CO2 and CH4 Hydrates: Replacement or Co-growth?

Subscriber access provided by IDAHO STATE UNIV

C: Energy Conversion and Storage; Energy and Charge Transport 2

4

CO and CH Hydrates: Replacement or Co-Growth? Guozhong Wu, Linqing Tian, Daoyi Chen, Mengya Niu, and Haoqing Ji J. Phys. Chem. C, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00579 • Publication Date (Web): 19 Apr 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 19, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

The Journal of Physical Chemistry

1

CO2 and CH4 Hydrates: Replacement or Co-growth?

2 3

Guozhong Wu†, ‡, Linqing Tian†, ‡, Daoyi Chen†, ‡, Mengya Niu†, ‡, Haoqing Ji †, §, *

4 5

† Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen,

6

Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China

7

‡ School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

8

§ College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China

1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

9

ABSTRACT

10

Replacement of CH4 with CO2 in gas hydrates is a promising option for producing CH4

11

and sequestrating CO2 simultaneously, but it remains debatable if the CH4 hydrate

12

dissociate or convert to the CH4-CO2 mix hydrates during the replacement. To gain

13

insights into the underlying micro-mechanisms, molecular dynamics simulations were

14

performed in this study at six temperatures (250 K - 275 K) and three pressures (20 bar,

15

50 bar, 100 bar) by systematic analysis of the hydrate cages. Results demonstrated that

16

it was possible to destabilize the CH4 hydrates by decreasing the adsorption of CO2 on

17

the CH4 hydrate surface or increasing the interfacial area for the contact between CO2

18

and CH4 hydrates. However, the simultaneous dissociation of CH4 hydrates and

19

formation of CO2 hydrates was not observed or only last for a very short time, while

20

the released CH4 would form CH4-CO2 mix hydrates even though the driving force was

21

suitable for breaking up CH4 hydrate cages and forming CO2 hydrate cages. Moreover,

22

this study revealed that the coalescence of CH4 hydrate particles was mainly contributed

23

by the linkage from 512 cages in the region between the two CH4 hydrate particles which

24

was further stabilized by the 51263 cages.

2


Page 2 of 32

Page 3 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


25

1. INTRODUCTION

26

Natural gas hydrate has been identified as a huge potential resource for future energy in

27

which the amount of carbon stored is estimated to be twice more than all fossil fuels

28

combined. 1 The replacement of CH4 with CO2 in gas hydrates is a method of increasing

29

research interest, because it is able to harvest CH4 for energy production and sequestrate

30

CO2 for climate change mitigation. More importantly, the hydrate structure will not be

31

significantly changed during the replacement reaction.2 Therefore, the geological stability

32

problem caused by hydrate dissociation in traditional methods (e.g. thermal stimulation,

33

depressurization and inhibitor injection) can be potentially avoided, which is essential for

34

guaranteeing a large-scale safe exploitation. The feasibility of this method has been well

35

proven from both kinetic and thermodynamic points of view 3, but the slow recovering

36

rate and the low production efficiency make it challenging for commercial application.

37

For example, the expected methane recovery is estimated to be below 70% from the

38

thermodynamic equilibrium studies, 4 while the production level in many experimental

39

practices are below 50%.

40

microscopic mechanisms of CH4-CO2 replacement in gas hydrates.

41

It is assumed that the replacement took place by the first dissociation of CH4 hydrates

42

followed by the formation of CO2 hydrates where the production of free water is a

43

significant feature during the replacement on the macro level.

44

might become a quasi-static equilibrium at the liquid-hydrate interface rather than in the

45

free gas.13 However, there are also strong evidences that revealed no detectable

46

dissociation of CH4 hydrates during the CH4-CO2 exchange process, instead, substantial

47

portion of the CH4 hydrates converted to the CH4-CO2 mix hydrates without significant

48

hydrate dissociation.14-16 An interesting research question raised from these controversial

5-10

This highlights the demands for works focusing on the

3


11-12

The hydrate growth


49

results is whether the “replacement” would really occur if the temperature and pressure

50

can provide adequate driving force for both CH4 hydrates dissociation and CO2 hydrate

51

formation. If not, what is the main factor preventing the CH4 hydrates from dissociation

52

and driving the co-growth of CH4-CO2 hydrates, and how it differs against the reaction

53

conditions such as the initial phase state of CO2, the concentration of CO2, and the

54

interfacial area between CO2 and CH4 hydrates.

55

Another research question of particular interests is the molecular mechanisms for the

56

coalescence of hydrate particles during the replacement or co-growth process. Most

57

recently, we reported the evolution of hydrate cages in the region between two CH4

58

hydrate surfaces and highlighted the role of the adsorption and spreading dynamics of

59

water droplet on the above process.

60

oil-dominated system, while previous study indicated that the magnitude of inter-particle

61

interactions of hydrates in water were relatively low and the hydrate aggregation

62

mechanism was different from that in the oil- or gas-dominated systems.18 Lee and Sum

63

19

64

C2H6 mix hydrates) had no influence on the cohesive force between hydrate particles.

65

These studies provided direct evidences for the strength of hydrate-hydrate interactions

66

by artificially pulling two hydrate particles together, but it remained unclear when and

67

how the two hydrate particles would spontaneously move towards each other and how

68

the resulted hydrate aggregates were stabilized by specific cage links. It becomes more

69

complicated during the CO2 replacement reaction due to the coexistence of multiple

70

processes such as CO2 hydrate formation, CH4 hydrate dissociation and re-formation. The

71

two CH4 hydrate particles may link together to form a larger particle and then the CO2

72

replacement took place on the outer surface, otherwise, the CO2 hydrates would fast form

17

However, the above study was performed in the

further suggested that the hydrate structure (sI with CO2 hydrates and sII with CH4-

4


Page 4 of 32

Page 5 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


73

on the surface of each of the two CH4 hydrate particles and then merged to a larger one.

