T. J. W I L L I A M S
ANNUAL REVIEW
COMPUTERS, AUTOMATION, AND PROCESS CONTROL The advent of a new series of (‘the world’s fastest computers’’ will probably stimulate the computer manufacturers to even greater competitive efforts uring the period of time to be covered by our review, industrial process control has continued to be one of the fastest growing areas of our engineering endeavors in industry. In addition, as mentioned previously, it has continued to be an extremely popular area of investigation by university research groups, not only because of its obvious economic value but also because of the very challenging nature of the problems involved themselves. As a result of this interest and rapid growth, the number of published papers in the field has continued to increase to the extent that a complete reappraisal of the purpose and presentation of this review has been necessary. Previously we had attempted to include every important paper in the field which came to our attention; first, in the review itself AND ENGINEERING CHEMas published in INDUSTRIAL ISTRY and later, in the associated complete bibliography published separately by the American Chemical Society. Were such a philosophy to be followed again this year, the total number of bibliography entries would amount to about twelve hundred-this in contrast to the approximately eight hundred included in our last review (27N). We have, therefore, made the arbitrary decision to include only about 400 entries in this reviewthese to be the most important papers in this author’s view as well as papers representative of progress in all aspects of the industrial process control scene--not necessarily the chemical and petroleum industries alone. Often developments in the steel industry or other areas can lead to new and/or more rapid advances in our own industry. The limitation on numbers of bibliography entries has also required us to consider the problem of literature availability to the reader. This has resulted in a second arbitrary decision to eliminate listings of
D
papers from limited edition Proceedings of Meetings, etc., and listings from preprints of such meetings as the Joint Automatic Control Conference and the Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control until these actually appear in print in a recognized journal. Advances in Computers
The cut-off date of our bibliography entries (March 1964) unfortunately preceded several highly publicized company announcements concerning computers which were of extreme importance to the process control field. For the sake of their news value, it is necessary to discuss them at this writing rather than waiting until next year. First, and most important, was the announcement by the International Business Machines Corporation of a completely new line of computers to be labeled the SYSTEM 360 series. These computers are to appear in a t least eight separate models bracketing the complete range of presently known applications of such machines and ranging in price from some of the most inexpensive to one labeled as “the world’s fastest and most capable,” and bearing a price tag of about 4.5 million dollars. Programming of the machines is to be wholly compatible in that a program written for a particular model can also be run on any larger one. Thus, one will be able to expand his computing activities to newer and larger machines without having to reprogram. Finally, the new computers are to use a type of integrated circuitry reputed to be much cheaper and more reliable than the best “transistorized, printed card” circuitry available today. Despite the truly remarkable advances encompassed in the IBM announcement, the most important aspect of it to the user of computers is that it was made almost two years before the computers themselves will be readily available to the user. As a result, IBM’s competitors will have a considerable period of time to design and build equipment to equal or surpass, in computing capability per dollar, this new IBM ‘(standard.” In any case, we the users will benefit by the resulting advances and it will be necessary for us to now develop the corresponding increases in applications to capitalize on these new computer capabilities. VOL. 5 6
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NOVEMBER 1 9 6 4
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Experience with digital computer control of processes indicates that
Second, and while less publicized at least as important to the field of process control, has been the equally remarkable growth of the area of direct digital computer control. The second session of the Users’ iVorkshop on Direct Digital Computer Control was held in Princeton, K J.. in May 1964. The gist of this second meeting was that the publication entitled “Guidelines and General Information on User Requirements Concerning Direct Digital Control” ( 7 7C) prepared by the first meeting of the Workshop in April 1963 was reapproved and the interest of the members of the users group in the application of DDC was reaffirmed. A set of “Questions and Answers on Direct Digital Computer Control” was also prepared by each session (12C)for the information of the computer manufacturers and other interested potential users. The statements of interest by the users group were backed up by announcements from the Dow Chemical Company, Esso Research and Engineering Company, and the Monsanto Company of pending installations of direct digital control in their plants. Since that time at least four other companies have indicated their intent to install such systems in the near future. Such positive indications of real user intent have understandably resulted in an equal effort on the part of the computer manufacturers to develop suitable hardware for carrying out the direct digital control task to fulfill the requirements of accuracy and reliability ( I 7C) within the required price limitations ( 7 2 2 ) set by the workshops. Every indication is that at least nine such machines will be available within the next year. The December, 1963 issue of the lEEE Transactzons on Electronic Computers, the publication of the Computer Group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, has been billed as a “computer review issue.” As such, it includes several state-of-the art articles on computer components and descriptions of several new computers, particularly foreign ones. Included among these latter are the Danish machine called GIER ( 8 A ) , the SAAB D21 of Sweden (15A),and the Telefunken T R 4 of Germany (254). Several new books on digital computer design appeared, of which that by Chu (5A)is especially recommended. Several excellent reviews of the digital computer field appeared, particularly the books edited by Alt ( 2 4 , 3il). Digital computer programming was treated by the review edited by Goodman ( 7 A ) and the texts of Iverson (13A) and McCracken (20‘4). Analog computers were extensively treated in terms of their accuracy ( T l A ) , and scaling (2311) and in discussions of operating mode control (76A), and analog storage possibilities (27A). The emerging techniques of using digital computers automatically to produce wiring diagrams, scaling. and potentiometer settings for analog computers were treated by Paynter and Suez (22A) and Stein (24A). 48
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
The handbook edited by Huskey and Korn should be a welcome addition to any library (72A) of computer subjects. The use of digital computers as design tools continues to receive attention as their capabilities increase and they become more and more suited for the ultimate task of complete design of chemical plants. However, this is still some distance off (784 7 B ) . In the meantime, some excellent advances have been made in method of attack (5B),in distillation column design (72B, 77B, 30B), in plant operational aids (7B,70B, 44B), and in economic evaluations (3B, 36B, 37B). Analog computer simulation as a technique was excellently treated by Benedict (BB) and by Heartz (22B). Other articles showed its applicability to equipment design (18B), to steady state design topics (ZOB, 23B), to control system design (24B), to plant operator training (42B),and to reactor design (35B). Hybrid computer techniques combining the advantages of analog and digital computers were discussed by Andrews et al. (2B) and Franks (79B). The application of the techniques of optimization originally developed as part of automatic control system theory (dynamic programming, the variational calculus, and Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle) to process system design awaits only the development of computers capable of handling such extremely large computation loads. In the meantime, some excellent preliminary work, mainly theoretical, has already been done (see Section L of the Bibliography). Computer Control of Industrial Processes
In our previous review (27~V)we mentioned that computer control of industrial processes, at that juncture, seemed to be in a period of ‘(wait and see.” Each large company seemed to have a process control type computer installed or on order and was waiting to get the results from that installation before proceeding with other installations. Likewise, the smaller companies were waiting to see which way the larger companies moved before also committing themselves. Apparently this period of indecision has now passed, and favorably for the computer industry, since the number of machines now being specified and quoted on is again quite large and increasing rapidly. This is even more true in the cement, power, and steel industries than in the chemical and petroleum industries. The subject of direct digital computer control (DDC) has already been mentioned above. Some additional publications discussing this subject should also be called to the reader’s attention. These include the computer control reviews by Farrar (76C, 77C), the look ahead by and the general reviews of the field by Adams (IC), Williams (47C) and by Kloch and Schoeffler (242). The problems of control computer design were treated
the basic control instruments are not accurate enough
by Aleksandridi (ZC) and by Alonso (3C). Their programming has been covered by Katkovnik and Poluektov (23C) and Shannon (382). Flum, Fraade, and Vichnevetsky (78C) have treated the problems of instrumentation compatibility with control computers. Evaluation of control computers for plant applications is handled by Hendrie and Sonnenfeldt ( 2IC) while Jakubik, Kader, and Perillo (22C) and Kuck (26C) discuss their justifications. Computer control has now been applied to several chemical and petroleum processes for a sufficiently long time that some excellent discussions of these installations are beginning to appear. Some examples of these are the reports on synthetic rubber by Eddey (15C), on ultraforming by Groh and Reineman (79C), on oxo alcohol by Hardens, Heller, and Laurer (ZOC), and on styrene cracking by Morello (30C). Some interesting general discussions are given by Davis (73C) and by Nikiforuk and Tinker (37C). We have included several articles in our listing describing the state of computer control in our sister industries because of their obvious interest and to serve as benchmarks to judge our own progress in the chemical and petroleum industries. These include discussions of cement industry applications by Bedworth and Faillace ( 5 C ) , of electric power plant installations by Burdick and Glass (SC) and Kompass (25C), and of steel mills by Brower (7C). Computer control of paper mill processes has received a sharp, but by no means fatal, setback with the return of the computers installed at the Potlatch Forest’s mill at Lewiston, Idaho, and at the Fitchburg Paper Company plant at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Both of these installations were on Fourdrinier machines. I n the meantime, computer applications to the Kamyr Digester have been quite successful (39C). The subject of analog computer control of processes continues as popular as ever. Several general application articles have appeared (9C, 74C, 34C). Specific applications reported include those in blending by Mitchell and Marr (29C), in steelmaking by Langman (27C), and in fractionator control by MacMullin and Shinsky (28C). I n addition to their use as control systems, digital computers have proved themselves very valuable as data collecting and analysis devices for plant mathematical model development as a prelude to the study of advanced control systems. Carleton, Hill, and Webb (70C) and Stormont (40C)describe such uses. Meanwhile, Andersen (70,20, 3 0 ) ) Crain ( 5 0 ) )Diaz ( 8 0 ) ) Hafley and Lewis ( 9 0 ) )Smith and Tao ( 7 7 0 ) ) and Wakefield ( 7 8 0 ) AUTHOR T . J . Williams is Engineering Supervisor, Computer Laboratory, Research Center, the Monsanto Co. He has authored IG3EC’s annual review on process control and automation since 7958.
