Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition for Synthesis of Nanowire

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Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition for Synthesis of Nanowire Arrays of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Thermal Conversion to Carbon/Metal Oxide Hybrid Materials Christine Young, Jie Wang, Jeonghun Kim, Yoshiyuki Sugahara, Joel Henzie, and Yusuke Yamauchi Chem. Mater., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00836 • Publication Date (Web): 23 Apr 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 23, 2018

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Chemistry of Materials

Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition for Synthesis of Nanowire Arrays of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Thermal Conversion to Carbon/Metal Oxide Hybrid Materials Christine Young1,2,3+, Jie Wang2+, Jeonghun Kim4, Yoshiyuki Sugahara,2,5 Joel Henzie3* and Yusuke Yamauchi1,2,3,4,6*

1

Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China

2

School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan

3

International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan

4

School of Chemical Engineering & Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

5

Kagami Memorial Waseda Research Institute for Science and Technology, 2-8- 26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0054, Japan

6

Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheunggu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea

E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

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Abstract Metal

organic

frameworks

(MOFs)

can

serve

as

high

surface-area

templates

to

generate

hierarchically-ordered nanoporous carbon electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor devices. Here we describe a simple chemical approach to synthesize dense three-dimensional (3D) arrays of core-shell ZnO@ZIF-8 and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67 nanowires on a conductive carbon cloth. Annealing the core-shell structures at high temperatures converted the MOF shell into a composite of nanoporous carbon (NC) mixed with conductive metal oxides. The conformal nature of the MOF-coating process generates a NC film with continuous conductive paths from the outer surfaces of the nanowires down to the flexible carbon electrode. Carbonization of ZIF-67 transforms the material into conductive sp2 type carbon mixed with Co3O4 nanostructures. Since Co3O4 is a faradic metal oxide with a high theoretical capacitance, these Co3O4/NC hybrid heterostructure arrays are a promising candidate material for use in an electrochemical supercapacitor device. The Co3O4/NC hybrid electrodes had good performance and exhibited a high areal capacitance of 1.22 F·cm-2 at 0.5 mA·cm-2. Conformal deposition of MOFs via the chemical vapor method offers a promising new platform to design conductive, ultra-high surface area electrodes that preserve the 3D morphology for applications in supercapacitors and electrocatalysis.