74

It demands future works on cage analysis at molecular-level to gain insights into these

75

processes, which benefits for better understanding the mass transfer resistance for the CO2

76

replacement reaction.

77

Accordingly, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed in this study to

78

address the above issues. Specific objectives were to identify (i) the effects of CO2 state

79

(i.e., gas or solution), CO2 concentration and the number of interfaces between CO2

80

solution and CH4 hydrates on the hydrate evolutions in a number of temperature and

81

pressure conditions, and (ii) the dynamic evolution of typical hydrate cages during the

82

coalescence process of two hydrate particles immersing in the CO2 environment.

83 84

2. METHODOLOGY

85

2.1 Model construction and molecular dynamics simulation

86

MD simulations were performed with an open source software Gromacs (version 5.0.5).

87

20

88

was replicated to form a 3 × 3 × 3 super cell to represent a cubic hydrate particle. Two

89

scenarios were setup to compare the one-dimensional and three-dimensional reactions

90

with different interfacial area between CO2 and CH4 hydrates. In Scenario 1, the hydrate

91

particle was placed at the bottom of the simulation box, while the gaseous CO2 (300 CO2

92

molecules) or the dissolved CO2 (mixture of 100 CO2 molecules and 1400 water

93

molecules) was placed on the top, respectively. In this case, the hydrate particle was only

94

truncated and contacted with CO2 in the z-dimension, while the continuity in the x-y plane

95

was maintained with periodic boundary conditions. In Scenario 2, two hydrate particles

96

with an initial spacing of 1.3 nm were immersed in the CO2 solution. The mole

The unit cell of structure I CH4 hydrate was obtained from Lenz and Ojamäe,21 which

5



Page 6 of 32

97

concentration of CO2 in the solution was set as 6.1% and 9.1% by mixing 432 or 660 CO2

98

molecules with 6600 water molecules, respectively. The spatial continuity of the hydrate

99

particles was truncated in all dimensions. The initial configurations of the simulation

100

systems are shown in Fig. S1 in the supporting information.

101

Water was modeled with TIP4P model,

102

united-atom (UA) model

103

between water and CO2 were obtained from Duan et al.,

104

between other unlike atom pairs were calculated by the standard Lorentz-Berthelot

105

mixing rules.

106

Coulombic interactions were calculated by the particle mesh Ewald method with a Fourier

107

spacing of 0.12 nm. 27 The leap-frog algorithm was employed to integrate the equations

108

of motion.

109

dimensional reaction simulation, respectively.

110

The initial conformations were firstly energy-minimized with the steepest descent

111

algorithm, followed by a 30 ps NPT (constant number of atoms, pressure and temperature)

112

equilibration. Subsequently, MD simulations were performed at NPT ensemble. During

113

the one-dimensional reaction simulation, totally 9 groups of P-T conditions (temperatures:

114

265 K, 270 K, 275 K, pressures: 20 bar, 50 bar, 100 bar) were employed. During the

115

three-dimensional reaction simulation, a series of trial runs were performed to determine

116

the P-T conditions (temperatures: 250 K, 255 K, 260 K, 265 K, pressures: 20 bar, 50 bar,

117

100 bar). Temperature and pressure were controlled by the Nose-Hoover thermostat

118

and Parrinello-Rahman barostat 30, respectively. The simulation duration was 3000 ns and

119

300 ns for the one-dimensional and three-dimensional reaction simulation, respectively.

120

The simulations were manually terminated if all hydrate cages dissociated in the

28

26

23

22

while CH4 and CO2 were modeled with the

and EPM2 model

24,

respectively. Non-bonded parameters 25

while cross interactions

Short-range interactions were truncated at 1.2 nm, while long-range

The time step was 1 fs and 2 fs for the one-dimensional and three-

6


29

Page 7 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


121

simulation systems.

122

2.2 Data Analysis

123

The face-saturated incomplete cage analysis method developed by Guo et al.

124

employed to quantify the hydrate cage compositions, the free or adsorption state of CH4

125

and CO2 molecules, and the cage linking structures of hydrates. Briefly, the complete

126

cage (CC) was identified as the cage with every vertex shared with at least three edges

127

and every edge shared with exactly two faces. CCs included standard cages (e.g. 512, 51262,

128

51264, 51268, 435663) and other cages (e.g. 51263, 4151062, 4151063, 4151064). Each cage face

129

had an adsorption site, which was along the normal vector (outward) crossing the face

130

center and was 3 Å away from the center. The CH4 or CO2 molecules were identified as

131

adsorbed molecules (if it was within 3 Å from the adsorption site of a cage face), guest

132

molecules (if it was in a hydrate cage), or free molecules. The linkages between each two

133

hydrate cages through a cage face were classified into structure I (sI) links, structure II

134

(sII) links and structure H (sH) links. The linkage between a 512 cage and a 51262 cage

135

was recognized as an sI link because such linkage only existed in the sI hydrate structures,

136

while the linkage between two 512 cages could be either sII or sH. To intuitively display

137

the hydrate evolution during simulations, the algorithm developed by Jacobson et al.

138

was employed to illustrate the cage distribution in a system.