treat the methods of handling the resulting data and developing the required plant models. Signal line noise rejection (6D, 7 lo), analog-digital conversion (720, 740)) and multiplexing methods ( 1 3 0 ) are described while the effects of errors in digital data systems are evaluated ( 760,7 9 0 ) . Process Control (Techniques and Applications)
The field of process control is at the present time in a very fluid state as regards the general subject of “hardware,” the actual instruments, and other control components to be applied to a process. This is due to several factors. First, the newer electronic control systems have shown their obvious advantages in terms of speed of response and insensitivity to signal line length, but in the meantime, pneumatic control systems have remained sufficiently lower in cost so that the electronic devices have not superseded them as was often previously predicted by many writers. Second, the newer all digital systems promise to cause the instrument companies to be handling three competing lines at once-pneumatic analog, electronic analog, and digital. Third, one of the major results from the use of digital computers has been a true reading on just how inaccurate present types of plant control instruments really are, particularly the basic transducers. This latter has resulted in considerable effort to develop a line of instruments which will be capable of utilizing the real capacity of the digital machines for plant control. This would entail a unit reproducibility or accuracy, as the case may be, of a t least o.5y0 and hopefully 0.1% in place of the 1 to 2y0common today. Much work will be required before this is achieved in all areas. Fourth among the factors facing the industry is the possible future effect of the new and highly touted microminiature electronic circuits on both electronic control systems and on computers and especially their effect upon plant maintenance practices and the training of maintenance people to handle them. The next few years promise to be important ones indeed as the impact of these factors is assessed and adjusted . I n the meantime the literature continues to report the new measurement and control devices as well as discussions of their applications and uses along with tutorial articles on various aspects of the field. T h e subject of process stream analysis continues to be extremely popular commensurate with its major importance to the field. Spectroscopy (4E, IQE, 25E), gas chromatography ( Z I E , 22E, 33E, 34E, 36E), and special analytical methods (8E, 72E, 26E) were covered along with the evaluation (13E, 27E) and justification (74E) of these devices. Also well treated were the standard but important subjects of flow control (ZE, 5E, 7 4 IOE, ,35E), temperature measurement and control (SE, 16E), pressure measurement and control (3E, 78E, VOL. 5 6
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NOVEMBER 1964
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28E), and level measurement ( I I E , 31E). The newer intrinsic safety topics of solid state components (15E), (77E) and solid state sensors (32E) are called to the reader’s attention. I n the applications area significant articles have appeared concerning feed-forward control by Shinsky (741)’ and in process dynamics compensation by Parsons and Tolin ( 9 J ) . Likewise, important articles on reactor
control by Harris and Schechter (6.4and Roberts (121) and on distillation column control by Eckert and Walter (41)’ Phillips ( I I J ) , and Moczek, Otto, and Williams (81) have appeared. The reader’s attention is also called to the concept of unit control systems for Forman (51)and to the article on enthalpy control by Brown ( 2 J ) which uses conventional instruments instead of special analog computers.
TABULATED REFERENCES M A Analog and Digital Computers
I
Subject
References
Computer Uses Other Than Control References
Subject
(218, 328, 45B) (88,18B, ZOB, 2 2 8 , 23B, 24B, 4 1 8 ) ( 4 8 , 5B, 25B, 37B, 3 9 8 j (4ZB) (75B) (16B, 27B, 28B, 38B, 4 0 B ) (7B, 6B, 26B, 31B, 368) (QB,7 l B ) (72B, 7 7 8 ) (ZB, 1 9 B ) (3B) (14B, 2 9 8 , 3 3 B , 3 5 8 ) ( 7 B : lOB, 4 4 B ) (30~)
Analog Computer Uses-General Analog Simulation Computer for Design-General Computers for Plant Operator Training Computers in Oil Exploration Computer Techniques Digital Cornpurer Uses-General Distillation Column Design-Analog Distillation Column Design-Digital Hybrid Computer Uses Plant Site Selection Reactor Design Refinery Planning and Operation Separation Process Design-Dynamic Programming Simulation-General
(288) (4F) (77F) (ZF, 3F, 5F, 7 l F , 2 3 F , 24F, 27F) (6F) (ZSF, 2 0 F ) (9F) (IF) (72F) (78F, 79F) (26F) (76F) (74F) (ZlF, 22F) (1OF)
(7F) I
( 8 F , 15F, 20F) (13C
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
References (9C, 74C, 33C, 34C) (15C, ZOC, 30C, 37C)
(.’C (ZZC, 26C)
(6C,Z9C) (38G (10C) (ZC. 3C, 2 3 C ) ( I C , 73C, 16C, 17C. 35C) (71C,lZC, 21C. 4 1 C )
(8C, Z 5 C ) (ZlC) (36C, 37C. 39C) (32~) (4C,70C, 28C, 40C)
(7C.27C)
Analog-Digital Conversion, Plant Data Handling, Telemetry, and Related Topics Subject
References
Accuracy of Data Analog-Digital Conversion Analysis of System Failures Analysis of Variance Techniques Data Handling-General Digital Communications Low-Level Multiplexing Noise Rejection Regression Analysis Use of Ferrite Core Systems
Instrumentation Techniques (General) Suhject
(138, 3 4 B , 4 3 B )
Alarms Boiling Point Recorder Chromatograph Sampling Valves Control Valve Sizing and Selection
50
I
Subject Analog Control Computers-General Chemical Process Applications-General Cement Plant Applications Computer Justification Control of Blending Operations Control Computer Programming Data Acquisition and Logging Systems Digital Control Computer Design Digital Control Computers-General Direct Digital Control Electric Power Plant Applications Evaluation of Control Computers Instrumentation for Computer Control Paper Mill Applicarions Pipeline Control Refinery Control Steel Mill Applications
Advances in Computers Analog Computer Accuracy Analog Computers-General Analog Computer Mode Control Analog Computer Scaling Analog Storage Devices Automatic Programming of Analog Computers Computer Handbooks Computer Memories Digital Computer Design Discussion of Specific Computers Future Developments in Computers Priority Interrupt Programming-General Punched Card Machines Variable Time Delays
Emergency Power Supplies Flow Meters Fluid Amplifiers Humidity Sensors Metering Pumps Pneumatic Control Elements Pneumatic Logic Elements Recorders Rotary Kiln Temperature Sensor Semiconductor Pressure Transducers Stepping Motors Trends in Electronic Instrumentation Turbine Flowmeters Two-Position Controller
Computer Control and Related Topics
I
Level Measurement Intrinsic Safety Magnetic Resonance in Process Analysis Measurement wirh Eddy Currents Solid State Sensors Spectroscopy Temperature Measurement and Control Vacuum and Pressure Measurement and Control X-Ray Spectroscopy
References
(71E, 37E) (77E) W E ) (Z4E)
(l.’E, 3 2 E ) (#E, 79E) (6E, 1623) (18E, 28E, 3 E ) (25E)
Process Dynamics Subject Chemical Reactor Transients Digital Calculation of Frequency Response Distillation Column Dynamics
I ~
References (70G)
(W (12C, 2 4 G )
Process Control Theory (Basic and Advanced)
As we mentioned earlier, process control system theory has been a very popular subject for theoretical research investigation by university groups. As a result, the level of these theoretical investigations has probably advanced beyond the present day ability of many industry engineers to read and understand them without additional
JOR
AREAS
special training in applied mathematics. At the same time, it has probably also advanced beyond the capability of present day computing equipment for handling these new theoretical methods when applied to problems of the real size and complexity that actually occur in industry. While such advances are in truth necessary, and we all realize that theory must of necessity lead practice, the
OF A P P L I C A T I O N
Dynamics of Pneumatic Controller Elements Heat Exchanger Response Hydraulic Line Dynamics Instrument Dynamics Mathematical Modeling-General Modeling a Process Fired Heater Paper Mill Modeling Plant Testing-General Pneumatic Transmission Line Dynamics Pulse Testing Step-Analysis Transfer Characteristics of Non Linear Systems
Effect of Operator Delay Energy Balance Control Enthalpy Control Feedforward Control Headbox Control Instrumentation Pneumatic Control Systems Pressure Control in Steam Generator Process Control-General Process Dynamic Compensation Pyrolysis Control Unit Control Systems
-
Instrumentation and Control Applications (Systems) Subject
References
Control System Analysis Digital Control Dual Mode Control Frequency Response Hybrids for Parameter Optimization On-Off Control Optimum Controller Settings Phase Plane Techniques Plant Controllability
(ZH, 7H, 23H) (76H) (QH) (3H, 72H) (75X (22H) (7QH, 25H) (74H) (24H)
1
Subject
References
Automated Pilot Plant Automatic Checkout Automatic Warehousing Cement Plant Automation Lease Automation Nuclear Reactor Control Reliability Analysis Steam Plant Control Steel Mill Automation and Control Trends in Supervisory Control Unattended Unloading Terminals
Optimization Theory and Techniques (Non-Control) Subject
References
Adaptive Control Systems Bang-Bang Control Dynamic Programming Liapunov’s Method Linear System Analysis Moments Method Multivariable Control h-on-Linear Control-General Pion-Linear Stability Numerical Methods for Control System Synthesis On-Line Optimization Techniques Optimality of Linear Systems Optimization Theory-General
(SI, 371, 381, 451, 4S1, 671) (621) (751) (31, 171, 571, 601) (741, 2 2 , 471, 531, 541, 641) (61) (41, 331) (71, 731, 261, 391, 421) (201, 631) (701) (21, 781, 281, 361) (271)
(XI, 7 7 Z , 701, 231, 241, 251, 271, 351, 471, 431, 491) (321, 591)
Optimum Control of Distributed Parameter Systems Optimum Non-Linear Control Optimum Sampled Data Control Partially Delayed Feedback Performance Functional Computation Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle Sampled-Data Systems-General Stability of Distributed Parameter Systems with Time Delay Stability of Linear Time-Varying Systems Stability of Sampled Data Systems