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1. Introduction Nanostructured carbon materials are essential for creating inexpensive, high performance electrodes for applications in hydrogen storage, adsorbents, catalyst supports, and electrode materials.1,2 The performance of nanoporous carbon materials depends sensitively on the hierarchical ordering of porosity at all length scales from microscale to macroscale dimensions. Sacrificial templates can serve as an effective route to control the ordering of porous carbon by creating materials with: (i) porous architectures, (ii) interconnected porous networks, and (iii) high surface areas.3 Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been examined as sacrificial precursors because they are composed of uniform networks metal and organic linkers that decompose predictably into highly porous networks of conductive carbon.4-6 MOFs are a class of crystalline solid composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic ligands.7-9 The choice of metal and organic linker determines the structure and surface chemistry of the MOF, ultimately dictating its utility in applications spanning gas storage, catalysis, and molecular separation technologies. The uniformity of MOFs and their adjustable parameters makes them ideal candidates as sacrificial templates for nanoporous carbon materials for various applications. Depending on conditions, heat treatment of MOFs can generate nanostructured metal oxides.10-13 By varying annealing temperatures and times, researchers can control composition, surface area, and pore size. Recently, it was shown that some hybrid structures composed of transition metal oxides with carbon-based materials have better stability and conductivity.14-16 MOFs may be able to create more efficient functional heterostructures because the metal nodes of the MOF are perfectly distributed throughout the material by covalent bonding with organic linkers.10 Including species of transition metals inside the structure of the MOF is sometimes beneficial for generating more conductive nanoporous carbon (NC) frameworks because their catalytic effects help generate graphitic sp2 type carbon.17,18 Careful control of the pyrolysis step of MOFs is still a challenge because MOF particles can aggregate during the formation of nanoporous carbon, sometimes resulting in collapsed structures with poor electrical conductivity and low surface areas. We hypothesized that anchoring these MOFs particles to the surfaces of larger 1D nanostructures may prevent them from aggregating and help maintain the nanoporous framework with good control of orientation. Numerous MOF-coated nanowire arrays have been examined for use in various applications.19-21 However these methods use solution approaches to grow the MOF, making it ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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difficult to control of thickness or morphology of the MOF layer because the nucleation and growth rate will depend on interactions between the surface structure of the substrate, solvent and precursors. Researchers are presently exploring alternative methods to prepare MOFs without using solvents. Solvent-free processes can generate continuous films with better control of crystallinity and uniformity.22,23 Additionally, these processes avoid solvents that cause chemical contamination and corrosion of the substrate. In particular, the growth of metal-organic frameworks by chemical vapor deposition (so-called MOF-CVD) is promising because physically deposited ZnO can be converted into ZIF-8 simply by exposing it to 2-methylimidazole (2-Melm) vapor under moderate heat.24 The MOF-CVD method has primarily been used to convert planar 2D oxides and different microstructures into ZIF-8. But we recognized the power of this method lies in its ability to conformally transform complex 3D structures into a continuous, crystalline film of MOF. Since ZIF frameworks with different topologies can be made with other metal ions (e.g. Fe, Co, Cu), the MOF-CVD method may serve as a platform for new kinds of interesting metal/organic heterostructures. In this work, we extended the MOF-CVD method in order to apply a conformal coating of zeolitic imidazolate framework on the surfaces of dense 3D arrays of zinc oxide (ZnO) and cobalt carbonate hydroxide (Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O) nanowires supported by a conductive carbon cloth. The nanowires were generated with a simple hydrothermal method and grown directly on all surfaces of the cloth. The nanowire

sample

was

exposed

to

2-Meim

vapor

to

generate

the

ZnO@ZIF-8

and

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67 nanowires. The vaporized 2-Meim reacts with the metal cations on the surface

of

nanowires,

continuously

converting

layers

of

metal

oxide

into

MOF.

Then

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67 samples were carbonized at high temperature to generate hybrid Co3O4/NC nanowire arrays according to structural analysis. We used the Co3O4/NC samples in an electrochemical supercapacitor device because the pairing of Co3O4 with carbon enables extraordinary pseudo-capacitive properties.25-27 Growing the material on carbon cloth creates a high surface area electrode with high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical strength. MOF-CVD can result in the deposition of continuous films of nanoporous carbon covering the entire surface of the Co3O4 nanowires, ensuring fast electron transport without the use of any polymer binder. The flexible 3D carbon cloth can be used directly used as a current collector in energy storage applications. ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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2. Experimental Materials. Zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(CHCOO)2·2H2O), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O), hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) (C6H12N4), ammonia (NH3·H2O), and cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Urea (NH2CONH2) and ammonia fluoride (NH4F) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Company (TCI). 2-methylimidazole (2-Melm) and PEO20PPO70PEO20 (Pluronic P123) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All reagents were used without further purification. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanowire arrays (abbreviated as ZnO-arrays) on carbon cloth. A hydrothermal method was used to synthesize ZnO nanowires on carbon cloth. A 1 cm2 piece of carbon cloth was immersed in 0.01 M Zn(CHCOO)2·2H2O ethanol solution for 1 hour (h). Then the cloth was annealed at 200°C for 2 h in air. The treated carbon cloth was transferred to a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave containing 40 mL of the following aqueous solution: 0.05 M Zn(NO3)2, 0.05 M HMTA, 0.05 M NH3, and 2 mM Pluronic P123. The autoclave was sealed and heated at 100°C for 12 h. After the autoclave had cooled to room temperature, the cloth sample was rinsed with ethanol and water, and then dried at 50°C overnight. Synthesis of cobalt carbonate hydroxide (Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O) nanowire arrays (abbreviated as Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays) on carbon clothes. A 1 cm2 piece of carbon cloth was immersed in 36 mL of the following aqueous solution: 1 mM Co(NO3)2·6H2O, 5mM urea, and 4 mM NH4F. The solution and cloth were transferred to a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave and heated at 120°C for 10 h. After the autoclave had cooled to room temperature, the cloth sample was rinsed with ethanol and water, and then dried at 50°C overnight. Conversion to MOFs via a chemical vapor method. An excess amount of 2-Melm powder was loaded into the bottom of a teflon autoclave. Next, the obtained ZnO-arrays on carbon cloth were placed inside a separate vessel and this was put on top of the 2-Melm powder. The autoclave was sealed and heated to 100°C for 15 h. The samples were labeled according to temperature (x) and treatment time (y), so the sample was called "ZnO@ZIF-8-x-y" or in the above case ZnO@ZIF-8-100-15. We used the same notation for the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-x-y samples. Preparation of Co3O4/nanoporous carbon nanowire arrays. The Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-x-y ACS Paragon Plus Environment


