973 analysis of the Dayton sludge (1971 analysis used for A1 and Fe), the total sludge loading has been estimated (Table IV). The average loading is 980 metric tonslha (431 short tons/A). The annual loading rate over the 35-year period is 28 metric tonslhalyr (12 short tons/ Alyr 1. Acknowledgment I thank Mr. DeFro Tossey, Superintendent of the Dayton Sewage Treatment Plant, for his help in obtaining the corn and soil samples and in providing information about the sewage treatment plant.
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Chromium and Lead in Colored Printing Inks Used for Children’s Magazines Diana F. Eaton, Gerald W. A. Fowles,” Michael W. Thomas, and G. Brian Turnbull Department of Chemistry, The University, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
w Lead chromate-based inks are used for printing the colored pages of some children’s magazines (comics) and tests have shown that high levels of lead and chromium can be extracted by dilute (0.1M) hydrochloric acid at body temperature. This paper reports investigations of 48 United Kingdom, 9 Spanish, and 5 Austrian comics.
It is well-known that heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury, constitute a serious health hazard even in quite small amounts, and there has been considerable public anxiety and debate about these dangers. Much of the discussion (1-4) has been concerned with contamination of food and water supplies, or of the atmosphere. Increasing attention has been given recently (5) to the problem of young children who face a greater risk in view of the 768
Environmental Science & Technology
susceptibility of the immature central nervous system, particularly to lead poisoning. For this reason it is essential that children should not be exposed unnecessarily to materials containing significant amounts of such heavy metals, and it would be prudent to exclude them as far as possible from children’s toys and printed papers (comics), since many children are inclined to chew and sometimes swallow such materials. Of course it may be argued that these heavy metal compounds, normally used as pigments, are not necessarily dangerous, because the pigment particles may be insoluble or well protected by suitable coatings-as for instance in many plastic toys that use cadmium-based or lead-based pigments. Hence there is need for an extraction test simulating the conditions of the human stomach rather than an analysis for the total lead. We have accordingly devised simple test procedures that roughly correspond to the conditions under which the ma-
Table I. Lead and Chromium Content of Colored Pages of United Kingdom Children‘s Magazinesa Magazine
Lead, ppm
1-27 28 (3) 29 (6) 30 (2) 31 (4) 32 (3) 33 (5) 34 (3) 35 (1) 36 (4) 37 (2)