Dynamic Programming Linear Programming Optimization of Chemical Processes-General Search Techniques Variational Problems
i
References ;g;7L,gL) (ZL, 4L, 6L, XL, 70L) (3L)
Management and Maintenance Aspects of Instrumentation and Control Subject Calibration Techniques Instrumentation Costs Maintenance-General Management Aspects of Automation
(201, 401)
(341, 441) (71) (371) (721) (761, 521) (581)
(501,511) (51, 301, 461, 551, 561)
1
Instrumentation and Control Applications (Individual) Subject Ref ermces Centrifugal Gas Compressor Control by Temperature Rise Distillation Column Control
Subject
(35) (73J) (4J,8J, 77J)
Educational and General Subject Automation Trends Boolean Algebra Computing Machines Education for Automation Instrumentation Fundamentals Matrix Algebra Numerical Analysis Optimization Techniques Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations Process Control and Instrumentation Trends Quality Control Reviews
VOL. 5 6
NO. 1 1
References
(15N, 20N, 2 3 N ) (3N) (QN, 77N, 72N, 27N, 22N) (26N) (4N, 7 N ) (ZN, 78N, 25N) (77W (7N) ( 5 N , 6N, 7ON, 70N) ( 8 N , 74N, 76N, 2 4 N ) (73N) (27A‘)
NOVEMBER 1 9 6 4
51
disparity mentioned abok e has, at least temporarily, become so great that there is at present much talk in the automatic control field of a “gap” between theory and practice. A major effort is in progress with the Joint Automatic Control Conferences (JACC) and the IFAC Congress to upgrade the quality and increase the numbers of papers related to applications and to present tutorial sessions on the newer theoretical techniques in an effort to remedy the situation now existing. The most popular theory topics relate to optimal control, to nonlinear control system stability, to sampleddata (or digital) control systems, and to adaptive control techniques. Sections I of both the Major Areas of Application and Bibliography parts of this re\.iew present a wide selection of papers from each of these areas. We would like to call the reader’s attention to several of these because of their special importance to the field or because of their value as training aids. The applicability of Lyapunov functions to chemical reactor stability is well covered by both Berger and Perlmutter (31) and Warden, Aris, and Amundson (601). Likewise the papers by Jones, Johnson, Lapidus, and Wilhelm (201) and by Leathrum, Johnson, and Lapidus (291) are important for their study of nonlinear chemical processes of which reactors are the prime examples. In a recent paper (271) which may prove to be a classic, Kalman covers completely the subject of optimal control of linear systems. However, the subject of optimal control of nonlinear systcms can prove difficult indeed. A recently developed but very popular technique for evaluating such problems has been Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. An English translation of Pontryagin’s book has appeared (431) as well as an extensive bibliography of applications ( 721). Eveleigh (91) has published an extensive tutorial article on the subject of adaptive control systems as part of the continuing excellent series of review articles by Electro- Technology magazine. It is highly recommended to the reader interested in acquiring a background in this subject . Sampled data control system analysis is covered by articles by Gunckel and Franklin (761), Lindorff (304, Propoi ( & I ) , Pyshkin (461)and in German by Mekswan and Murphy (341). M’e have made an effort to separate out as a separate section those articles which cover basic control system theory rather than the more advanced topics listed above (Section H). These also include a large selection of basic tutorial articles suitable for the reader who is interested in beginning a study of control system science. Particularly to be recommended for the latter are the series by Anderson ( I H , ZH, .3H) by Laspe (77H, 12H) and by Valstar (23H) appearing regularly in the magaAgain, Electrozine Instruments and Control S’istems. Technology has published excellent articles by Lahr, Weed, and Mieimar (9H)and by Langill (IOH, 77H). The articles by van der Grinten (247, 25H) appearing in Control Engineering are also recommended. 52
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
The subject of process dynamics also has continued to be very popular. As in years past, the subjects of heat transfer dynamics (3G, 77G, 27G, 2 5 G , distillation and related topics (IZG, Z G ) , and hydraulic and pneumatic lines (ZG, 71G, 75G, 23G) have been the most popular. Tutorial articles on plant testing methods and interpretation of the resulting data have been prepared by Clements and Schnelle (GG), Hennig ( S G ) , Hougen (IOG), Kuck (74G), Schaefer and Meyer (78G), and Towner (22G). Systems Engineering, Automation, and General Topics
We have already mentioned the need of the average engineer in industry for tutorial articles on the newer aspects of mathematics, computer applications, and process control theory. Likewise, we have specifically mentioned some of the efforts of Instsziments and Control Systems and Electro- Technology magazines to supply this material. Several other journals, particularly Control and Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refines, among others, also have made a major effort to supply this material. In this section it is our intention to point out to the reader some articles especially recommended for selfstudy in these fields. The topic of matrix methods is becoming especially important with state space representation of control systems and because of computer techniques. It is covered in the article by Constant ( 2 V ) and the series by Westbrook (25’.t-). A more advanced article is presented by McBride and Sarenda (18iV). The equally important topic of ordinary and partial differential equations is treated by the articles of Fox (GN) and Halijak ( 7 0 S ) and the book of Fox (sly). Numerical methods are covered b>- Fox ( and Macon ( 77-Y). Some fundamentals of instrumentation and control are contained in the books of Elonka and Parsons (4LV) and Fribance ( 7 s ) . The following articles attempt to predict the future of our field (&V, 14L\T,20.V, 23,V, 2 4 s ) . Finally, several elementary books on computers ( I IS, 21N, 2 2 V ) and programming (9AT) should be noted for the would-be student. This review has been developed for the period April 1, 1963 to March 31, 1964 for both domestic and foreign publications. Where foreign publications appear as translations in the United States (such as the Russian journal, Automation and Remote Control) dates and references used are those of the translated versions. BIBLIOGRAPHY Analog and Digital Computers (1A) Ad H o c Group, Computing Devices Committee, AIEE, “Developments m d Trends in Computing Devices during 1962,” Elec. Eng., 8 2 , 269 (1963). (2A) Alt, F. L., “Advances in Computers,” Vol. 4, Academic Press, New Y i x k , 1963. (3.4) Alt, F. L., Rubinoff, hl., “Advances in Computers,” vol. 3 , Academic Press, New Y o r k , 1963. (4A), Bartic, T. C., Lebow, I. L., Reed, I. S., “Theory and Design of Digital hldchines,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962. (5’4) Chu, Y . , “Digital Computer Design Fundamentals,” McGraw-Hill. Y e w York, 1962. (6A) Drinkuth. H.. “Die Lochkarte und ihr Drum und Dmn, 11,’’ Reqeiungrlerhnmhe Praxis, 6 , No. 1 , 12 ( 1 9 6 4 ) . (7A) Goodman, R.,ed., “Annual Review in Automatic Programming,” hfacmillan, h-ew Y o r k , 1963. (8.4) Gram, C., Hestvik, O., Isakisan, H., Jacobsen, P. T., Jensei., J., Naur, P., Petersen B. S . S\,rgaard B. ”GIER--A Danish Computer of Medium Size,” IEEE T i a n s . E h d n i c Co&ut&, EC-12, No. 6, 629 (1963).
(9A) Gray, H . J., “Digital Computer Engineering,” Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1963. (10A) Haas, G., “Design and Operation of Digital Computers,’’ Howard W. Sams Indianaoolis, . . 1963. (11A) Holst, P. A., “Dynamic Accuracy and Error in Analog Computations,” I E E E Trans. Electronic Computers, EC-12, No. 3, 313 (1963). (12A) Huskey, H. D., Korn, G. A,, “Computer Handbook,’’ McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962. (13A) Iverson, K . E., ”A Programming Language,” Wiley, New York, 1962. (144) James E. W “Analog Computers Provide Electrical Model,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9, 101 (.4& 29, 1763). (15A) Langefors, B., “The D21 Data Processing System by Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget,Sweden,’lZEEETrans. ElectronicComputers, EC-12,No. 6,650 (1963). (16A) Lonick, R . C., Connolly, T. W., “Analog Computer Mode Control,” Instr. Control Systems, 37, No. 3, 139 (1964). (17A) Lukaszewicz, L., “Outline of the Lo ic Design of the ZAM-41 Computer,” ZEEE Trans. Electronic Computers, EC-12, d o . 6, 609 (1963). (18A) Maguire, T., “Sew Breed of Computer Sought,” Electronics, 36, No. 51, 24 (Dec. 20, 1964). (19A) Margolis, S. G., O’Donnell, J. J., “Rigorous Treatments of Variable Time Delays,” I E E E Trans. Eiectronic Computers, EC-12, No. 3, 307 (1963). (20A) McCracken, D. D., “A Guide t o ALGOL Programming,” Wiley, New York, 1962. (21A) Nagy, George, “A Survey of Analog Storage Devices,” I E E E Trans. Electronic Compulers, EC-12, No. 4, 388 (1963). (22A) Paynter, H. M., Suez, J., “Automatic Digital Setup and Scaling of Analog Computers,” IS.4 Trans., 3, No. 1, 55 (1964). (23A) Pfeifer, G., “Four Methods for Scaling Analog Computers,” Control Eng., 10, No. 8, 73 (1963). (24A) Stein, M. L., “Automatic Digital Programming of Analog Computers,” I E E E Trans. Electronic Computers, EC-12, No. 2, 100 (1963). (25A) Ulbrich E. “Structur und Arbeitsweise der Telefunken-Digitalrechenanlage TR4.” Ibtd..’ECt12. No. 6. 613 11963). (26A) Ware, W.H., “Digital Computer Technology and Design,” Vol. I-Mathematical Topics, Principles of Operation, and Programming, Vol. 11-Circuits and Machine Design, Wiley, New York, 1963. (27A) Williams, M. E., “Computer Priority Interrupt,” Instr. Control Systems, 36, No. 8, 91 (1963). (28A) Williion, 1%’. E., “An Introduction to Analogue Computing,” Chem. Proc. Eng., 45, No. 2, 60 (1964). (29A) Wolff, M. F., “What’s New in Computer Memories,” Electronics, 36, No. 45, 35 (Nov. 8, 1963). (30A) Yovits, M. C., ed., “Large Capacity Memory Techniques for Computing Systems,” Macmillan, New York, 1962. ,