31

was

32

139 140

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

141

3.1 One-dimensional reaction

142

The evolution of hydrate cages during interaction with CO2 gas are shown in Fig. 1. It

143

demonstrated the fast dissociation of CH4 hydrate cages and the formation of CO2 hydrate

144

cages during the first 100 ns at 265 K (Figs. 1a – 1c). Such replacement process stopped 7



Page 8 of 32

145

after 100 ns, which resulted in the loss of about 50 complete CH4 hydrate cages and the

146

appearance of about 85 free CH4. Only a small portion of the dissociated CH4 hydrates

147

were ‘replaced’ by the CO2 hydrates, because only 10 - 20 CO2 hydrate cages appeared.

148

These findings were independent on the initial pressure (20 - 100 bar) and differed little

149

when the temperature increased to 270 K (Figs. 1d – 1f), but 275 K was obviously not

150

suitable for the hydrate replacement as it was high enough to destroy both CH4 and CO2

151

hydrate cages (Figs. 1g – 1i). It should be noted that the equilibrium points of gas hydrate

152

in the MD simulation were different from that in the experiments. Since both water-water

153

and water-guest interactions affects the equilibrium conditions, recent studies had been

154

carried out to calculate the host-guest interactions and the three-phase equilibrium

155

conditions of pure CH4, pure CO2 and their mixture hydrates using different combination

156

of molecular models.

157

CH4 hydrate (TIP4P water + UA methane) and CO2 hydrate (TIP4P water + EPM2 CO2)

158

was 247 K ± 3 K (P = 100 bar) and 275 K ± 2 K (P = 100 bar), respectively.

159

Accordingly, there was strong tendency for the dissociation of CH4 hydrate at 275 K and

160

100 bar as the driving force was about 28 K, while the driving force for the CO2 hydrate

161

formation was almost zero.

162

When the initial state of CO2 was changed to solution, an obvious change was the state

163

of CH4 and CO2 molecules after reaction at 265 K. For example, the free CH4 was about

164

83% less and the adsorbed CH4 was more than doubled after changing the CO2 gas to CO2

165

solution (Figs. 1 - 4). Another finding was that the CH4 hydrates were less stable when

166

contacting with CO2 solution than with CO2 gas. For example, the CH4 hydrate cages

167

remained stable at 270 K after interaction with CO2 gas (Figs. 1d – 1f) but completely

168

dissociated in presence of CO2 solution (Figs. 3d – 3f). This could be further evidenced

33-38

As previously reported, one of the equilibrium point for the

8


39-40

Page 9 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


169

by the faster dissociation rate at 275 K. For example, it took 140 ns to completely melt

170

the CH4 hydrate cages by CO2 gas under 20 bar (Fig. 1g), while the corresponding time

171

cost was only 80 ns by CO2 solution (Fig. 3g).

172

The above finding was attributed to the different spatial distribution of CO2 molecules in

173

gas and solution which led to different capability for stabilizing the CH4 hydrates. The

174

CO2 molecules in the gas state were concentrated and close to each other, making them

175

easy to densely adsorb onto the hydrate surface. This portion of CO2 molecules

176

contributed to stabilize the interfacial hydrate structure according to the ‘cage adsorption’

177

mechanism that the hydrate cages could absorb guest molecules and in turn be stabilized

178

by such adsorption. 41 This was supposed to increase the mass transfer resistance for the

179

escape of CH4 molecules from the hydrate cages. Moreover, the CH4-occupied small 512

180

cages would initiate the nucleation of CH4-CO2 mix hydrates in a local liquid phase with

181

a high gas concentration. 42 By contrast, the CO2 molecules dispersed in water were less

182

concentrated than in the gas state making them more scattered on the hydrate surface.

183

This was confirmed by the 50% decrease in the number of adsorbed CO2 when the initial

184

state of CO2 was changed from gas to solution (Figs. 2d and 4d). The weakened

185

adsorption of CO2 allowed the faster dissociation of the CH4 hydrate cages, while the

186

latter also resulted in the fast collapse of the CO2 hydrate cages at around 400 ns at 270

187

K (Figs. 3e and 3f). This was attributed to the fact that the driving force for the CO2

188

hydrate formation was only 5 K, which was insufficient to ensure its thermodynamic

189

stability and therefore made it susceptible to be perturbed by the diffusion of the CH4

190

molecules released from the continuous break-up of CH4 hydrate cages. Based on the

191

above results, we used CO2 solution in the subsequent studies.

192

3.2 Three-dimensional reaction 9



193

3.2.1 Reaction with high concentration CO2 solution

194

Since both CH4 and CO2 hydrates dissociated at 270 K and 275 K but remained stable at

195

265 K during the one-dimensional reactions with CO2 solution, we first tested the three-

196

dimensional reactions at 265 K under 100 bar. Results demonstrated that all the CH4

197

hydrate cages disappeared during the first 10 ns (Fig. 5a and 5b). Such dissociation rate

198

was even faster than that in the one-dimensional reaction at 275 K under the same pressure

199

(Fig. 1i). It should be noted that the mole concentration of CO2 in this case (9.1%) was

200

higher than that in the one-dimensional reaction (6.7%). The CH4 hydrates should have

201

been more stable at high concentration, because the number of the adsorbed CO2

202

molecules increased to 150 in the early stage (Fig. 6b) which was about 3.8-fold of that

203

in the one-dimensional reaction (Fig. 4d). However, the number of interfaces between the

204

CH4 hydrate and CO2 solution increased from 1 in the one-dimensional reaction to 12 in

205

the three-dimensional reaction, while the corresponding interface area increased from

206

about 13 nm2 to 156 nm2. Accordingly, the number of the adsorbed CO2 molecules per

207

unit area was indeed decreased by increasing the dimension of reaction. Therefore, the

208

reduced stability of CH4 hydrates was mainly attributed to the increased area of CH4

209

hydrates exposed to CO2 solution. However, little CO2 hydrate was formed in this case,

210

suggesting that such P-T condition (265 K, 100 bar) was not suitable for an effective

211

replacement of CH4 hydrates from the kinetic point of view (Fig. 5c).

