Envlron. Sei. Technol. 1983, 17, 177-180
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Flgure 2. Dose-response curves of the mutagenic activity (without S-9 mix) of XAD extracts recovered from Katsura, Kamo, Tenjin. and Nishitakase River waters. The spontaneous number of revertants is subtracted. The abscissa gives the volume of water before it passes the XAD column.
Figure 3. Dose-response curves of the mutagenic activity (with S-9 mix) of XAD extracts recovered from Katsura, Kamo, Tenjin, and Nishitakase River waters. The spontaneous number of revertants is subtracted. The abscissa gives the volume of water before it passes the XAD column.
materials in these river waters. Pollution sources of mutagens are unknown at present; however, considering that main sources of organic pollution in these tributaries are wastewaters produced by industries and/or wastewater treatment plants as indicated in Table I, the effluents from industries and wastewater treatment plants can be possible sources of mutagens. The XAD extracts from upstream of the Katsura River (location 1)showed only low specific
activity, whereas those from its downstream, locations 4 and 8, showed strong specific mutagenic activity except for the July sample of location 4,probably from receiving the heavily polluted flow of the above two tributaries. The samples from location 4 exhibited consistently much increased specific activity when compared to the extracts from location 3, which is upstream of location 4. Such sharp increase in mutagenic activity indicates the presence Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 17,No. 3, 1983
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Environ. Scl. Technol. 1983, 17, 180-182
of pollution sources of mutagens between locations 3 and 4. The Kamo River appeared to maintain relatively clean water quality from the viewpoint of mutagenic pollution because its level of specific mutagenic activity was much lower than those of locations 4 and 8 at the Katsura River. When mixtures of unknown chemicals such as our extracts are tested in the Ames test, the possibilities must be considered that the mutagenic activity detected may be attributed to other explanations such as the presence of extraneous histidine in the extracts or artifact production of mutagenic substances by concentration procedures. However, such possibilities can be ruled out on the basis of our previous results (9). It is interesting to note that the XAD extracts recovered from Katsura, Tenjin, and Nishitakase River water always showed similar patterns of mutagenic activity, i.e., more pronounced mutagenic activity in TA 1538 than in TA 98 with and without S-9 mix, and marked enhancement of their activity by microsomal activation. Such common characteristics of mutagenic patterns suggest that causative mutagens in these river waters may be homologous or analogous ones.
Literature Cited (1) Pelon, W.; Whitman, B. F.; Beasley, T. W. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1977, 11, 619-623.
(2) Maruoka, S.; Yamanaka, S. Mutat. Res. 1980,79,381-386. (3) Pelon, W.; Beasley, T. W.; Lesley, D. E. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1980, 14, 723-726. (4) Van Kreijl, C. F.; Kool, H. J.; De Vries, M.; Van Kranen, H. J., De Greef, E. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1980, 15, 137-147. (5) Dutka, B. J.; Jova, A.; Brechin, J. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1981,27, 758-764. (6) Grabow, W. 0. K.; Burger, J. S.; Hilner, C. A. Bull Enuiron. Contam. Toxicol. 1981,27, 442-449. (7) Kool, H. J.; Van Kreijl, C. F.; Van Kranen, H. J.; De Greef, E. Chemosphere 1981, IO, 85-98. (8) Kurelec, B.; ProtiE, M., BritiviE, S.; KreziE, N.; Rijavec, M.; Zahn, R. K. Bull. Environ. Contamn. Toxicol. 1981, 26, 179-187. (9) Maruoka, S.; Yamanaka, S. Mutat. Res. 1982,102,13-26. (10) Slooff, W.; Van Kreijl, C. F. Aquatic Toxicol. 1982,2,89-98. (11) Glatz, B. A.; Chriswell, C. D.; Arguello, M. D.; Svec, H. J., Fritz, J. S.; Grimm, S. M.; Thomson, M. A. J . Am. Water Works Assoc. 1978, 70, 465-468. (12) Grimm-Kibalo,S. M.; Glatz, B. A.; Fritz, J. S. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1981,26, 188-195. (13) Ames, R. N.; MacCann, J.; Yamaaaki, E. Mutat. Res. 1975, 31, 347-368. (14) Junk, C. A.; Richard, J. J.; Grieser, M. D.; Witiak, D.; Witiak, J. L.; Arguello M. D.; Vick, R.; Svec, H. J.; Fritz, J. S.; Calder, C. V. J . Chrornatogr. 1974, 99, 745-762.
Received for review June 3,1982. Accepted November 16,1982.
Determination of Bioactivity of Chemical Fractions of Liquid Wastes Using Freshwater and Saltwater Algae and Crustacead Gerald E. Walsh" US. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
Richard L. Garnas US. Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225
Complex wastes from industrial and municipal outfalls were fractionated chemically and tested for toxicity with freshwater and saltwater algae and crustaceans. The organic fraction of each waste was subfractionated into acid-, base-, and neutral-extractable portions, and the inorganic fraction was subfractionated into its anion and cation components. All wastes affected growth of the algae Skeletonema costatum (saltwater) and Monoraphidium capricornutum (freshwater) or survival of Mysidopsis bahia (saltwater) and Daphnia magna (freshwater). Usually, bioactivity was limited to one or two subfractions. In some cases, algal growth was stimulated by a fraction or subfraction, whereas stimulation was not detected in whole waste. It is suggested that fractionation must be done in order to estimate the full potential impact of complex wastes on aquatic systems. The method can also be used to identify toxic factors before application of cost-effective control technology. W
Introduction Liquid wastes, composed of mixtures of organic and inorganic substances dissolved and suspended in water, are introduced into freshwater and estuarine ecosystems from municipal and industrial outfalls. The U.S.Department of Commerce and US. Environmental Protection Agency Contribution No. 450 from the Gulf Breeze Laboratory. 180 Environ. Sci. Technoi., Voi. 17, No. 3, 1983
(EPA) (I) predicted that industrial production will expand dramatically by 2020 A.D. and that the volume of wastes emitted into receiving waters will increase greatly. Since many wastes contain substances that are toxic to aquatic organisms and that stimulate algal growth (21,they could cause undesirable changes in the flora and fauna of aquatic ecosystems. Such changes may occur in areas remote from outfalls into rivers or along shorelines of lakes and estuaries, where dissolved and suspended substances may be transported over great distances. We tested effects of fractions of municipal and industrial wastes on freshwater and saltwater algae and crustaceans. The work was based on the assumption that biological tests on whole waste may not estimate total potential bioactivity because of synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions of substances in the mixture. The method may be applied to cost-effective control technology for treatment of complex wastes.
Experimental Section Chemical fractionation and biological testing were done a t the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL, or at Battelle Laboratories at Columbus, OH, and Wareham, MA. Samples of liquid waste were taken from 13 municipal and industrial outfalls in seven eastern and southeastern states. Sampling with an Isco automatic sampler or by grab with a glass bottle was begun in the early morning and continued at 1-h intervals for 23-25 h.
Not subject to US. Copyright. Published 1983 by the American Chemical Society