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I
Computer Uses Other T h a n Control (IB) Ammerman, H . H., Smith, R . T . , “Computers: T h e Ultimate is Yet to be Attained,’l 021 Gus J . , 61, No. 16, 86 (April 22, 1963). (2B) Andrews, J. M., Moore, C. E. Jannasch, C. F., Munson, J. K., “Process Optimization by Hybrid Compute;,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 60, No. 3 , 57 (1964). (3B) Anonymous, “Picking a Plantsite by Digital Computer,” Chem. Eng., 71, No. 2, 88 (Jan. 20, 1964). (4B) Anonymous, “Project Engineers to Get a n On-Line Computer,” Ibid., No. 7, 42 (March 30, 1964). (5B) Anonvmous “The Computer as a Design Tool-The M I T Approach,” Electro-Tkchno/.,’72, No. 5, 112 (Nov. 1, 1963). (6B) Anonvmous “Refiners Taking a Second Look at Computers,:’ Oil Gas J., 61, No. 17, 114 (Abril 29, 1963). (7B) Anonvmous ..Computer Data Processing Speed Terminal Operations,” Ibid.,No:35, l i 9 (Sept.2, 1463). (8B) Benedict, R. P., “hnalog Simulation,’’ Eiectro-Technol., 72, No. 6, 73 (1963). (9B) Bowman, LV. H., Clark, J. B., “Analog Simulation of Batch Distillation,” Chem. Eng. Ptog., 59, No. 5, 54 (1963). (10B) Bozeman, H . C., “Computer Brinqs Added Efficiency to Turnarounds,” O i l G a s J., 61, No. 32, 76 (Aug. 12, 1963). (11B) Brown, E. C., Von Rosenberg, D. U., “Analog Computation ofpacked Tower Distillation Problems,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 5 9 , No. 10, 75 (1963). (12B) Ceccherti, R.. Johnston, R. H., Niedzwiecki, J. L., Holland C. D. “Pipestill ProductsVerify These Computer Estimates,” Petrol. Refiner, 42, ko. 9, i59 (1963). (13B) Dahli$ E. B., Nelson, J. M., “Simulation and Optimal Control of Chemical Processes, Chern. Eng. Prog., 60, No. 3, 49 (1964). (14B) Dassau, W. J., Wolfang, G. H., “Design of a Chemical Reactor by Dynamic Simulation,” Ibid., 59, No. 4, 43 (1963). (15B) Davis, C. R., “Kow They’re Using Computers to Help Find Oil,” Oil Gas J., 61,No. 41, 222 (Oct. 14, 1963). (16B) Engelien, G., “The Computation of the Roots of Polynomials by Digital Computers,” Regelungstectinik, 11, No. 9, 399 (1963). (17B) Fraenkel, Z., Raviv, A,, Klein, W., “Plate by Plate Calculations of Multicomponent Distillation Columns Using Difference Equations-I. Ideal Cascades and Constant Flow Columns Operating at Total Reflux,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 18, 697 (1963). (18B) Franks, R . G. E., “Apply Analog Techniques to Equipment Design,” Chern. Eng., 70, No. 9, 108 (April 29, 1963). (19B) Franks, R . G. E., “Hybrid Simulation of Multistage System Dynamics,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 60, No. 3, 65 (1964). (20B) Garner, H . G., “Steady-State Heat-and-Material Balances,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9, 116 (April29, 1963). (21B) Gruet, I . C., ”Analogs Can Do More Jobs Than Ever Before,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 60, No, 3, 70 (1964). , “Analog Simulation Techniques,” I E E E Spectrum, 1, No. (23B) Hillyard, T.V. F., “How to Simulate Large Chemical Processes,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9 , 118 (April 29, 1963). (24B) Huck: C. E., “How an Analog Computer Helped Design a Control System,” ZSA J.,10, So. 4, 57 (1963). (25B) Ingels, D. M., and Powers, J. E., “Analysis of Pipeline Networks,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 60, No. 2, 65 (1964). (26B) Kronmuller, H., “The Application of Data Processing for Monitoring the Thermal Efficiency ofMulti le Unit Power Stations,’l Regelungstechnik, 1 1 , No. 11, 487 (1963); 12, No. 2, 50 69F4). (27B) Langill, A. W., Jr., “Multivariant Function Generation,” Electro-Technol., 71, hro. 6, 52 (1963).
(28B) Lawson, W. H., “Elements of Inventory Simulation,” Automation, 11, No. 1 65 (1964). (29B) Mickley, H. S., Letts, R. W. M., “Yield Studies in Packed Tubular Reactors -Part 1-Mathematical Mcdel for Design and Analysis,” Can. J . Chem. Eng., 41, 273 (1963). (30B) Mitten L. G. Nemhauser G. L., “Optimization of Multistage Separation Processes h; Dynamic Programhing,” Ibid., 41, 187 (1963). (31B) Nittler, R. L., Brown E K “Small Digital Computer Does a Big Job for American Oil Refinery,” bil Gas’%, 61, No. 18, 152, 156 (May 6, 1963). (32B) Phillips, J. C., “Basic Roles for Analog Computers,’’ Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9, 99 (Aprll 29, 1963). (33B) Reed, L. A,, Stevens, W. F., “Optimal Design of a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor by a Gradient Method,” Can. J . Chem. Eng., 41, 182 (1963). (34B) Ruszkay, R. J., “How to Analyze Control Program for Distillation Column,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9, 112 (April 29, 1963). (35B) Saslow, J., Stevens, W. F., “Process Simulation for Chemical Reactor Design,” Chem. PTOC.Eng., 45, No. 3, 115 (1964). (36B) Sauer, R. N., Colville A. R. Jr. Burwick C. W. “Computer Points the Way to More Profits,” Petrh. Refinkr, 4h, No. 2, 84 (1964). (37B) Thorne, H . C., Wise, D. C “Computers in Economic Evaluation,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9, 129 (April29, 1563). (38B) Townsend, R., “Digital-Computer Iterative Methods,” Electro- Technol., 72, No. 6, 102 (Dec. 1963). (39B) Veinott,,, C. G., “Electric Machinery Design by Digital Computers-After Nine Years, E k . Eng., 82, 275 (1963). (40B) Volgin, L N “The Programming of Digital Computers for the Processing of Information h;) the Method of Least Squares,” Automation Remote Contr., 24, 1164 (March 1964). (41B) Wagner, W . F., “Analog Methods and Simulation of Reaction Kinetics,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 9, 104 (April 29, 1963). (42B) Whitesell L. G Clark J B McAllister L. J., “Train Your Operators by Computer,” ~ t t r o l .&finer, 42,“;: 7, 192 (19i3). (43B) Wismer, D. A,, Lefkowitz, I., “Dynamic Control of Continuous Strip Processes: Analysis and Computer Simulation,” ISA Trans., 3, 48 (1964). (44B) Withey, J. V., “Com uter Techniques f o r Refinery Planning and Control,” Oil Gas J., 62, No. 3, 76 (?an. 20, 1964). (45B) Womack J. W “The Analogue Computer as a Chemical Engineering Tool,” Chem. Proc. Ehg., 45: No. 2, 72 (i964). Computer Control a n d Related Topics (1C) Adams, G. F., “What’s Ahead in Digital Control?”, O i l Gas J., 61, No. 21, 91 (May 27, 1963). (2C) Aleksandridi, T. M., “Certain Problems in Selecting the Structure o f a Multichannel Digital Controller,’l Automation Remote Contr., 24, No. 2, 191 (September 1963). (3C) Alonso, R. L., Blair-Smith, H., Hopkins, A . L. “Some Aspects of the Logical Design of a Control Computer: A Case Study,” I h E E Trans. Electronic Computers, EC-12,No. 6, 687 (1963). (4C) Anonymous “Plant-Wide Computer System Planned ” Oil Gas J . , 61, No. 42 60 (Oct. 21, 1963). (5C) Bedworth, D. D. Faillace J. R., “Instrumenting Cement Plants for Digital Computer Control” ISA J . 10, No. 11, 47 (1963). (6C) Brandon D. B. “Digital Computer Control and Gasoline Blending,” Instr. Control Systems 3 6 , No. 12, 123 (1963). (7C) Brower, A. S., “Controlling a Complete Hot Strip Mill,” Control Eng. 10, No. 10, 57 (1963). (8C) Burdick E. J., Glass T. J. “The Purpose and the Economic Aspects of the Use of Digital Computers in Cdnnection with Automatic Control of Steam Power Plants,” Regelungstechnik 12, No. 1, 1 (1964). (9C) Byer, G. T., “Small Analog Computers,” O i l Gas J., 62, No. 10, 104 (March 9, 1964). (10C) Carleton, R. G., Hill, 0. W., Webb, P. U., “Applying a Data Acqu Computing System,” ISA J.,10, No. 7, 57 (1963). (11C) Chem. Petrol. Ind. Div., I . S. A , , “Guidelines and General Information Regarding User Requirements for Direct Digital Control Systems,” Pittsburgh, 1963. (12C) Chem. Petrol. Ind. Div., I. S . A,, “Questions and Answers on Direct Digital Computer Control,” Pittsburgh, Part 1-1963; Part 11-1964. (1 3C) Davis, M . A,, “The Use of Digital Computers in Process Control,” Elec. Eng., 82, 610 (1963). (14C) Drakeford, J.,“The Application of Analogue Computers to Process Control, Chem. Proc. Eng., 45, No. 2, 77 (1964). (15C) Eddey, E. E., “Evaluation of Computer Control System for Synthetic Rubber Production, ISA Trans., 2, No. 3, 273 (1963). (16C) Farrar, G. L., “Computer Control in Refining Grows Fast,” Oil Gas J.,61, No. 26, 9 6 (July 1, 1963). (17C) Farrar, G. L., “Computer Control Comes of Age, Ibid., No. 43, 77 (Oct. 28, 1963). (18C) Flum, H. H., Fraade, D. J., Vichnevetsky, R., “Advanced Instrumentation and the Control Computer,” Regelungstechnik, 12, No. 2, 45 (1964). (19C) Groh, A. B., Reineman, R. C., “Computer Control of Ultraforming,” Oil Gas J . , 61, No. 46, 160 (Nov. 18, 1963). (20C) Hardens, H., Heller, G., Laurer, P. R., “Some Experiences in Securing Optimum Control of a Petrochemical Synthesis with a Process Computer,” Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 35, 405 (1963). (21C) Hendrie, G. C., Sonnenfeldt, R. W.,“Evaluating Control Computers,” ISA J., 10, No. 8, 73 (1963). (22C) JaEuhik, R. F., Kader, D., Perillo, L. B., “Justifying Process Control Computers, Automation, 11, No. 3, 81 (1964). (23C) Katkovnik, V. Ya., Poluektov, R. A,, “Choice of the Program and Cyclicity for Digital Control Systems,” Automation Remote Contr., 24, 501 (1963). (24C) Kloch, H. F., Schoeffler, J. D., “Direct Digital Control a t the Threshold,” E/ectronics, 37, No. 12, 49 (March 23, 1964). (25C) Kompass, E. J., “Startup a t Riverside,” Control Eng., 11, No. 1, 69 (1964). (26C) Kuck, C. H., “The Capacity Increase of Dynamically Operated Process Plants by the Use of Electronic Computers,’’ Regelungstechnik, 12, No. 2, 65 (1964). (27C) Langman, R. D., “A Steelmaker’s Appreciation of the Analogue Computer,’’ Control, 8, No. 67, 8 (1964). (28C) MacMullin, E. C., Shinsky, F. G., “Feedforward Analog Computer Control of a Superfractionator,” Control Eng., 11, No. 3, 69 (1964). (29C) Mitchell, E. E. L., Marr, G. H., Jr., “Blending by Analog Computer,” Zbid., 10, No. 11, 10’ (1963).