212

Therefore, we decreased the initial temperature to 260 K without changing the pressure

213

to test if the hydrate replacement process took place. Results demonstrated that such P-T

214

condition (260 K, 100 bar) made it possible to synthesis CO2 hydrates as the cages

215

occupied by CO2 increased to 200 quickly (Fig. 5c). However, the number of CH4

216

hydrates also increased although there was 13 K driving force for the dissociation of CH4 10


Page 10 of 32

Page 11 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


217

hydrates (Fig. 5b). The observed increased number of CH4 hydrates at early stage was

218

due to the fact that the edges of the hydrate supercell were not continuous in the initial

219

model. This meant that some CH4 molecules were adsorbed on the external surface of the

220

hydrate supercell rather than being well-entrapped inside the complete hydrate cages (Fig.

221

S2). This portion of CH4 molecules tend to form hydrate cages if the reaction conditions

222

were suitable for CH4 hydrate formation, which was further stabilized by the formation

223

of CO2-CH4 mixed hydrates. Accordingly to the stabilization energy calculations by Geng

224

et al.,

225

hydrates alone.

226

Subsequently, we decreased the initial pressure to 50 bar without changing the

227

temperature (260 K). It was found that all the CH4 cages melted during the first 50 ns

228

(Fig. 5b) while the small amount of the initially formed CO2 cages also disappeared (Fig.

229

5c). Further tests indicated that the stability of both CO2 and CH4 hydrates could be

230

preserved at 250 K or 255 K even when the pressure was decreased to 20 bar (Fig. 5).

231

Since 250 K and 20 bar were very close to the reported phase equilibrium condition of

232

CH4 hydrates, further decrease of temperature might provide little driving force for the

233

dissociation of CH4 hydrates. Therefore, four P-T conditions were employed in the

234

subsequent study including (255 K, 20 bar), (255 K, 50 bar), (250 K, 20 bar) and (250 K,

235

50 bar). The co-growth of CH4 and CO2 hydrates were observed in all these conditions,

236

which was similar to that found at (260 K, 100 bar) (Fig. 5).

43

the CO2-CH4 mixed hydrates was more stable than the CH4 hydrates or CO2

237 238

3.2.2 Reaction with low concentration CO2 solution

239

When the initial mole concentration of CO2 in the solution was decreased to 6.1%, it was

240

interesting to find that the CH4 hydrates dissociated very fast and no CO2 hydrates were 11



241

formed at 260 K under 100 bar (Fig. 7), which was opposite to the co-growth tendency

242

observed at high initial concentration of CO2 (Fig. 5). This might be associated with the

243

role of CO2 adsorption on the stability of CH4 hydrates. As shown in Fig. 8b, the number

244

of CO2 molecules adsorbed onto the hydrate surface started to decrease from 150 to 50,

245

which was supposed to be insufficient to stabilize the CH4 hydrate structure. By contrast,

246

the number of the adsorbed CO2 molecules kept stable at about 200 during the reactions

247

with high CO2 concentration under the same P-T conditions (Fig. 6b).

248

Similar to the previous subsections, we tested the reactions with low concentration CO2

249

solution under (255 K, 20 bar), (255 K, 50 bar), (250 K, 20 bar) and (250 K, 50 bar). The

250

number of both CH4 and CO2 hydrate cages increased at the end of reactions under these

251

conditions, which was similar to that observed at high concentration CO2 solution.

252

However, it was interesting to notice at 255 K that the number of CH4 hydrate cages

253

decreased sharply during the first 50 ns before rising. This indicated a successful

254

replacement of the CH4 hydrates by the CO2 hydrate at the beginning of reaction with low

255

CO2 concentration, but the released CH4 molecules were converted to hydrates again

256

which resulted in the co-growth of CH4-CO2 mixed hydrates. To gain insights into the

257

reactions with low concentration CO2 at 255 K, the evolution of hydrate cages during the

258

initial 100 ns was analyzed and discussed in the following subsection.

259 260

3.2.3 Cage linkage between hydrate particles

261

The snapshots of the hydrate cages (512, 51262, 51263, 51264) evolution under 20 bar and 50

262

bar at 255 K are shown in Fig. 9. An interesting finding was that the two hydrate particles

263

started to link together at about 10 ns and eventually merged into one particle at about 50

264

ns under 20 bar. The volume of the resulted particle was obviously smaller than the sum 12


Page 12 of 32

Page 13 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


265

of the initial two particles. However, the top particle was fast melted and completely

266

disappeared at 60 ns under 50 bar where the particles coalescence phenomenon observed

267

under 20 bar did not take place (Fig. 9). To clarify the different findings between the two

268

initial pressures, we quantified the number of different type of hydrate cages and

269

fractionated them into the ones filled by CH4 or CO2, respectively, under 20 bar and 50

270

bar (Fig. 10).

271

Results indicated that the two CH4 hydrate particles were linked by three 512 cages at 10

272

ns under 20 bar, probably because the 512 cage was easy to form due to the small deviation

273

from the tetrahedron structure (Fig. 9a). It should be noted that the links between 512 cages

274

belonged to the sII hydrate, which did not match the sI structure of the CH4 hydrates

275

initially located in the system. We also noted that the 51263 cages appeared at about 20 ns

276

and fast increased at 75 ns (Fig. 10a), which belonged to neither sI or sII hydrate but was

277

able to connect and stabilize these two structures. This agreed with previous study which

278

demonstrated the presence of 51263 cages during the formation of CO2 and CH4 mixed

279

hydrates and suggested that such cages acted as a linker at the interface of sI and sII

280

hydrates.42 By contrast, the number of the 51263 cages was negligible under 50 bar (Fig.