samples were annealed by heating the sample under an N2 atmosphere to 400 °C at a ramp rate of 2°C min-1 and held at that temperature for 1 h. The samples were subsequently heated in air to 250°C at a ramp rate of 2°C min-1 and held at that temperature for 2 h. The sample was denoted as Co3O4/NC-x-y. For comparison, a Co3O4 arrays were prepared from Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-array directly by heating in air to 300°C at a ramp rate of 2°C min-1 and held at that temperature for 2 h Characterization. The crystalline structures of the samples were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (Rigaku 2500) using a Cu Kα (λ= 0.15406 nm) x-ray source. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out using a Hitachi HT-Seiko Instrument Exter 6300 TG/DTA with a heating rate of 5 oC min-1 with an airflow rate of 200 mL min-1. The morphology of the samples was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Hitachi S-4800 operated at 5kV), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; JEM-2100F operated at 200 kV). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were measured with a BELSORP-mini (BEL, Japan) at 77 K. The surface areas (S) and pore volumes (V) were obtained via the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. Electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical measurements were carried out with an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660e, CH Instruments) using standard three-electrode and two electrode measurements. For the three-electrode measurements, a Hg/HgO electrode (RE-61AP, ALS Co., Ltd) and a platinum wire electrode were used as a reference electrode and a counter electrode, respectively. All the electrochemical measurements were carried out in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The areal capacitance was calculated using galvanostatic charge/discharge with the following equation: C=

2‫ݐܸ݀ ׬ ܫ‬ ܸଶ

where I is the discharge current density (A cm-2), V is the voltage, and t is the discharging time.