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(30C) Morello V S. “Digital Computer Applied to Styrene Cracking,” Oil Gas J., 62, No. 8, 9d (F’eb.’24, 1964). (31C) Nikiforuk, P. N., Tinker, E. B., “Computer Applications in Chemical Process Control,” Brit. Chem. Eng., 9, No. 1, 17 (1964). (32C) Patterson, J. W.,“Magnolia Shoots for Computer Control,” Petrol. Mnnag., 35, 238 (1963). (33C) Platt, G.; ‘Converting Process Equations or Analog Computer Control,” Control Eng., 11, No. 2, 65 (1964). (34C) Ryan, F. M., “Special Purpose Analog Control Computers,” Ibid., 10, KO.5, 103 (1963). (35C) Ryan, F. M.,“Industry’s Pulse-340 Digital Control Computers: Where They Are,” Ibid., No. 9, 73 (1963). (36C) Savas, E. S., “Computer Control in the Paper Mill. Part I. A Management Operating System for the Paper Mill,” T A P P Z , 47, No. 2 , 164A (1964). (37C) Savas, E. S., “Computer Control in the Paper Mill. Part 11. Paper Machine Monitoring,” Ibid., KO,3, 149A (1964). (38C) Shannon, J. H., “Execntive Control Routines for Process Computers,” Control Eng., IO, No. 4, 85 (1963). (39C) Smith, W. E., Fox, E. C., “Computer Controls Continuous Digester,’’ Automation, 11, iYo. 2, 82 (1964). (40C) Stormont, D. H., “Data-Logging Computers Help Study of Fluid Cat Cracker Operation,” Oil Gas J.,61, No. 46, 142 (Nov. 18, 1963). (41C) Williams, T. J., “What to Expect from Direct-Digital Control,” Chon. End. 71, No. 5, 97 (hlarch 2, 1964). Analog-Digital Conversion, Plant Data Handling, Telemetry, a n d Related Topics (1D) Andersen, L. B., “Analysis of Variance Provides Techniques for Rapid Data Reduction,” Chem. Eng., 70, No. 8, 157 (April 15, 1963). (2D) AndersFn, L. B., “Regression Analysis Correlates Relationships Between Variables, Ibid., No. 10, 173 (May 13, 1963). (3D) Andersen, L. B., “Multiple Regression Techniques Correlate Experimental Data,” Ibid., S o . 12, 223 (June 10, 1963). (4D) Compton, D. D. “Ferrite-Core System Controls Two Stations,” Oil Gas J., 61, No. 49, 96 (Dec.’9, 1963). (5D) Crain R . W., Sr., “Analyzing Experimental Data and Errors,” ISA J.,10, No. 4, 53’(1963). (6D) Dawkins, J., “Control Measurement in the Presence of Noise,” J.E!ectr. Control, 15, No. 3, 245 (1963). (7D) De Maine, P. A. D., Seawright, R . D., “The Self-Judgment Principle in Scientific Data Processing,” Ind. Eng. Chen., 55, N o . 4, 29 (1963). (8D) Diaz, G. “Computer Methods for Analyzing Test Data,” Electro- Technol., 71, No. 5, l i 2 (1963). (9D) Hafley, W. L., Lewis, L. S., “Analyzing Messy Data,” Znd. Eng. Chem., 5 5 , No. 4 , 37 (1963). (10D) Holick, A,, “Analysis of Noncatastrophic Failures in Digital Guidance Systems, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers, EC-12, No. 4, 365 (1963). (11D) Jursik, J., “Rejecting Common Mode Noise,” Control Eng., 10, No. 8, 61 (1963). (12D) Kaufrnan, E. S., “Digital Signal Conversion,” Znstr. Control Systems, 37, No. 2 , 117 (1964). (13D) Knight, J. P., Klinger, L. R., Yoder, D. C., “Low-Level Data Multiplexing,” Zbid., 36, No. 8, 86 (1963). (14D) O’Malev I. B., “Digital Readout of Analog Instruments,” Automation, 11, No. 1, 55 (1724). (15D) Schwartz, L. S., “Recent Developments in Digital Communications,” Elect. Eng., 82, 415 (1963). (16D) Slaughter,, J. B., “Quantization Errors in Digital Control Systems,” IEEE Trans. Automatac Control, AC-9, 70 (January 1964). (17D) Smith L. C. T a o L. C. “Improved Method for Correlating Nonlinear Data,” Che)m. En,?.: 70, N o . 21,’193 (Oct. 15, 1963). (18D) Wakefield, A. J., “Data Acquisition and Plant .4nalysis,” Control, 8, No. 67, 14 (1964). (19D) Zalkind, C. S., Shinskey, F. G., “Statistical Methods for Computing Over-all System Accuracy,” I S A J . , 10, No. 10, 63 (1963).
Instrumentation Techniques (General) (1E) Anderson, N. A,, “Electronic Control Systems,” Instr. Contro! Sj,sterns, 36, h‘o. 9, 130 (1963). (2E) Anonymous, “Mass Flow by Temperature Measurement,” Znstr. Control Systems, 37, No. 3, 95 (1964). (3E) Arlidge, D. B., “How to Measure Vacuum,” Ibid., 36, No. 12, 109 (1963). (4E) Ashby, W. D., Ed., “Developments in Applied Spectroscopy,” Vol. 1, Plenum Press, Xew York, 1962. (5E) Blechman, S., “Techniques for Measuring Low Flows,” Znstr. Control Systems, 36, No. 10, 82 (1963). (6E) Brickwedde, F. G., ed., “Temperature: Irs Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 3, Part 1, Basic Concepts, Standards, and Methods,” Reinhold, New York, 1962. (7E) Buzzard, JV., “Accurate Flow Control,” ZSA J.,10, No. 8, 81 (1963). (8E) Cjxk, R. D., “Continuous Boiling-Point Analyzers Prove Accurate and Reliable, Oil Cas J., 61, No. 29, 56 (July 22, 1963). (9E) Clifr, T. L., “Apply Stream Analyzers for Profit,” ISA J.,10, KO. 4, 49 (1963). (10E) Crawford, R. B., “A Broad Look at Cryogenic Flow Measurement,” Ihid., No. 6, 65 (1963). (11E) de Grey, E. H., Bayly, J. G., “Measuring Through Vessel Walls,” Ibid., No. 5, 8 2 (1963). (12E) Donaldson, R. E., Murphy, J. R., McBride, W.R., Story, D. O., “Continuous Vanadium Analyzer Proves Useful Tool in Process Control,” O i l Gas J.,61, No. 20, 128 (May 20, 1963). (1 3E) Escher, E. E., Fraade, D. J., “How to Evaluate Process Analyzers that Monitor Stream Variables,” Chern. Eng., 70, No. 20, 89 (Sept. 30, 1963). (14E) Fraade, D. J., “Justification and Payout of On-Stream Analyzers,” ISA J., 10, No. 8, 61 (1963). (15E) Gurnett, K., “Solid-State Integrated Network Components,” Control, 6 , No. 58, 95 (1963); KO. 59, 104 (1963). (16E) Hardy, J. D., ed., “Tem erature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 3, Part J,%iology and Medicine,” Reinhold, Kew York, 1963. (17E) Hickes, W. F., “Intrinsic Safetyfor Electronic Instrumentation in Hazardous Areas,” Elec. Eng., 82, 253 (1963).