281

10b).

282

Moreover, the sum of the number of the 512 and 51262 cages filled with CO2 exceeded 20

283

during the initial 50 ns under 20 bar (Fig. 10a), which was less than 10 at 50 bar (Fig.

284

10b). These cages were preferentially located near the linking area between the two

285

hydrate particles since they could be stabilized by the two CH4 hydrate particles. During

286

the first 50 ns, the number of both 51262 and 512 cages filled with CH4 sharply decreased

287

under 50 bar (Fig. 10b), but the decline of the number of 512 CH4 cages was gently under

288

20 bar (Fig. 10a). The stronger degree of the 51262 cage dissociation was attributed to the 13



289

weaker thermodynamic stability than 512 cages, which was consistent with previous study

290

that the 51262 cages dissociated prior to the 512 cages during replacement. The less

291

dissociation degree of both cages under 20 bar than under 50 bar might be attributed to

292

the stabilization effects from the 51263 cages on the hydrate structure under 20 bar as

293

aforementioned. As shown in Fig. 9, the location of the 51263 cages changed from the

294

linking area of the two hydrate particles (t = 20 ns) to the position with 2 – 3 cages far

295

away from the linking area (t = 30 ns), after which their position kept on changing and

296

the corresponding cage number increased. This helped to stabilize the remaining 512 cages.

297

Enlarged snapshots are shown in Fig. S3 for better illustrating this process. After 75 ns,

298

considerable amount of 51263 and 51264 cages were observed under 20 bar (Fig. 10a) and

299

the sII links obviously increased (Fig. 10c). This was due to the fast formation of 512 cages

300

before 50 ns which kinetically favored the formation of sII hydrate. By contrast, the sII

301

links were almost negligible under 50 bar (Fig. 10d), which was attributed to the

302

simultaneous dissociation of both 512 and 51262 CH4 cages aforementioned.

303 304

4. CONCLUSIONS

305

This study clearly demonstrated the capability of CO2 to stabilize CH4 hydrate by surface

306

adsorption. For example, the CH4 hydrate was more stable when contacting with CO2 gas

307

than with CO2 solution, because the number of adsorbed CO2 was significantly higher

308

when the hydrate was exposed to CO2 gas compared with CO2 solution. Similarly, the

309

CH4 hydrate structure was much more susceptible to collapse when six surfaces rather

310

than only one surface was exposed to CO2 solution, because the number of the adsorbed

311

CO2 per unit surface area significantly decreased by increasing the reaction dimensions.

312

Results further demonstrated that only a very small portion (~ 20%) of the dissociated 14


Page 14 of 32

Page 15 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


313

CH4 hydrates were really “replaced” by CO2 in all tests even though there was enough

314

driving force for both CH4 hydrate dissociation and CO2 hydrate formation. It was more

315

likely to form CO2-CH4 mix hydrates due to the low stabilization energy especially when

316

the concentration of CO2 solution was high. The simultaneous decrease of CH4 hydrate

317

cages and increase of CO2 hydrate cages were observed in presence of low concentration

318

CO2 solution, but the released CH4 molecules were quickly trapped in hydrate cages

319

resulting in co-growth of mix hydrates again. These findings suggested the necessary to

320

timely extract the recovered CH4 gas before continuous CO2 injection to ensure an

321

effective replacement reaction. Overall results suggested that the CH4 hydrates would

322

either dissociate to release free CH4 gas or directly convert to the CH4-CO2 mix hydrates

323

without significant dissociation, while the former last for a short time and the

324

“replacement” would eventually turn to “co-growth” process.

325 326

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

327

Initial molecular configurations of the simulation systems (Figure S1), Configurations of

328

the CH4 molecules at the edge of the hydrate supercell (Figure S2), Snapshots showing

329

the movement of the 51263 hydrate cages during the reaction with 6.1% CO2 solution (255

330

K, 20 bar) (Figure S3).

15



Page 16 of 32

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: [email protected]. Telephone/Fax: +86-0755-26030544 Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was financially supported by the Shenzhen Peacock Plan Research Grant (No. KQJSCX20170330151956264), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2018A030313899), and the Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (No. DCF-2018-64).

REFERENCES 1.

Chong, Z. R.; Yang, S. H. B.; Babu, P.; Linga, P.; Li, X.-S., Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource: Prospects and challenges. Appl Energ 2016, 16331652.

2.

Koh, D. Y.; Kang, H.; Lee, J. W.; Park, Y.; Kim, S. J.; Lee, J.; Lee, J. Y.; Lee, H., Energy-efficient natural gas hydrate production using gas exchange. Appl Energ 2016, 162, 114-130.

3.

Zhao, J.; Xu, K.; Song, Y.; Liu, W.; Lam, W.; Liu, Y.; Xue, K.; Zhu, Y.; Yu, X.; Li, Q., A review on research on replacement of CH4 in natural gas hydrates by use of CO2. Energies 2012, 5, 399-419.

4.

Lee, S.; Park, S.; Lee, Y.; Seo, Y., Thermodynamic and

13C

NMR spectroscopic

verification of methane–carbon dioxide replacement in natural gas hydrates. Chem 16


Page 17 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Eng J 2013, 225, 636-640. 5.

Zhou, X.; Li, D.; Zhang, S.; Liang, D., Swapping methane with carbon dioxide in spherical hydrate pellets. Energy 2017, 140, 136-143.