3. Results and discussion Figure 1a illustrates how both ZnO@ZIF-8-x-y and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-x-y samples were formed via a two-step reaction. Initially the ZnO-arrays and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays were synthesized on carbon cloth by a hydrothermal growth process. Then the sample was exposed to 2-Melm vapor to convert the outer shell of the ZnO and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O nanowires into ZIF-8 and ZIF-67, respectively, via the MOF-CVD approach. The Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-x-y samples were further ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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carbonized and oxidized into Co3O4/NC nanowires arrays which is illustrated in Figure 1b. The ZnO-arrays and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays here served as precursors, providing the coordinated transition metal ions to form the MOF shells. The ZnO-arrays were exposed to 2-Melm vapor atmosphere at 100°C and 120°C for various times (t = 0, 6, 9, 15, and 24 h). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to track the evolution of the reaction as ZnO transformed into highly crystalline ZIF-8 (Figure 2a). The starting ZnO-arrays have the standard ZnO structure (JCPDS No. 36-1451). At 6-hours (i.e. ZnO@ZIF-8-100-6), peaks at 7.3° and 12.7° that are characteristic of ZIF-8 were observed. Over time the ZIF-8 peaks became distinct while the ZnO peaks diminished slightly due to the consumption of ZnO. The same effect was observed in the ZnO@ZIF-8-120-24 sample. On the other hand, the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays matched the pattern for Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O (JCPDS No. 48-0083) (The presence of Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O was further proved by the TG analysis, as shown in Figure S1). The Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays were treated at 90°C using the same time series (Figure 2b). A longer heating time drove the formation of ZIF-67 and the main XRD peaks became increasingly clear. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can indicate how morphology and crystallinity changes during the MOF-CVD conversion process. Compared to pristine ZnO-arrays (Figures 3a and S2a), the ZnO@ZIF-8-100-3 sample exhibited clear morphological changes and the nanowires became noticeably thicker and rougher as 2-Melm corroded and transformed the ZnO surface (Figure S2b-f). The ZnO@ZIF-8-100-15 sample was very uniform and grew normal to the surface of the carbon threads that made up the cloth. It retained the nanowire shape with a ~40 nm inner ZnO core and ~25 nm ZIF-8 shell (Figures 3b-d and S3). For comparison, the ZnO@ZIF-8-100-9 sample had a ~70 nm of inner ZnO core and a ~15-20 nm ZIF-8 shell (Figure S4). After 24 hours, the morphologies of ZnO@ZIF-8-100-24 eventually collapsed as the ZnO nanowire core was totally transformed, generating bulky ZIF-8 crystals. Performing the same experiments at 120°C produced similar results although the reaction proceeded much faster (Figure S2g-i). At ZnO@ZIF-8-120-3 the surface of the nanowires became wider in diameter as the ZIF-8 grew more quickly. Subsequently, ZnO@ZIF-8-120-6 had a similar morphology as ZnO@ZIF-8-100-24. When the reaction was further prolonged to 24 hours (i.e. ZnO@ZIF-8-120-24), ZIF-8 particles with polyhedral shapes formed, ostensibly causing the strong ZIF-8 peaks in XRD data (Figure 2a). ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Based on these observations, the rough mechanism for the conversion process can be separated into three stages: dissolution-reprecipitation, crystal growth, and Ostwald ripening.28-29 Initially the 2-Melm drives the corrosion of ZnO and formation of ZIF-8 on the surface of the nanowires. The morphology and shape of the original nanowires is well-preserved at this stage in the reaction. It corresponds to the following samples:

ZnO@ZIF-8-100-6,

ZnO@ZIF-8-100-9,

ZnO@ZIF-8-100-12,

ZnO@ZIF-8-100-15,

and

ZnO@ZIF-8-120-3. Higher temperature or prolonged time leads more nucleation and crystal growth of ZIF-8 nanoparticles, as observed in ZnO@ZIF-8-100-24 and ZnO@ZIF-8-120-6. At the final stage corresponding to ZnO@ZIF-8-120-24, only larger ZIF-8 particles (~1.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter) are observed suggesting that the smaller particles have been consumed via Ostwald ripening. We also studied the transformation of cobalt carbonate hydroxide to ZIF-67 by varying the reaction temperature and times (Figure S5). The original Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays were composed of smooth and sharp needles of Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O covering the carbon cloth (Figure S5a). At a temperature of 90°C the 2-Melm vapor caused the nanowires to gradually thicken with increasing reaction times according to SEM (Figure S5b-d). In Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-15 (Figures 3f-h and S6), the thickness of ZIF-67 shell was ~150 nm, and the diameter of the inner core was ~200 nm. Reacting the samples for 24 hours caused the needle-like structures to aggregate and collapse into small particles (Figure S5e). After raising