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(18E) Hutchison, E. C., “Precise Pressure Control,” ISA J.,10, h-0, 4, 63 (1963). (19E) Jaffe, H . H., “Theory and Applications of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy,’ M’iley, New York, 1962. (20E) Jarrell, R. F., “New Analytical Techniques,” Znd. Res., 5 , No. 6, 26 (1963). (21E) Kelker, H., Weber, O., “The Main Trends of Development in Gas Chromatography Apparatus During 1962,” Chen. Zng.-Tech., 35, 301 (1963). (22E) Knapman, C. E. H., Scott, C. G., ed., “Gas Chromatography Abstracts, 1961,” Burterworrh, Washington, D. C. (1962). (23E) Lecuille: E., “L’automatisation de l’analyse Chimique,” Automatisme, VIII, No. 6, 209 (1963). (24E) Martens, C. D., ”Measuring with Eddy Currenrs,” 1SA J.,10, No. 4, 69 (1963). (25E) Munch, R . H., “X-Ray Spectroscopy-Its Role in Process Analysis,” Ibid., 11, No. 2, 49 (1964). (26E) Nelson, F. A., “Applying Magnetic Resonance to Continuous Process Analysis,” Ibid., No. 1, 55 (1964). (27E) Nootbaar, R. F., “Considering Process-Stream Analyzers?”, O i l Gas J.,61, No. 28, 143 (July 15, 1963). (28E) Norton, H . N., “Specification Characteristics of Pressure Transducers,” Znstr. Control Svstems. 36. No. 12. 9 1 11963’1. (29E) Parlik, E., ”Conventional Controllers in the View of Modern Theories,” Replungslechnik, 11, No. 7 , 290 (1963). (30E) Reilley, C. N.. “Advances in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentarion,” Interscience, New York, 1963. (31E) Roos, N. H., “Level Measurement in Pressurized Vessels,” ISA J.,10, KO. 5; 55 (1963). 132E) Stern, E., “Solid-State Sensors in Process Control,” Elect. Eng., 82, 332 (1963). (33E) Thomason, E. M., “Problems of Applying Gas Chromatographs t o Process Control,” ISA J.,10, No. 12, 56 (1963). (34E) Van Swaay, M., “Gas Chromatography, 1962,” Butterworth, T!’ashington, D. C. (1962). (35E) Vetter, G., “The Accuracy of Piston hletering Pumps,” Chem. Ing. Tech., 35 267 (1963). (36E) Villalobos, R., Turner, G. S., “Group .4nalys’s in Process Chromatography,“ ZSA J., 10, No. 5, 67 (1963). Process Control Loop Components a n d Instrumentation H a r d w a r e (1F) Amdur, E . J., “Humidity Sensors,” Instr. Contro! Slstems, 36, KO.6, 93 (1963). (2F) Baumann, H . D., “Sizing Butterfly Valves for C~iticalFlow,” ISA J.,10, Y o . 10, 53 (1963). aumann H . D.. “The Inrroduction of a Critical Flow- Factor for Valw S i p ‘3?g7’ I S A Tmns., 2, 107 (1963). (4F) Borsboom, A . C. H., Krooshof, R. C., “A Continuous Final-Boiling-Point Recorder for Industrial Processes,” Ibid., 2, 303 (1963). (5F) Brainerd, H.A,. “Some Unique Essentials of Good Liquid Pipeline Control,” ISA J.,11, No. 1, 43 (1964). : Nn. 1, 65 (6F) Brown, M. F., “Emergency Power Supplies,’’ Control E ~ E . 11, (1964). (7F) Cage, J. M., “Trends in Electronic Instrumentation,” Indust. Res., 5 , S o . 11, 26 (1963). (8F) Evans, H. J., “Turbine Flowmeter for Gases,” Instr. Control S>riems, 37, KO,3, 103 (1964). (9F) Gray, W, .4., Stern, H., “Fluid Amplifiers-Capabiliries and Applicarions,” Control Ens., 11, No. 2, 57 (1964). (10F) Kieburtz, R. B., “The Step Motor-The Next Advance in Control Sysrerns,’ IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, AC-9, 98 (January, 1564). (11F) KrEpholler, H . W.,Spikins, D. J., “.4 Guide to the Selection of Conrrol Valves, Chem. Proc. Eng., 44, 716 (1963). (12F) Marton, Fred, “Metering Pumps,” Instr. Control Systems, 36, KO. 10: 9 9 (1963); No. 11, 126 (1963); No. 12, 102 (1963). (13F) Mesch, F., “Self-Adjusting Two-Position Controller,” Regelmgslechnik, 11, 241 (1963). (14F) Meyer, I. H., Puckett, J. P., “ A Rotary Kiln Shell Temperature Scunnci,” Elect. En,?., 82, 618 (1963). (15F) Mvles, D. J., Harrison, P.,“Turbine Flowmeters,” Control, 6, KO, 0 0 , 103 (1963) (16F) Nelqon, R. C., “Recorder Review.” Instr. Control S ~ s i r r n s ,36, No. 7, 75 (1963) ; No. 8, 120 (1963); No. 9 , 124 (1963); No. 10, 102 (1963); No. 11, 122 (1963). (17F) Penther, C. J., “Chromatograph Sampling Valves,” Control Eng., 10, No. 6, 78 (1963). (18F) Reber, M., “Einige Konsrruktionsmerkmale Pneumatischer Regelgeriite,” Regelungstechnische Praxis, 5 , Yo. 2, 59 (1963). (19Fi . . Renet., c... “Les CilDIeuSS Pneumatiaues.” h t o m a t i s n e ., VIII., 305 .11963). . (20F) Reppisch, H., “Diqitale Mengenverhiltnisregelung,” Regelungstechnisciiz Praxis, 5, S o . 2, 62 (1963). (21F) Rogers, E., ”Semiconductor Pressure Transducer Fearures Mechanical Compensation,” Instr. Control Systems, 36, No. 4, 128 (1963). (22F) Sanchez J. C. “Semiconductor Strain-Gage Pressure Sensors,” Znstr. Control Systems, i6, No.’ll, 117 (1963). (23F) Sieler, W., “Simplified Flow Characteristics of Regulating Valves,” Regelrmngrtechnik, 11, 201 (1963). (24F) Singleton, E. W., “Control Valves for Special Services,” Chem. Proc. Eng., 44 706 (1963). (25F) Spencer, E. A,. “Developments in Industrial Flowmetering, Part 2,” Chen. Proc. Eng., 44, No. 6, 297, 305 (1963). (26F) Thelliez, S., “Les Elements de Logique Pneumatiques,” Automatisme, VIII, 311 (1963). (27F) Uhlig, R., “The Sizing of Regulating Valves Taking Into Considerarion Flashing of the Handling~. Liquid,” Reeeliincstechnik, 11, 499 (1 963). . . (28F) Walter, L., “Alarms and Alarm Instruments in the Chemical Plant,” Brit. Chem. Eng., 9, No. 3, 166 (1964). (29F) Wood, R. D., “Steam Measurement by Orifice Ivlerer,” Instr. Control Systems, 36, No. 4, 135 (1963). Process Dynamics (1G) Anderson, N. A,, “Step-Analysis Method of Finding Process Time Constants,” Inslr. ControlSystems, 36, N o . 11, 130 (1963). (2G) Babenko, G. S., Smirnov, A. hl., “Effect of rhe Viscosity of Liquids in Hydraulic Piping on Its Dynamic Properties,” .4ritomation Remote Contr., 24, h-o. 1, 106 (September 1963). (3G) Ball, ,,S. J., “Approximate Models for Dirrribuied-Parameter Heat-Transfer Systems, ISA Trans., 3, Kn. 1, 38 (1964)
4G) Bicking, C. A., “Bibliography on Precision, Analysis of Test Data and Ap lied Statistics in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Part 1-Precision of $est Metgods, Part 11-Statistical Analysis of Test Data,” T A P P I , 46, No. 8, 182A (1963). (5G) Chope, H. R “Instrument Dynamics for On-Line Measurement,” ISA J., 10, No. 9, 65 (1923). (6G) Clements W. C Jr. Schnelle K. B., Jr., “Pulse Testing for Dynamic Analysis,” Inh. Eng. b m . krocess De&n Develop., 2, 94 (1963). (7G) Feit, R. “Mathematical Models for Control Systems,” Electro- Technol., 73 No. 3, 69 (i964). (8G) Haas, H. L., Rumpel, D. “Digital Calculation of the Frequency Response for any Linear Control Loop,” kegelungstechnik, 11, 354 (1963). (9G) Hennig, T., “Testing for Plant Transfer Functions,” Control Eng., 10, No. 6, 67 (1963); No. 9, 119 (1963). (1OG) Hougen, J. O., “Simplified Correlations of Process Dynamics,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 59, No. 4, 49 (1963). (11G) Hougen, J. O., Martin 0 R Walsh R A. “Dynamics of Pneumatic Transmission Lines,” Control kng:, l$, No. 9,’114 (lj63). (12G) King, R E. “An Electronic Analogue of a Simple Distillation Column,” Control, 6 , No: 59: 93 (1963). (13G) Kopp, H. J., “Bessere Regelung durch Versuch und Nachbildung,” Regelungstechnixhe Praxis, 5 , No. 2, 50 (1963). (14G) K;ck, C. H., “A Method for Making Mathematical Models of Industrial Plants, Rqelungrtechnik, 11, No, 4, 169 (1963). (15G) Oldenburger, R., Goodson, R. E., “Simplification of Hydraulic Line Dynamics by Use of Infinite Products,” Transactions of the A S M E , J . Basic Eng., 86, No. 1, 1 (1964). (1 6G) Piwinger, F., “Modellregelkreise als Ausbildungshilfsmittel,” Regelungstechnische Praxis, 6 , No. 1, 9 (1964). (17G) Ryan, W. J., “How to Model a Process Fired Heater,” Control Eng., 10, No. 6 , 85 (1963). (18G) Schaefer, O., Meyer H. H., “A F w Method of Measuring the Transfer Characteristics of Non-Li)near Systems, Regelungstechnik, 12, No. 2, 60 (1964). (19G) Schmitz, R. A,, Amundson, N. R., “An Analysis of Chemical Reactor Stability and Control,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 18,265, 391 (1963). (20G) Semenikhin, V.,,K., “Transfer Functions of Control Systems with Linearly Varying Parameters, Automation Remote Contr., 23, No. 11, 1335 (July 1963). (21G) Thal-Larsen, H., Loscutoff, W. V “Fluid-Temperature Transients in a Dual-Heat-Exchanger System,” Trans. A k M E , J . Basic Eng., 86, 23 (1964). (22G) Towner, W. C., “Practical Dynamic Analysis,” Instr. Contr. Systems, 36, No. 11, 138 (1963). (23G) Wa-nbsgaqss, M . W., Jr., “Time Characteristics of the Nozzle-Flapper Relay,” ISA Trans., 3, No. 1, 13 (1964). (24G) Watjen, J. W Hubbard, R. M., “The Dynamic Behavior of a Pulsed-Plate Extraction Colum;,” AIChE J., 9, 614 (1963). (25G) Wilson, B., “Harmonic Response of a Simple Counterffow Heat-Exchanger, Obtained from Various Finite-Difference Representations,” Control, 8, No. 67, 19 (1964). ~
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Process Control Theory-Basic (1H) Anderson, N. A., “The Closed-Loop Controlled System,” Instr. Contr. Systems,. 36, No. 5, 126 (1963). (2H) Anderson, K.A.,“Control Modes by Step Analysis,” Ibid., No. 12, 113 (1963). (3H) Anderson, N. A,, ”Frequency Response Analysis,” Inrtr. Contr. Systems, 37,, No. 1, 113 (1964). (4H) Becker, P. W., “A Simple Stability Criterion,” Transactions of the ASME,. J . Basic Eng., 86, No. 1, 44 (1964). (5H) Berger, J. S., Perlmutter, D. D., “The Effectof Feedback Control on Chemical’ Reactor Stability,” AIChE J., 10, 238 (1964). (6H) Bukstein, E., “Basic Servomechanisms,” Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York (1963). (7H) Edmunds, B., “Practical Dynamic Analysis,” Instr. Cont. Systems, 36, No. 6, 127 (1963); No. 7, 139 (1963). (8H) Kobylarz, T. J., “Finding Error Coefficients from Poles and Zeros,” Control’ Ens., 11, No. 3, 89 (1964). (9H) Lahr, R. J., Weed, H . R., Weimar, F. C., “Dual-Mode Control Systems,’’ Electro-Technol., 71, No. 5, 98 (1963). (10H) Langill, A. W., Jr., “Stability of Closed-Loop Control Systems,” Ibid., 73, No. 2 , 77 (1964). (11H) Langill, A. W., Jr., “Root-Locus Systems Analysis,” Electro- Technol., 72, No. 4, 79 (1963). (12H) Laspe, C. G., “Frequency Response of the Process,” Instr. Contr. Systems, 36, No. 9, 138 (1963). (13H) Laspe, C . G., “Estimating Controller Actions,” Ibid., No. 10, 109 (1963). (14H) Longley, D., “Phase-Plane Techniques in Process Control,” Control, 8, No. 67, 28 (1964). (15H) Melanson F., Lanner, P. “Parameter Optimization by Hybrid Techniques,” Instr. bontr. Systems, 37,’No. 1, 125 (1964). (16H) M,ullin, F. J., de Barbeyrac, J., “Linear Digital Control,” Trans. A S M E , J . Basic Eng., 8 6 , No. 1, 61 (1964). (17H) Piwinger, F., “Regelgute and Regelaufwand in der Verfahrenstechnik,” Regelungstechnische Praxis, 5, No, 2, 66 (1963). (18H) Polson, R. A,, “Stability and Response of Regulating Systems-Part 11,” Control, 6 , No. 58, 108 (1963). (19H) Roth, J. W., “Selecting Instrument Controller Modes,” Instr. Contr. Sytems. 37, No. 1, 119 (1964). (20H) Schilling, G. D., “Process Dynamics and Control,“ Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York (1963). (21H) Senouillet, Gerard, “Concepts Fondamentaux de la Commande Automatique,” Automatisme, 8, No. 4, 137 (1963). (22H) Sorensen, A. A,, “Linear Control Using ON-OFF Controllers,” ElectroTechnol., 71, No. 4, 99 (1963). (23H) Valstar, J. E., “Step Procedure in Analyzinq Control Systems, ’ Instr. Contr. Systems, 36, No. 5, 132 (1963); No, 8, 147 (1963). (24H) van der Grinten, P. M. E. M., “Determining Plant Controllability,” Control Eng., 10, No. 10, 87 (1963). (25H) van der Grinten, P. M. E. M., “Finding Optimum Controller Settings,” Ibid., 10, No. 12, 51 (1963). Control System Theory-Advanced Concepts Applicable to Process Control (11) Alte;pein, H. J., “Partially Delayed Feedback with Continuous Electric Controllers, Regelungstechnik, 11, No. 5 , 215 (1963).