6.

Chen, Y.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, L.; Dong, C.; Sun, B., Experimental investigation of different factors influencing the replacement efficiency of CO2 for methane hydrate. Appl Energ 2018, 228, 309-316.

7.

Zhou, X.; Liang, D. Q.; Shuai, L.; Yi, L. Z.; Lin, F. H., Recovering CH4 from natural gas hydrates with the injection of CO2-N2 gas mixtures. Energ Fuel 2015, 29, 10991106.

8.

Ota, M.; Saito, T.; Aida, T.; Watanabe, M.; Sato, Y.; Smith, R. L. J.; Inomata, H., Macro and microscopic CH4-CO2 replacement in CH4 hydrate under pressurized CO2. Aiche J 2007, 53, 2715-2721.

9.

Ota, M.; Abe, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Jr, R. L. S.; Inomata, H., Methane recovery from methane hydrate using pressurized CO2. Fluid Phase Equilibr 2005, 228-229, 553559.

10. Ota, M.; Morohashi, K.; Abe, Y.; Watanabe, M., Replacement of CH4 in the hydrate by use of liquid CO2. Energ. Convers. Manage. 2005, 46, 1680-1691. 11. Xu, C.-G.; Cai, J.; Yu, Y.-S.; Chen, Z.-Y.; Li, X.-S., Research on micro-mechanism and efficiency of CH4 exploitation via CH4-CO2 replacement from natural gas hydrates. Fuel 2018, 216, 255-265. 12. Yoon, J.-H.; Kawamura, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Komai, T., Transformation of methane hydrate to carbon dioxide hydrate: in situ Raman spectroscopic observations. J Phys Chem A 2004, 108, 5057-5059. 13. Klapproth, A.; Piltz, R. O.; Kennedy, S. J.; Kozielski, K. A., Kinetics of sII and 17



Mixed sI/sII gas hydrate growth for a methane/propane mixture using neutron diffraction. J Phys Chem C 2019, 123, 2703-2715. 14. Baldwin, B. A.; Stevens, J.; Howard, J. J.; Graue, A.; Kvamme, B.; Aspenes, E.; Ersland, G.; Husebø, J.; Zornes, D. R., Using magnetic resonance imaging to monitor CH4 hydrate formation and spontaneous conversion of CH4 hydrate to CO2 hydrate in porous media. Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 27, 720-726. 15. Lee, S.; Lee, Y.; Lee, J.; Lee, H.; Seo, Y., Experimental verification of methane– carbon dioxide replacement in natural gas hydrates using a differential scanning calorimeter. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47, 13184-13190. 16. Falenty, A.; Qin, J.; Salamatin, A. N.; Yang, L.; Kuhs, W. F., Fluid composition and kinetics of the in situ replacement in CH4–CO2 hydrate system. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 27159-27172. 17. Zi, M.; Wu, G.; Li, L.; Chen, D., Molecular dynamics simulations of methane hydrate formation in model water-in-oil emulsion containing asphaltenes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 23299-23306. 18. Joshi, S.; Sloan, E. D.; Koh, C.; Sum, A. In Micromechanical adhesion force measurements between cyclopentane hydrate particles in water, 7th International Conference of Gas Hydrates, ICGH, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2011; pp 17-21. 19. Lee, B. R.; Sum, A. K., Micromechanical cohesion force between gas hydrate particles measured under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Langmuir 2015, 31, 3884-3888. 20. Van Der Spoel, D.; Lindahl, E.; Hess, B.; Groenhof, G.; Mark, A. E.; Berendsen, H. J., GROMACS: fast, flexible, and free. J Comput Chem 2005, 26, 1701-1718. 21. Lenz, A.; Ojamäe, L., Structures of the I-, II-and H-methane clathrates and the 18


Page 18 of 32

Page 19 of 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


ice−methane clathrate phase transition from quantum-chemical modeling with force-field thermal corrections. J Phys Chem A 2011, 115, 6169-6176. 22. Jorgensen, W. L.; Chandrasekhar, J.; Madura, J. D.; Impey, R. W.; Klein, M. L., Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water. J Chem Phys 1983, 79, 926-935. 23. Jorgensen, W. L.; Madura, J. D.; Swenson, C. J., Optimized intermolecular potential functions for liquid hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 1984, 106, 6638-6646. 24. Harris, J. G.; Yung, K. H., Carbon Dioxide's Liquid-Vapor Coexistence Curve And Critical Properties as Predicted by a Simple Molecular Model. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 12021-12024. 25. Duan, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Duan, Z., Equation of state of the H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 systems up to 10 GPa and 2573.15 K: Molecular dynamics simulations with ab initio potential surface. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 2007, 70, 2311-2324. 26. Allenand, M.; Tildesley, D., Computer simulation of liquids; Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. 27. Darden, T.; York, D.; Pedersen, L., Particle mesh Ewald: An N⋅log (N) method for Ewald sums in large systems. J Chem Phys 1993, 98, 10089-10092. 28. Van Gunsteren, W.; Berendsen, H., A leap-frog algorithm for stochastic dynamics. Mol Simulat 1988, 1, 173-185. 29. Hoover, W. G., Canonical dynamics: equilibrium phase-space distributions. Phys Rev A 1985, 31, 1695-1697. 30. Parrinello, M.; Rahman, A., Polymorphic transitions in single crystals: a new molecular dynamics method. J Appl Phys 1981, 52, 7182-7190. 31. Guo, G. J.; Zhang, Y. G.; Liu, C. J.; Li, K. H., Using the face-saturated incomplete 19