the

reaction

temperature

to

100°C,

the

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-100-3

and

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-100-6 samples did not retain the original morphology of the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-arrays (Figure S5f-g). After 9 hours, the rigid rectangular shape of ZIF-67 was observed indicating that the Ostwald ripening stage is dominant (Figure S5h). The above results prove that 2-Melm vapor can penetrate the ZnO and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O nanowires and generate conformal films of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 without the use of solvents. The presence of water vapor is essential for hydration of ZnO to Zn(OH)2. Through the reaction between Zn2+ and 2-Melm, ZIF-8 is continuously formed on the surface of nanowires. The conditions that lead to the formation of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 are similar. However, the transformation from Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O to ZIF-67 happened much faster at 100 oC than for ZIF-8. In general, CoO is chemically less active than ZnO.30 In our case, however, Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O served as a Co source.31 It is sufficiently hydrated and therefore the crystallization of ZIF-67 can be initiated at a comparatively lower temperature. ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping images (Figure S4 and S6) confirm the presence of a core-shell structure in the ZnO@ZIF-8-100-15 and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-15 samples. Porosity was examined with nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements (Figure S7). All the measured samples show high uptakes of N2 gas in the low-pressure range (almost Type I isotherms), indicating the presence of micropores. The BET specific surface area was 94, 281, 85, and 357 m2·g-1 for ZnO@ZIF-8-100-15,

ZnO@ZIF-8-100-24,

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-15,

and

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-24. All these results demonstrate that there is MOF coating the surface of the nanowires to generate the ZnO@ZIF-8 and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67 core-shell structures. Co3O4 is used in electrochemical supercapacitors because it can store charge via faradic redox reactions. Co3O4 has higher theoretical capacitance (ca. 3560 F·g−1) than ZnO.32,33 Additionally, ZIF-67 can be thermally converted into conductive sp2 carbon due to the presence of Co nanostructures34-36, whereas ZIF-8 tends to form less-conductive sp3 carbon structures.37-39 Thus we focused on the Co3O4/NC hybrid electrodes as supercapacitor devices because they combine the benefits of faradic metal oxides with conductive, high surface area porous carbons to enable better-performing electrochemical supercapacitors. Although various conditions were used to generate the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67 structures described above, we selected the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-15 sample for further experiments because it had a thick ZIF-67 shell, and still had the original high surface area morphology of the nanowire array. Heating this sample transformed it into Co3O4/NC (denoted as Co3O4/NC-90-15) core-shell nanowire arrays (Figures 4a-b,

e-f).