(21) Aoki, M., “ O n a Successive Approximation Technique in Solving Some Control System Optimization Problems,” Trans. A S M E , J . Basic Eng., 85, No. 2, 177 (1963). (31) Berger, J. S., Perlmutter D. D “Chemical Reactor Stability by Liapunov’s Direct Method,” AIChE J.,’lO,Nb’. 2, 233 (1964). (41) Bohn, E. V., Kasvand, T., “Use of Matrix Transformations and System Eigenvalues in the Design of Linear Multivariable Control Systems,” Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng., 110, No. 5, 989 (1963). tahler, A,, “A Method of Adding Anticipated Signals as a Means of ng Stepwise Control Systems,” Regelungstechnik, 11, 385 (1963). (61) Butkovskii A. G., :‘The Method of Moments in the Theory of Optimal Control of Systems wiih Distributed Parameters,’l Automation RemoIe ConIr., 24, No. 9, 1106 (March 1964). (71) Deekshatulu, B. L., “A Method of Solving Non-Linear Systems,” Control, 6, No. 60, 93 (1963). (81) Ellert F. J., Merriam, C. W., I11 “Synthesis of Feedback Controls Using OptimizHtion Theory-An Example,” Y E E E Trans. Automatic Contr., AC-8, NO. 2, 89 (1963). (91) Eveleigh, V. W., “Adaptive Control Systems,” Elcctro-Technol., 71, No. 4, 79 (1963). (101) Fowler M “Numerical Methods for the Synthesis of Linear Control Systems,” Autimat)& 1, 207 (1963). (111) Friedland, Bernard, “The Design of Optimum Controllers for Linear Processes with Energy Limitations,” Trans. A S M E , J . Basic Eng., 85, No. 2, 181 (1963). (121) Fuller, A. T., “Bibliography of Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle,” J . Electr. Contr., 15, 513 (1963). (131) Gelb A. Vander Velde W. E. “On Limit Cycling Control Systems,” I E E E T;ans. )Automatic Contr., kC-8, Nb. 2, 142 (1963). (141) Gel’man, I. V., Dobrin, L. A. “Approximate Analysis of a Class of Linear Automatic Control Processes,” Auiomotion Remote Contr., 23, NO. 11, 1443 (July 1963). (151) Guignabodet, J. J. G., “Dynamic Programming: Cumulative Errors in the Evaluation of an Optimal Policy,” Trans. A S M E , J . Basic Eng., 85, No. 2, 151 (1963). (161) Gunckel, T,. L. I1 Franklin G. F. “A General Solution for Linear, SampledData Control, Ibib., k 5 , No. 2,’197 (i963). (171) Hahn, W., “Theory and Application of Liapunov’s Direct Method,” PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs (1963). (181) Hammond, P. H., Duckenfield, M . J., “Automatic Optimization by Continuous Perturbation of Parameters,” Automotica, 1, No, 2, 147 (1963). (191) Heleine, J., Perret, R., Rouxel, R., “M6thode Dynamique d’optimalisation 81 Premiere (1964).Partie: Etude Analytique et Expt‘rimentale,’’ Automatisme, 9, NO. 3, (201) Jones, C. A,, Johnson, E. F., Lapidus, L., Wilhelm, R. H. “Design of OPti.
mum Dynamic Control Systems for Nonlinear Processes,” Ind.’Eng. Chem. Fundamentals, 2, No. 2, 81 (1963). (211) Kalman R E. “When Is a Linear Control System Optimal?,” Trans. A S M E , J . Eksic’Eng‘., 86, No. 1, 51 (1964). (221) Kardashov, A. A. “An Analysis of the Quality of an Automatic-Control System by the Methoh of Lowering the Order of the Differential Equation,” Automation Remote Contr., 24, No. 8 , 978 (January 1964). (231) Karnopp, D. C., “Random Search Techniques for Optimization Problems,” Automotica. 1. No. 2. 111 11963). (241) Katz S. “A General Minimum Principle for End Point Control Problems,” J . Electrok dontr., 16, No. 2, 189 (1964). ,(25I) Kirillova L. S. “The Problem of Optimizing the Final State of a Controlled System,’l Autbmatio; and Yeniote Con~r.,23, No. 12, 1485 (August 1963). (261) Kohr, R. H., “A Method for the Determination of a Differential E uation Model for Simple Nonlinear Systems,” I E E E T r o w . Electronic Compulers,%C-12, 394 (August 1963). (271) Kranr, G. M., Sarachik, P. E. “An Application of Functional Analysis t o the Optimal Control Problem,” Tran;. ASME, J . Basic Eng., 85, No. 2, 143 (1963). (281) Kushner H. J. “Hill Climbing Methods for the Optimization of Mnltiparameter Nbise Dilturbed Systems,” Ibid., 157 (1963). (291) Leathrum, J. F., Johnson, E. F., Lapidus L. “A New A proach to the Stability and Control of Nonlinear Processes,” kICh’E J., 10, 16 p1964). (301) Lindorff D. P “Sensiti-ity in Sampled-Data Systems,” I E E E Trans. Automatic Contr., h - 8 , 720 (April 1963). (311) MacFarlane A. G. J. “A Method of Computing Performance Functionals for Linear Dynimical Sysiems,” J . Electron. Contr., 15, 383 (1963). (321) ,McCausland, I., “On Optimum Control of Temperature Distribution in a Solid,” J . Electron. Contr., 14, 669 (1963). (331) Meerov M. V. “Multiloop Combined-Control Systems,” Automation and Remote Coni;., 24, No’. 5 , 580 (November 1963). (341) Mekswan, T., Murphy, G. J., “Optimum Design of Nonlinear Sampled-Data Control Systems,” Regelungstechnik, 11, 295 (1963). (351) Molle, R., “Des,, Transducteurs Pneumatiques a’ 1’ Optimalisation des Processus Industriels, Automatisme, VIII, No. 9, 289 (1963). (361) Narendra, K;,S., “Multiparameter Self-optimizing Systems Using Correlation Techniques, I E E E Trans. Automatic Contr., AC-9, 31 (January, 1964). (371) Nightingale, J. M., “Digital Adaptive Control System Employing a Normalised Performance Index,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., 111, No. 1, 165 (1964). (381) Nikiforuk, P. N., Lashyn, E. K., ‘‘Self-zeroing and Self-Adaptive Control System, Ibid., 110, 2280 (1963). (391) Oldenburger, R., “Nonlinear Theory and Application,” I S A Trans., 2, 257 (1963). (401) Oldenburger, R., “Optimum Son-Linear Control Theory and Applications,” RegeIungstechnik, 11, No. 4, 158 (1963). (411) Ofdenburger, R., Thompson, G., “Introduction to Time Optimal Control of Stationary Linear Systems,” Automatics, 1, N o . 2, 177 (1963). (421) Pavlik, E., “How to Determine Optimum Conditions for Serviceable Control Systems W,$re Limitations of the Speed of the Correcting Action Must not be Neglected, Regelungstechnik, 11, No. 11, 481 (1963). (431) Pontryagin, L. S., Boltyanskii, V. G., Gamkrelidge, R . V . , Mischenko, E. F., “The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes,” Wiley, New York, 1962. (441) Propoi, A. I., “Use of Linear Programming Methods for Synthesizing Sampled-Data Automatic Systems,” Automation Remote Contr., 24, 837 (1963). (451) ,Pun, L., “L’Auto-adaptation et les Commandes Auto-optimalisantes,” Automotisme, VIII, 442 (1963). (461) Pyshkin, I. V., “Exact Evaluation of Transients and of Stability for SampledData Systems,” Automation Remote Contr., 24, 1183 (1964). (471) Repin, Yu. M., Tret’yakov, V. I. “The Analytical Design of Controls Bawd on Electronic Analog Devices,’] Auhnotion and Remote Contr., 24, No. 6, 674 (November 1963). I