cage analysis to quantify the cage compositions and cage linking structures of amorphous phase hydrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011, 13, 12048-2057. 32. Jacobson, L. C.; Hujo, W.; Molinero, V., Thermodynamic stability and growth of guest-free clathrate hydrates: A low-density crystal phase of water. J Phys Chem B 2009, 113, 10298-10307. 33. Míguez, J.; Conde, M. M.; Torré, J.-P.; Blas, F. J.; Piñeiro, M. M.; Vega, C., Molecular dynamics simulation of CO2 hydrates: prediction of three phase coexistence line. J Chem Phys 2015, 142, 124505. 34. Michalis, V. K.; Tsimpanogiannis, I. N.; Stubos, A. K.; Economou, I. G., Direct phase coexistence molecular dynamics study of the phase equilibria of the ternary methane–carbon dioxide–water hydrate system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016, 18, 23538-23548. 35. Sun, N.; Li, Z.; Qiu, N.; Yu, X.; Zhang, X.; Li, Y.; Yang, L.; Luo, K.; Huang, Q.; Du, S., Ab Initio studies on the clathrate hydrates of some nitrogen- and sulfurcontaining gases. J Phys Chem A 2017, 121, 2620-2626. 36. Qiu, N.; Bai, X.; Xu, J.; Sun, N.; Francisco, J. S.; Yang, M.; Huang, Q.; Du, S., Adsorption behaviors and phase equilibria for clathrate hydrates of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing small molecules. J Phys Chem C 2019, 123, 2691-2702. 37. Qiu, N.; Bai, X.; Sun, N.; Yu, X.; Yang, L.; Li, Y.; Yang, M.; Huang, Q.; Du, S., Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations on phase equilibria of methane, carbon dioxide, and their mixture hydrates. J Phys Chem B 2018, 122, 9724-9737. 38. Shi, Q.; Cao, P.; Han, Z.; Ning, F.; Gong, H.; Xin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, J., Role of guest molecules in the mechanical properties of clathrate hydrates. Crystal Growth & Design 2018, 18, 6729-6741. 20


Page 20 of 32

Page 21 of 32

39. Yi, L.; Liang, D.; Zhou, X.; Li, D.; Wang, J., Molecular dynamics simulations of carbon dioxide hydrate growth in electrolyte solutions of NaCl and MgCl2. Mol Phys 2014, 112, 3127-3137. 40. Conde, M. M.; Vega, C., Determining the three-phase coexistence line in methane hydrates using computer simulations. J Chem Phys 2010, 133, 2725-500. 41. Guo, G.; Li, M.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, C., Why can water cages adsorb aqueous methane? A potential of mean force calculation on hydrate nucleation mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009, 11, 10427-10437. 42. He, Z.; Gupta, K. M.; Linga, P.; Jiang, J., Molecular insights into the nucleation and growth of CH4 and CO2 mixed hydrates from microsecond simulations. J Phys Chem C 2016, 120, 25225-25236. 43. Geng, C.-Y.; Wen, H.; Zhou, H., Molecular simulation of the potential of methane reoccupation during the replacement of methane hydrate by CO2. J Phys Chem A 2009, 113, 5463-5469.

160

A

265 K, 20 bar

160

B

265 K, 50 bar

160

120

120

120

80

80

80

40

40

40

0

0

160

Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


200

D

400

600

0 800 1000 0

270 K, 20 bar

160

200

400

E

600

0 800 1000 0

270 K, 50 bar

160

120

120

120

80

80

80

40

40

40

240 275 K, 20 bar 2400 H 0 G 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 180 180 120

120 60 0

0

50

100

150

400

C

265 K, 100 bar

200

400

F

275 K, 50 bar 240 I 0 600 800 1000 0 200

800 1000

270 K, 100 bar

400

180

275 K, 100 bar 600 800 1000 CC CCCH

21

120

60 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment 0 100 200 300 0 0 200 0

600

4

CCCO

2

free CH4 100

200

300


Fig. 1 Number of total complete cages (CC), complete cages filled by CH4 (CCCH4), complete cages filled by CO2 (CCCO2), and free CH4 molecules during the onedimensional reaction with CO2 gas

22


Page 22 of 32

Page 23 of 32

A

Adsorbed CH4

60

265 K, 20 bar 265 K, 50 bar 265 K, 100 bar

40 20 0

B

100 75

75

50

50

270 K, 20 bar 270 K, 50 bar 270 K, 100 bar

0

200

400

600

800 1000

D

0

0

250

E

60

500

750

1000

270 K, 20 bar 270 K, 50 bar 270 K, 100 bar

75

275 K, 20 bar 275 K, 50 bar 275 K, 100 bar

C

100

25

100

Adsorbed CO2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46


25 0

0

F

60

40

40

20

20

100

200

300

400

275 K, 20 bar 275 K, 50 bar 275 K, 100 bar

50 265 K, 20 bar 265 K, 50 bar 265 K, 100 bar

25 0

0

250

500

750

1000

0

0

250

500

750

1000

0

0

100

200

300

400

Time (ns)

Fig. 2 Number of the adsorbed CH4 (a - c) and CO2 (d - f) during the one-dimensional reaction with CO2 gas



240

A

265 K, 20 bar

240

B

240

265 K, 50 bar

180

180

180

120

120

120

60

60

60

0

0

200

400

D

240

Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 24 of 32

0 800 1000 0

600

270 K, 20 bar 240

200

400

600

800 1000

0

180

180

120

120

120

60

60

60

0

200

400

0 800 1000 0

600

200

400

275 K, 20 bar 240 H

240 G 180 120

0

600

800 1000

275 K, 50 bar

0

265 K, 100 bar

200

400

F

270 K, 50 bar 240

E

180

0

C

0

180

180

CC CCCH

120

120

CCCO

60

60

800 1000

270 K, 100 bar

200

400

I

240

600

600

800 1000

275 K, 100 bar

4

60 0

2

free CH4

0

50

100

150

0

0

50

100

150

0

0

50

100

150

Time (ns)