For

comparison,

the

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-24

and

Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-array samples were also transformed with the same procedure (denoted as Co3O4/NC-90-24 and Co3O4) (Figures 4c-d). Wide-angle XRD patterns of the Co3O4/NC-90-15, Co3O4/NC-90-24 and Co3O4 samples are shown in Figure S8. The nanowire arrays in all samples were transformed into Co3O4 (JCPDS No. 42-1467) by annealing them at 400°C in N2 atmosphere for 1 hour, then at 250 oC in air for 2 hours. Figure 4a-b shows SEM images of Co3O4/NC-90-15 that mostly preserved its original morphology even after heat treatment. The surface was rougher, and the shape of the wire distorted in part due to the change in lattice constants of the core and shell materials. A closer look at the surface of the nanocarbon in SEM revealed the presence of ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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tiny nano-whiskers (Figure 4b). Figure 4e-f provides a closer look at these structures in TEM. Interestingly, the HRTEM images show that the presence of structures with an interlayer distance of 0.34 nm, corresponding to the (002) plane of sp2-graphitic structures. ZIF-67 contains considerable amounts of cobalt species which are known to catalyze the formation of sp2-graphitic structures when heated in N2 atmosphere.34-36 The porous carbon and the dispersed cobalt can be observed in the EDX mapping (Figure S9). In contrast, Co3O4/NC-90-24 samples collapsed, forming aggregated structures in part due to shrinkage caused during the thermal step. A detailed SEM, HRTEM and EDX analysis of the Co3O4/NC-90-24 sample are shown in Figure S10, demonstrating the presence of Co3O4 crystalline structure. The Co3O4/NC-90-15 sample had the highest BET surface area value of 74.0 m2·g-1, while Co3O4/NC-90-24 was only 44.5 m2·g-1. Ostensibly, the lower surface area of the Co3O4/NC-90-24 sample was caused by aggregation and collapse during the thermal step, since its counterpart Co3O4/NC-90-24 was markedly larger. The Co3O4 array sample prepared with the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-array had a surface area 60.4 m2·g-1 (Figure S11). In order to confirm the valence states, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out on the Co3O4/NC -90-15, Co3O4/NC -90-24 and Co3O4 samples. The full XPS spectra are shown in Figure S12a. C, O and Co elements were found in all samples. The element component ratio of C:O:Co in Co3O4/NC-90-15 and Co3O4/NC-90-24 samples were 72.0:23.4:4.6 and 52.6:33.8:13.6 atomic%, respectively. As indicated in Figure S12b-d, the Co 2p of the Co3O4 phase in the samples was deconvoluted into satellites and two spin-orbit doublets. Two peaks at the binding energy of Co3+ and Co2+ are located at 779.6/795.0 eV and 781.3/796.8 eV, corresponding to Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2, respectively. The bond energies of the peaks matched with the previously reported positions of Co3+ and Co2+ cations in the Co3O4 structure. In Figure S12e-f, C 1s spectra in the Co3O4/NC -90-15 and Co3O4/NC -90-24 samples were deconvoluted into four peaks, which was corresponding to sp2 graphite-like carbon structure, sp3 carbon, in addition to hydroxyl (C-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and carboxyl groups (COOH). The large component of sp2 carbon again demonstrates that graphite-like structures are prevalent, which is in agreement with the HRTEM results (Figure 4f). The electrochemical performance of the Co3O4/NC-90-15, Co3O4/NC-90-24 and Co3O4 samples was examined with a three-electrode system in 6 M KOH electrolyte solution as shown in Figures 5 and S13. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of Co3O4/NC-90-15, Co3O4/NC-90-24, and Co3O4 were measured ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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within optimal potential window. Figure 5a shows the CV plots of three electrodes at a scan rate of 1 mV s-1. Strong redox peaks can be observed in all samples, but the Co3O4/NC-90-15 electrode registers the highest enclosed area of its CV curve. The galvanostatic charge-discharge measurement were also carried out to estimate capacitive performance. Figure 5b shows the corresponding galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of Co3O4/NC-90-15 as a function of the current density. The Co3O4/NC-90-15 electrode provided the highest areal capacitance of 1.22 F·cm-2 at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm-2, and still retains 0.72 F·cm-2 at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2. Figure 5c further shows the current density dependence of the areal capacitance of all samples. Co3O4/NC-90-24 sample had a lower areal capacitance, likely due to its lower surface area and insufficient pore pathways caused by the collapse of needle-like morphology during thermal treatment. However, the Co3O4/NC-90-24 electrode had a higher rate ability of ~70% than Co3O4/NC-90-15 (~60%), owing to its higher composition of carbon (~36.1 at.%) and the presence of sp2 graphite-like carbon structure which grants higher conductivity than other samples. For comparison, the Co3O4 array sample had the lowest areal capacitance due to its lower surface area and smaller conductivity. Even at the highest current density we tested (20 mA·cm-2), the areal capacitance of Co3O4/NC-90-15 is maintained at up to ~60% of that measured at 0.5 mA·cm-2, which is much larger than the capacitance of Co3O4 array sample tested at low current densities. This result indicates the advantages of hybrid structure of Co3O4/NC-90-15. The ion electron transport performance of the electrodes was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In Figure 5d the x-intercept of the Nyquist plots represents the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of internal resistance. The slope of the Nyquist plots is known as the Warburg resistance, and it is a result of the frequency dependence of ion diffusion in the electrolyte to the electrode interface.40,41 The ESR and Warburg measurements of Co3O4/NC-90-24 were slightly lower than for Co3O4/NC-90-15. This observation may be attributed to the existence of carbon in the composites. Co3O4 sample had the highest resistance, likely due to a higher contact resistance and lower charge transfer rate. The rate capability is affected by the conductivity performance in the entire electrochemical system and therefore this result is consistent with the trend of the areal capacitance plots as well. The cycling test of Co3O4/NC-90-15 was carried out at a scan rate of 40 mV·s-1 for 4000 cycles (Figure S14). The device performed as high as 98.2% after 4000 cycles, demonstrating extraordinary stability in an alkali solution environment. A comparison of ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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the electrochemical performance of the Co3O4/NC-90-15 electrodes with other literature reports is contained in Table S1. All Co3O4-decorated electrodes tend to exhibit good capacitance. However, our Co3O4/NC hybrid electrodes have the best life cycling performance and retention while maintaining high areal capacitance.