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(481) Rissanen, J., ”On The Theory of Self-Adjusting hlodels,” Automatica, 1, 297 (1963). (491) Rosenbrock, H . H., “The Formulation of Optimal Control, with an Application to Large Systems,“ Ibid., 263 (1963). (501) Ryenbrock, H. H . .‘The Stabilitv of Linear Time Dependent Control Systems, J . 0 1 Electron. Cdntr., 15, No. 1, 7 3 (1963). (511) Schweizer, G., “The Analysis of Feedback Systems Wirh Periodically TimeVarying Parameters, Part I,” RegelunEstechnik, 11, No, 4, 165 (1963); S o . 5, 196 (1963). (521) Shen, C. N., \Vang H., “Analysis ofPiecewise Linear Swtems bv the Method of Integral Equations:” Trans. A S M E , J . Basic Eng., 85, S o . 1 , 135 (1964). (531) Shipley P. P. “A Unified Approach to Svnthesis of Linear Systems,” IEEE Trans. A u t o k t i c C k t r . , AC-8, No. 2 , 114 (196i). (541) Tatanikov, A. .4,, Fedorov, A. F., “Determination of the Arbitrary Constants in the Solution of the Differential Equation of a Linear Automatic Control System (ACS) by Means of Gauss, Method,” Automation Remote Contr., 23, No. 11, 1461 (July 1963). (551) Tschauner, J., ” O n the Stabiliry of Sampled-Data Systems,” Automation Remote Contr., 24, 831 (1963). (561) Tschauner J. “Investigations into the Absolute Stability of h-on-Linear Sampled-Data’S?s;ems,~’Regelungstechnik, 11, 300 (1 963). (571) Vogt TV. G. ”Relative Stability- Via the Direct Method of Ly-apunoi,” T r a n s . A S M E , J.’Bnric Eng., 86, 87 (1964). (581) Wang, P. K. C., Bandy, M. L., “Stability of Distributed-Parameter Processes with Time-Delap.“ J . Electron. Contr., 15, 343 (1963). (591) Wang, P. K . C., Tung, F., “Optimum Control of Distributed-Parameter Systems,” Trnns. ASME, J . Baric Eng., 86, 67 (1964). (601) Warden, R. B., &is, R., Amundson, N. R.: “An Analysis of Chemical Reactor Stability and Control, The Direct Method of Lyapunov,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 19, 149 (1964). (611) tVestcott, J. H., Ed,, “An Exposition of Adaptive Control,’’ Macmillan New York, 1962. (621) Wonham, \V. hl., Johnson C. D. “Optimal Bang-Bang Control with Quadratic Performance Index,’’ T&, A S h E . J . Basic Eng., 86, KO.1, 107 (1964). (631) Yakubovich, V.A,, “Absolute Stability of Nonlinear Control Systems in Crirical Cases,’’ Automalion Remote Contr., 24, Yo. 3, 273; No. 6. 655 (1963). (641) Zubov, V. I., “The Theory of4nalytical Design of Controllers,’’ Ibid., KO.8, 946 (January 1964). Instrumentation a n d Control Applications (Individual) (1 J) Bachofer J. L. C. Jr.. Whitten, D. R., “Direct Energy Balance Control dt Portland Pdwer Staribn,“ ISA J., 10, S o . 10, 45 (1963). (25) Brown M. F.. ”Enthalpy Control with Conventional Instrumentation,” IND.ENC: CHEM.,5 5 , No. 9, 36 (1963). (35) Brown, R . N., “Control Systems for Centrifugal Gas Compressors,” Chem. Eng., 71,No. 4. 135 (Feb. 17, 1964). (45) Eckert, J. S., IValter, L. F., “Controlling Packed-Column Stills,” Ibid., N o . 7, 79 (March 30, 1964). (5J) Forman: E. R . . “.4 New Concept-Unit Control Slstems,” Ibid., 70, S o . 16, 93 (Aug. 5, 1963). (6J) Harris, J. T., Schechter, R . S..“The Feedforward Control of a Chemical Reactor.” Ind. Eno. Chem. Proce3.r Design Deueiob.. 2.. 245 11963). , . (7J) Marton, F. D.. “Process Control Systems,” Instr. Control Systems, 37, No. 1: 111 (1964). S o . 2, 123 (1964), No. 3, 123 (1964). (85) Moczek, J. S., Otto, R. E , , Williams, T. J., “Control of a Distillation Column for Producing High-Puriry Overheads and Bottoms Streams,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Deceiop.. 2, 288 (1963). ( 9 J j Parsons. J. R., Tolin. E. D., “Compensating for Process Dynamics,“ Control Ene.. 10.. No. 8. 81 (1963). (1OJ) Pearson, J. H., ”Headbox Control Instrumentation,” ?SA J., 10, S o . 9, 71 11963). ( l l J ) Phillips, L. B., “How They Control Superfractionation,” Petrol. Refiner, 42, No. 6, 159 (1963). (125) Roberts, S.M., ”Terminal and Averaging Control of Pyrolysis in a Tubular Reactor,” Ind. Eng. Chern. Process Design and Deaelopment, 3, 14 (1964). (135) Saltarelli. hi. O., “Refiner Control by Temperature Rise,” ISA J . , 10, No. 5: 81 (1963). (145) Shinsky, F. G., “Feedforward Conrrol Applied.” Ibid., No. 11: 6 1 (1963). (l5J) Sung, C . B., Taplin, L. B., “Aerospace Pneumatic Control Systems,” Trans. ASME, J . Eng. Ind., 85, S o . 2, 135 (1963). (16J) Tsibulevskii, I. E., “Operator Delay in PI-ocessing Visual Signals,” Automation anz Remota Contr.. 23, X o , 11: 1418 (July, 1963). (175) Winkler, D., “A Critical Study of Various Methods of Pressure Control in Steam Generators,” Rejelungstechnik, 11, 253 (1 963).
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Instrumentation a n d Control Applications (Syatems) (1K) Anonymous, “Modern Trends in Remote Supervisory Control.“ Brit. Chem. Eng., 9, No. 3, 171 (1964). (2K) Bashian, V.. “Sew Techniques and Automation Update Giant Steel Plant,” Chem. Ens.. “ 71., T o . 3., 72 (1 . 964). , (3K) Buker, J. C., Simcic, N. F., “Blast Furnace Stove Anall-sis and Control,” ?SA T r a n r . , 2, No. 2, 160 (April. 1963). (4K) Delis, J. M,, “Warehouse Automation,“ M e c h . Eng., 85, No. 4, 51 (1963). (5K) Fletcher, B. L., Van Buskirk, R . C., ”Automatic Checkout: Significant Factor in Automarion.” Bnttelie Tech. Reu., 12, No. 5, 2 (1963). (6K) Herring, W. M., Hinman. J. E., Shields, S.E.. “Automated Catalytic Cracking Pilot Plant,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 59, No. 6. 38 (1963). (7K) Hirschman, D . A , , Foster, J. D., “LACT: How Pipeliners Feel About It,” Ozl Gas J.,61. S o . 29.. 58 (JUIV . , 22. 1963). (8K) Hick, H., “Die Automatisierung des Hochofenbetriebes, Teil I,” Regelungst e c k n m h e P r p s , 6 , S o . 1, 15 (1 964). (9K) Kronmuller, H., “On the Optimization of rhe Operation of Cowper Stoves,” Regelungstechnzk, 11, No. 6, 247 (1963). (10K) Markle, H. A , , “Automated Cement Plants,” Automat;on, 11, No. 1, 69 (1964). (1 1 K ) Ivleier, G., Volkmann, A,, “Die Blockrvarte des Kraftwerkes ‘Westfalenl,” Regelungjtechnijche Fracij, 6 , No. 1, 2 (1964). (12K) Ressin, A . I., ”Reliability Evaluation of Automated Electric Systems,” Automation and Remote Contr., 2 . , h-o. 2 , 208 (September 1963). (13K) Rogers, L. C., “Cities Service Puts New It’rinkle in Lease Automation,” 011 Gas J., 61, No. 36, 80 (Sept. 9, 1963). (14K) Ruhl, K., “Unattended Loading Terminal,” ISA J . , 10, No. 5, 71 (1963).
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(1 5K) Soubies-Carny, “Perspectives Nouvelles sur la Programmation des Processus Industriels,H~utomatisme, 9, No. 1, 9 (1964). (i6K) S,t,ormont, D. H., “Automated Supervisory Control for Refinery Tank Farm, O d Gas J., 61, No. 33, 105 (Aug. 19, 1963).
(17K) Sullivan, N. M., “Automatic Warehousing,” Mech. Eng., 85, No. 4, 53 (1963). (i8K) LVordsworth, A. D., “Simplified Automatic Control of a h-uclear Reactor,” Control, 8, No. 68, 77 (1964). Optimization Theory a n d Techniques (Non-Control) (1L) Boas, A. H., “Optimization Via Linear and Dynamic Programming,” Chem. Eng., 70, KO,7, 85 (April 1, 1963). (2L) Fan L. T. Wang C. S . “Optimization of Multistage Processes with Product Recycle‘,” Cheh. Eng.’Sct., 1’9, N o . 1, 86 (1964). (3L) Himmelblau. D. M., ”Process Optimization by Search Techniques,” I d . Eng. Chem. Process Design and Deoelop., 2, 296 (1963). (4L) Jackson, R., “Some .4lgebraic Properties of Optimization Problems in Complex Chemical Plants,” Chem. E n g . Sci., 19, 1 9 (1964). (5L) Krotov, V. F.: “Methods for Solving Variational Problems on the Basis of the Sufficient Conditions for an Absolute Minimum. I,” Automation and Remote Contr., 23, No. 23, 1473 (August 1963). (6L) Lee. E. 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