Fig. 3 Number of total complete cages (CC), complete cages filled by CH4 (CCCH4), complete cages filled by CO2 (CCCO2), and free CH4 molecules during the onedimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 6.7%)


Page 25 of 32

100

265 K, 20 bar 265 K, 50 bar 265 K, 100 bar

A

Adsorbed CH4

80

100

270 K, 20 bar 270 K, 50 bar 270 K, 100 bar

B

80

100

60

60

40

40

40

20

20

20

0

80

250

500

750

1000

265 K, 20 bar 265 K, 50 bar 265 K, 100 bar

D

60

0

0

80

250

500

E

750

1000

270 K, 20 bar 270 K, 50 bar 270 K, 100 bar

60

0

40

20

20

20

200

400

600

800 1000

0

0

200

400

600

800 1000

275 K, 20 bar 275 K, 50 bar 275 K, 100 bar

50

0

0

100

150

275 K, 20 bar 275 K, 50 bar 275 K, 100 bar

F

60

40

0

0

80

40

0

C

80

60

0

Adsorbed CO2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46


50

100

150

Time (ns) Fig. 4 Number of the adsorbed CH4 (a-c) and CO2 (d-f) during the one-dimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 6.7%)

25



400

600 450 300 250 K, 20 bar 255 K, 20 bar 260 K, 50 bar 265 K, 100 bar

150 0

0

50

250 K, 50 bar 255 K, 50 bar 260 K, 100 bar

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

CC filled with CH4

A

300

400

B CC filled with CO2

750

CC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Page 26 of 32

300 200 100

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

C

300 200 100 0

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

Fig. 5 Number of (a) total complete cages, (b) complete cages filled by CH4, and (c) complete cages filled by CO2 during the threedimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 9.1%)

26


Page 27 of 32

A

200 150

400 250 K, 20 bar 255 K, 20 bar 260 K, 50 bar 265 K, 100 bar

250 K, 50 bar 255 K, 50 bar 260 K, 100 bar

100

Adsorbed CO2

Adsorbed CH4

250

50 0

0

500

50

100

150 200 Time (ns)

250

200 100

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

D

C 600 450 Free CO2

300 200

300 150

100 0

B

300

0

300

400 Free CH4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

0

0

Fig. 6 Number of (a) adsorbed CH4, (b) adsorbed CO2, (c) free CH4 and (d) free CO2 during the three-dimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 9.1%)

27



350

400 250 K, 20 bar 250 K, 50 bar 255 K, 20 bar 255 K, 50 bar 260 K, 100 bar

200

0

0

50

100

150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

CC filled with CH4

A

250

B

280

CC filled with CO2

600

CC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

210 140 70 0

Page 28 of 32

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

C

200 150 100 50 0

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

Fig. 7 Number of (a) total complete cages, (b) complete cages filled by CH4, and (c) complete cages filled by CO2 during the threedimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 6.1%)

28


Page 29 of 32

250

250

A

150 100 50 0

150 100 50

0

500

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

0

0

500

C

400

50

D

Free CO2

200 100

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

250 K, 20 bar 250 K, 50 bar 255 K, 20 bar 255 K, 50 bar 260 K, 100 bar

400

300

0

B

200

Adsorbed CO2

Adsorbed CH4

200

Free CH4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


300 200 100

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

0

0

50

100 150 200 Time (ns)

250

300

Fig. 8 Number of (a) adsorbed CH4, (b) adsorbed CO2, (c) free CH4 and (d) free CO2 during the three-dimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 6.1%)

29


The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Page 30 of 32

A

0 ns

10 ns

20 ns

30 ns

40 ns

50 ns

60 ns

100 ns

B

0 ns

10 ns

20 ns

30 ns

50 ns

60 ns

90 ns

100 ns

Fig. 9 Snapshots of hydrate cages evolution under (a) 20 bar and (b) 50 bar at 255 K. The mole concentration of CO2 in the solution is 6.1%. (red: 512; green: 51262; black: 51263; white: 51264; CH4, CO2 and free water are not shown to highlight the structure of hydrate cages)

30


Page 31 of 32

200

A

200

255 K, 20 bar

150 12 2

5 6 (CH4)

100

12

5 6 (CH4)

12 3

12 2

5 6 (CH4)

12 4

5 6 (CH4)

5 6 (CH4)

12

100

5 6 (CO2)

5 6 (CO2)

12

5 (CH4)

12 4

12 2

5 (CO2) 12 3

12 2

5 (CO2)

5 6 (CO2)

12 3

12 4

12 4

5 6 (CO2)

5 6 (CO2)

50

5 6 (CO2)

50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2000

C

0

0

2000

255 K, 20 bar

1500

50

100

150

200

250

300

255 K, 50 bar

D

1500

1000

1000

SI linkage SII linkage SH linkage

500

0

255 K, 50 bar

5 6 (CH4)

12 3

0

B

150 12

5 (CH4)

Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


0

50

100

150

200

250

SI Linkage SII Linkage SH Linkage

500

300

0

0

100

200

Time (ns) Fig. 10 Number of (a-b) typical hydrate cages and (c-d) hydrate structures during the three-dimensional reaction with CO2 solution (mole concentration: 6.1%)

31


300


Graphical Abstract


Page 32 of 32

CO2 and CH4 Hydrates: Replacement or Co-growth?

Recommend Documents