4. Conclusion MOF-CVD was used to coat ZnO and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O nanowire arrays with conformal films of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 MOF without the use of organic solvents. To retain the high surface area morphology of the electrodes, the thickness of the MOF was controlled via reaction temperature and reaction time to generate core-shell ZnO@ZIF-8 and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67 nanowires. Heating these samples transformed the MOFs into nanoporous carbon. In the case of ZIF-67, heating also created Co nanoparticles which were able to catalyze the growth of a more conductive sp2 graphite shell, while the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O core transformed into Co3O4. Co3O4 has high theoretical capacitance while NC is conductive and has a large surface area, thus the Co3O4/NC hybrid electrodes exploit the advantages of both active materials in a supercapacitor electrode while the nanowire morphology ensures good mechanical adhesion and electrical connection to the current collector. The Co3O4/NC-90-15 sample had an areal capacitance of 1.22 F·cm-2 at the current density of 0.5 mA·cm-2 and up to 98.2 % retention after 4000 cycles. Such an excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to: (i) the accessibility of available active sites, (ii) low resistance of entire material architecture, (iii) favorable faradic reactions from the Co3O4 nanowire core structures, and (iv) a nanowire/carbon cloth electrode support structure that provides good mechanical adhesion and electrical connection to the current collector. We believe that these hybrid array structures are promising as advanced electrode materials for energy storage applications, and that additional hybrid MOF structures can be made to target different applications in catalysis and energy storage.

Supporting Information. The Supporting Information is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. TGA curve, SEM images, TEM images, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, wide-angle XRD patterns, XPS spectra and electrochemical data of ZnO arrays, Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11 arrays, ZnO@ZIF-8, Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11@ZIF-67, and Co3O4/NC. ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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Acknowledgement. This work was supported by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellow (Grant No. FT150100479), JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers 17H05393 and 17K19044), and the research funds by Qingdao University of Science and Technology and the Suzuken Memorial Foundation. The authors would like to thank New Innovative Technology (NIT) for helpful suggestions and discussions on materials fabrication.



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Figures and Figures Captions

Figure 1 Scheme showing the synthetic process to generate (a) ZnO@ZIF-8-x-y and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-x-y using 2-Melm vapor where x and y are the synthesis temperature and synthesis time, respectively. (b) Advantages of Co3O4/NC hybrid materials.


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Figure 2 Wide-angle XRD patterns of (a) ZnO-arrays and (b) Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays thermally treated samples for various temperatures and times.



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Figure 3 (a, e) SEM images of (a) the original ZnO-arrays and (e) Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O-arrays grown on conductive carbon cloth. (b-d) Low magnification and high magnification SEM images, and TEM image of the ZnO@ZIF-8 sample grown at 100 ºC for 15 hours (i.e. ZnO@ZIF-8-100-15). (f-h) Low magnification and high magnification SEM images, and TEM image of the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11@ZIF-67 sample grown at 90 ºC for 15 hours (i.e. Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-90-15).


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Figure 4 (a-d) SEM images of (a, b) Co3O4/NC-90-15, (c) Co3O4/NC-90-24, and (d) Co3O4 samples. (e, f) TEM images of Co3O4/NC-90-15 with different magnifications.



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Figure 5 (a) CV curves of the Co3O4/NC-90-15, Co3O4/NC-90-24 and Co3O4 samples at a scan rate of 1 mV·s-1. (b) The charge-discharge curves of the Co3O4/NC-90-15 sample at current densities ranging from 0.5 to 20 mA·cm-2. (c) The areal capacitance of the Co3O4/NC-90-15, Co3O4/NC-90-24, and Co3O4 samples at different current densities. (d) The Nyquist plots of the Co3O4/NC-90-15, Co3O4/NC-90-24, and Co3O4 samples (inset: high resolution Nyquist plots).


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Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition for Synthesis of Nanowire

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