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LITERATURE
INDUSTRIAL DETERGENCY The man in the fore ground is reducing a problem to the language o»f the com puter. Girl in the background, is then punching this infor mation onto cards
E d i t e d by "WILLI A M W. MIVEN. Jr.. Mgr., Chemical Engineering Div.. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City. Mo. The comprehensive symposium of k n o w l e d g e a n d experience offered by a group o f e x perts, each outstanding in his specific i n dustrial field. The dependable information source for those supervising industrial c l e a n i n g o p e r a t i o n s . The valuable guide for chemists a n d e n g i neers developing new detergent materials a n d n e w cleaning methods.
Thoroughly up-to-date practiced treatment of methods material and equipment used for industrial cleaning. Covers the compositions of detergents for specific applications, how detergents are used, factors determining choice and usage for particular jobs, problems that arise and how to overcome them, howfinalresults are evaluated, and future trends. 1955
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1720
Codling for Engineering Speed
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C o m p l e x c a l c u l a t i o n s m a y t a k e m i n u t e s to d o b u t c o d i n g prior to c o m p u t i n g can t a k e d a y s , w e e k s , or months A CODE library, which is said to in-*** crease the speed and economy of completing engineering computations, has been developed by Midwest Reseaxch Institute. The institute says that the code library permits it to vir tually offer "mail order" service. The extent to which the capabilities of electronic calculators are employed is often curtailed by prohibitive coding costs, according to Sheldon Levy, who put the new coding process on a com mercial level and who is manager of the institute's applied physics division. A complex calculation may take only minutes to perform but the process of coding prior to the calculation may take days, weeks, or months, Levy con tinued. Once a code is prepared for a par ticular engineering problem, however, no further coding is required. This is why Midwest established its library containing computers' instructions for problems in chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering. With the new coding system, according to Levy, the client need pay only for the actual time spent for operations done on the calculator, plus a norninal per cent which is credited to the development of the code library. With each new problem completed, new codes are added to the library. The institute's computer laboratory
includes two major types of electronic computers: an electronic, high-speed digital computer and a Mcllroy Pipe line Network Analyzer, a special pur pose analog computer used to obtain displays of flow conditions i n complex pipe networks carrying water, gas, oil, and other fluids. Some projects undertaken at the in stitutes computer laboratory include heat-flow calculations, material balance in regenerative chemical processes, pip ing flexibility under conditions of high temperatures and high pressures, servostability determinations, and water dis tribution studies. Advancing Protein Progress
The importance of proteins, with re gard to physical and chemical proper ties and processes in the bodies of humans and other animals, i s now gen erally realized. It is also becoming increasingly evident that these proper ties and processes depend a s much on the protein structures as o n the kinds of atoms and atomic groups of which the molecules are composed. Knowl edge of these structures is difficult to obtain, however, because o£ the com plexities of the molecules, their large sizes, and, in many casés, t h e impossibility of putting them into solution without decomposing them or greatly
CHEMICAL
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ENGINEERIN-G
NEWS
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APRIL
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1955
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1721
LITERATURE.
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changing their structure. F o r many years, progress w a s discouragingly slow, b u t recently, a s a result of attack from m a n y different directions and h>y many different techniques, i t h a s been greatly accelerated. For t h o s e of us who are interested in the progress which h a s b e e n made b u t w h o h a v e not kept up with t h e work a l o n g these diverse lines, Η. Ε). Springall h a s written "The Structural Chemistry of P r o t e i n s " - a lucid, author itative summary of t h e whole field, in which t h e author skillfully guides his readers to the boundary between the known and t h e unknown, as t h a t boundary w a s sometime in 1 9 5 3 . Of course, portions of h i s story a r e already out-of-date, b u t t h a t is not his fault. If he will b u t publish frequent revi sions a n d extensions of this work, t h e rest of us will be able t o k e e p just a few steps behind t h e a d v a n c i n g front of protein progress. New chemical methods of analysis are rapidly yielding knowledge of t h e relative n u m b e r s of the different types of amino acid residues and their s e quence in t h e molecular chains. I n creasingly powerful x-ray diffraction, electron microscope, and infrared tech niques a r e giving more and more d e tailed information regarding structural principles a n d details. O t h e r physicochemical methods, applied usually to solutions, a r e supplying i m p o r t a n t facts concerning further details, principally those c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e presence a n d behavior of t h e more polar residues. Studies of analogous low-molecular c o m p o u n d s a n d of related synthetic polypeptides are contributing much. N e w theories of structnre, based on well-founded principles and tested b y experiment, are contributing t o a better a n d better understanding of t h e nature a n d behavior of proteins. Much h a s indeed» b e e n accomplished a n d there are many indications that further ex citing progress is in the offing. A very minor flaw in a very excellent book will b e mentionep 1 , solely because t h e same error has recently appeared in print i n several other places: T h e concept t h a t "there is n o special m o lecular structural virtue in t h e idea of a n integral number of residues per t u r n of the helix" did not originate with Pauling, Corey, a n d Bronson [Proc. Natl Acad. Sei., 3 7 , 2 0 5 ( 1 9 5 1 ) ] , as implied o n page 8 4 , b u t w i t h the r e viewer [Chem. Revs., 3 2 , 195 ( 1 9 4 3 ) ] ; see page 2 1 1 . The Structural Chemisty o f Proteins. H. D . SPRING ALL. χ -f- 376 pages.
Academic Press, Inc., 125 East 23rd St., New York, Ν. Υ. 1954. $6.80. Re viewed b y MAURICE HXJGGINS, Eastman
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