2544
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
lioised improvements. New England’s industrial structure ia basically ennnd, and considerable growth in many fields, notably in the metal working trades, in the paper and pulp industry, and in priuling and publiehing, has more than offset the loin employment in the textile and shoe trade. New England manufactures 225 of the 330 classifications of manufactured articles in the United States Census Bureau lit. New England has taken on defense contracts to date in a dollar volume in excess of 4 billion dollars an& New England still can boast of superlatives in many lines, such as producing 57% of the textile machinery of the nation’s total, 49% of the nails and spikes, 33% of the footwear, 30% of the glue and gelatin, 80% of the abrasives, 59% of the newsprint, n% of the 6ne papers, and 27% of the nation’s machine tools. This section has benefited more and more from the great contributions which have been made through phyaics and chemistry in the improvement of our existing induntries and the develop ment of new ones. Improved processes of recovery have made furthm development of the Vermont copper deposita possible, as one example, and the great growth in the electrunics6eld in New &gland ae another. Aa these industries and the needs of the people continue to grow, New England’s railroads and other
Vol. 44, No. 11
transportation agencies will develop with them and serve them as they have served 80 well for so many years.
REFERENCES (1) Council of Economic Advisers, “The New Englsnd Emnomy,” Washington25. D.C., U.S.GovernmentPrintingO5ce. 1961. (2) Edgar, R. M., ”The Rsilmd’a Place in Induetrid Develop ment,”Bhston & Maine R.R.. Boaton Maas.. 1947. (3) Federal Reserve Bank of Boaton, Monthlu R-w, Industrid Davelopment M e a , July 195C-June 1952. (4) Hsrlow, A. F., “Steelwsya of New England.” Creative Age Ress. h a . , New York. N. Y., 1 W . (5) Maritime Aasooistion. Boston Chamber of Commerae, Boaton. Maw.. “Port of Boaton. U.S.A..” published annually. ( 6 ) Masssohumtta Aeronautica Commiseian, Boston, Maas.. “What Metropolitan Boston OEm Air Lines and the Avistion Industry.“ 1948. (7) National Resources Planning Board. 2100 Federal Bldg., Boston, Maas.. “State Legislation Relating to the Develop ment and Control of Avistion in New England,.’ r e v i d 1940. (8) New England Council, Statler Building, Boston, Maas.. N m Enahnd New L e ,October 1951. (9) Port of Baaton Authority. Boston. Mass., “The Importana, of Water Transportation to New England.” Msy 16. 1852. (10) Portland Chamber of Commerce. Portland. Maine. “A Prolile of the Port of Portland,” 1952. Rscmn’~ofor review Msrab SI. 1852.
ACC~FTED
A U W ~ 12, ism.
Construction Requirements WALTER c. voss DEPARTMENT OF m WACHUSKITS m
m a E N ~ AND G CONSR~UCTSON, s m OF TECHNOLOGY. CM~BRIDGK. w s .
Industridplants Ma combination of mpeciac equipment and i b houaing. The equipment. usually from a few ~ t i o m d u m . varies very little in the c0.t for any given unit regardless of where it is h o d . The housing w i l l be controlled by the industrial yu for which thia equipnunt is intadad. The wnstruction mquimments for Ndl h o e d # O n d Y m n g a r d l . r Of WOOgraphical location. Once t h u M mtaLhhd I only dWemnthlm in the cost of materidm and labor and restrlativa code -menm a y d u c e pmfemntial capital expmdituxu. These dements of the cost M tw often given gmate? wdght than they d t and (LIP d y MknWl’bZIt to t hem d Of a P d U d M ZIlallY othu factom inrolrd in nunufactum and d e . When the ruyul.mmb for dmikc occupanc3u m a y be reland b u n of h t e . an e d d i t i o d saving in C O N t r u C t i O n may be padble. This is d y the u . .in the chemical idwtria. M most plants must mut criteria for huvy load. p w w , fhsafety. and durability. When th.r criteria M properly .tUdied, plena, mtructulul fnwna. power mquhments. and npuina material# d be pra&caUy the smu ngsrd*r of location. Thus. M far M plant construction rquimments M wncernd. the chemid indin the northeastern .Mof the United Statam should 6nd thunulvu in just M .ati.kctory a podtion M thou in 0th- part. of the wuntry.
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N
CONSIDEMNO the WnEhCtion reqnirementa of any apecisc induatry to deteopline how they may aUect ita succesa or failure in me8iing the competition that usually exinta between *om, there must 6rst be agreement on the elementa which eonaitute the plant or factory in which the d e activities are carried on. In thin d i s c d o n the padtion is taken that these elements in an industrial plant are a oombmtion of speeific
proceae equipment and the building6 and normal services which are ordinarily used. Using these categories we would have equip ment which is peculii to the industry and which does not include such item as heating, lighting, and plumbing, and the buildingp themselves including these three services. In many induntries the costa of the specific equipment and of the building and its usual services are much the same regardless of location. It is usually true that the heavy, speci6c industrial equipment, aside from the normal serviceequipmentnecessary to all buildinga, is manufactured by a few companies and is Bold at uniform prices to contractors for industrial plants, wide from transport coda. This does not, therefore, contribute to any significant dflereutial area preferences. PDPYL.tl0.
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Figure 1. Population 0s. Construction Volunu in 1948
-
Norember 1952
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY -
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vania, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Delaware The southern states east of the Missieaippi, including Virginia West Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi! , Kentucky, Tennessee, and Loluaana The middle western states, including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, NEW: LAND Wieconsin, and Michigan The plateau states west of the Miasim pi. including Minnesota, Iowa, Arkansea, North Y and &uth Dakota Nebraska, Kansas Oklahoma, 'k-, Wyomin &lorado, New Mexico, and Montana T f e far western states,including Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Nevada. Washington, Oregon, and California
Resources
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The population of these areea and the proportion of the construction volume which each area enjoys are indicative of indue trial activity and give the first view of area comparisons. Figure 1 presents these data and shows the 1948, populations of these subdivisions, the construction volume in dollara which each enjoyed, and the per capita share of the construction volume. Some rather interesting trends are indicated. The New England and New York area is only sliht?y below the national average. The middle Atlantic area, quite ea old industrially ea the New England and New York mea, still maintain^ its lead notwithstanding the fact that it has a population approximately 4% lower than the northemtern area. Similarly, the SOU~~PIII and middle western areas, each with one 6fth of the population, do not indicate the progressive character ahown by the middle
w.11 0.18 0.1s
Fi-
2545
2. How ConstructionDolk. W M Spent
The building in which the equipment is housed will have predetermined construction requirements depending upon the i n d m trial me for which the equipment and the building are intended. Sucb requirements will he uniform regardless of geographical location, except for climatic criteria, should these dictate Wnditiom independent of the basic requirements Once these requirements am established, diEerentials in the cost of labor and m ~ t e r i a l and ~ restrictive. Bourl, Res. I M U Vnits o f ConstMtlom code requirements could be responsible for price //////////A w.40 differentials. An analpis of the comparative ..E. L 1.1. .. . 1,s e5ect of these differentisle may indicate that 1 2.13 1lL.S 1 they have a reasonable measure of importance. These elements of cost are too often given greater weight than they merit and are rarely as important in the final cost of the product of the ////////I 11.01 plant ea many of the other factors involved in Bourn ......I 0.w manufactureand d e s . 1 1.m When the reauirements for similar occuuanciee may be relaxeci because of climatic conditions, 1.59 additional savin@ in construction costs m p o s *.OQ iiEEzl aible. In the chemical industry most plants require deaigns which will carry heavy loads, have / /////A 18.a I.-Of 1,s ~pecialiseedpower requirements, and require fire U..I..IPDI 1 1.00 LZS.70 safety and the u8e of materials which will resist det&ioration due to expaewe to the processes //////////1 **.% ",.t . ..I ~ C air is reinvolved. When S ~ C ~ Iconditioned 1.n 2.1* 3 auired for anv nroceaa. comdetelv enclosed areas Po." I become necessary and the advantagen of climate may not be great. In other c a w the PIOCWE may A% ., . V.8.1. Irn.90 I require special mechanical equipment to provide wmfort for the employees, when balmy cliEZza I.__._I c/ 8 skl11.d mates am not enough. swim c-n A-W to P. C. ~t. I 1 c w n r.:.. ;o"r~/wwe ' Pm4w*'.w A few factual data derived from industrial Figure 3. Wage Rates and Possible Units of Canmtruction in 1948 surveys and WUEUS reporta will help evaluate the factors which may contribute to diEerentiSls of cost. Among these factors the most commonly Atlantic, plateau, and far western mea. However in commentioned are material and labor costs. In addition, there me parison with P I ~ V ~ O U years E the middle Atlantic, middle westem, restrictive provieions in many building codes. I n preaenting and northeeatern ~ v e a eare falling back, while the southern, and discuaeing these facts, the country may he divided into Six plateau, and far western arem are advancing. This is shown in principal geographical ~veae. For the purposes of this discourse Figure 2, which gives the distribution of the construction doland because the availablem e y data followed a similar mbdivilar in each area for the years 1929, 1939, and 1948. Thin sion, these include: iigure shows the great advance that is taking place in the The New En and states and New York Plateall area. The middle ftlantic states, including New Jersey, Pennsyl-
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