27 Block Copolymers of Methyl Methacrylate 1
RAYMOND B. SEYMOUR, GLENN A. STAHL, DON R. OWEN, and HUBERT WOOD
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University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004
Polymerization in poor solvents is a two-step process in which the length of the precipitating macroradical coil is controlled by its solubility in the solvent. The length of the growing chain in the coils is diffusion-controlled. Hence, the molecular weight of poly(methyl methacrylate) prepared in hexane is essentially independent of the concentration of initiator. The following block copolymers were prepared by the addition of selected monomers to macroradicals formed by polymerizing methyl methacrylate (MMA) in poor solvents: poly(MMA-b-acrylic acid), poly(MMA -b-acrylonitrile), poly(MMA-b-ethyl methacrylate), poly(MMA-b -styrene), poly(MMA-b-vinyl acetate), poly(MMA-b-vinylpyrrolidone), poly(MMA-co-styrene-b-acrylonitrile), and poly(MMA-b -styrene). These block copolymers were characterized by yield data, solubility, pyrolysis gas chromatography, and turbidimetric titration.
I
t is g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e m o s t v e r s a t i l e p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of b l o c k c o p o l y m e r s is t h e a d d i t i o n o f m o n o m e r s to l i v i n g i o n i c p o l y m e r s
(1) . A c c o r d i n g l y , p o l y ( m e t h y l methacrylate-Z?-alkyl acrylates) a n d the cor responding block alkyl methacrylates have been prepared b y anionic techniques (2) . H o w e v e r , a t t e m p t s t o p r e p a r e p o l y ( m e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e - Z ? - s t y r e n e ) b y anionic techniques were not successful (3).
P o l y ( m e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e - / > a c r y l o n i t r i l e ) h a s also b e e n r e a d i l y p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g acrylonitrile to m e t h y l methacrylate ( M M A ) l i v i n g macroradicals (4, 5 ) , a n d t h i s t e c h n i q u e is also a v e r s a t i l e p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of m a n y other block copolymers (6). I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l s i n s o l v e n t s {7,8) a n d i n the vapor p h a s e ( 9 ) h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d . It w a s s h o w n t h a t these M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l s are s t a b l e i n s o l v e n t s w h i c h h a v e s o l u b i l i t y p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s ( δ ) b e l o w 7.4 o r a b o v e 1 1 . 0 h i l d e b r a n d u n i t s ( H ) (10, 11). I n this investigation, block c o p o l y m e r s w e r e p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g v i n y l m o n o m e r s t o m a c r o r a d i c a l s f o r m e d b y f r e e r a d i c a l i n i t i a t i o n o f M M A at t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 5 0 ° C i n h e x a n e ( δ = 7.4 H ) a n d i n 1 - p r o p a n o l ( δ = 1 1 . 9 Η ) . A t t e m p t s to p r e p a r e blocks f r o m this m a c r o r a d i c a l b y a d d i n g i s o b u t y l 1
Present address: U n i v e r s i t y of Southern M i s s i s s i p p i , H a t t i e s b u r g , M i s s . 39401. 309
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
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310
COPOLYMERS,
POLYBLENDS,
A N D COMPOSITES
ι
I
I
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
AIBN, % Figure 1.
Yield of PMM A after 24 hrs at 50° C in hexane ( O ) and in benzene ( Δ )
m e t h a c r y l a t e , i s o p r e n e , o r v i n y l b r o m i d e at 5 0 ° C w e r e n o t s u c c e s s f u l . There was some e v i d e n c e of short blocks w h e n b u t y l acrylate, h y d r o x y e t h y l m e t h a crylate, a n d α-methylstyrene were a d d e d to M M A macroradicals i n 1-propanol at 5 0 ° C . H o m o b l o c k s of M M A were readily obtained w h e n M M A m o n o m e r w a s a d d e d t o M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l s i n h e x a n e o r 1 - p r o p a n o l at 5 0 ° C . B l o c k s o f s i g nificant size w e r e f o r m e d w h e n selected v i n y l m o n o m e r s w e r e a d d e d to M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l s i n h e x a n e o r 1 - p r o p a n o l at t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 5 0 ° C . Experimental F r e s h l y d i s t i l l e d M M A w a s p o l y m e r i z e d at 2 5 ° C i n t h e a b s e n c e o f o x y g e n b y the ultraviolet light ( U V ) irradiation of a 1 0 % solution of M M A m o n o m e r i n h e x a n e w h i c h also c o n t a i n e d 1 % d i - f e r f - b u t y l p e r o x i d e ( b a s e d o n M M A ) . M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l s w e r e also p r e p a r e d b y h e a t i n g m o n o m e r s o l u t i o n s i n hexane or 1-propanol i n the presence of 2 . 5 % azobis(isobutyronitrile) ( A I B N ) f o r 4 8 h r s at 5 0 ° C . T h e r a t e o f p o l y m e r i z a t i o n w a s m o n i t o r e d b y gas c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( G C ) of r e s i d u a l m o n o m e r a n d i n i t i a t o r , b y p r e c i s i o n d i l a t o m e t r y , a n d b y t h e y i e l d o f macroradicals i n aliquot samples. B l o c k copolymers were p r e p a r e d b y trans f e r r i n g t h e slurry of M M A macroradicals i n a n inert atmosphere to s m a l l bottles containing a d d i t i o n a l v i n y l m o n o m e r . These mixtures were heated i n sealed b o t t l e s at 5 0 ° C f o r 7 2 h r s . T h e e n d p r o d u c t s w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y G C analysis of residual m o n o m e r , y i e l d of solvent-washed p r o d u c t , pyrolysis G C ( P G C ) , a n d turbidimetric titration ( T T ) . V i s c o m e t r i c d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d b y a v e r a g i n g five e f f l u e n t t i m e s m e a s u r e d t o ± 0 . 1 s e c at 2 5 . 0 0 ° C i n a n o . 1 U b b e l o h d e v i s c o m e t e r . G C r e t e n t i o n t i m e s were obtained o n a model A 1 0 0 C aerograph (Wilkens) equipped with a Servo-Ritter II recorder (Texas Instrument) a n d packed w i t h acid-washed C h r o m o s o r b W (Johns M a n v i l l e C o r p . ) a n d 2 0 % S E - 2 0 (General Electric C o . ) . T h i s e q u i p m e n t w a s also u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e r e t e n t i o n t i m e s o f t h e o f f gases o f t h e p y r o l y z a t e . T h e l a t t e r w a s o b t a i n e d b y p l a c i n g a s o l u t i o n o f t h e sample o n a r h e n i u m tungsten code 13-002 coil ( G o w - M a c Instrument C o . ) ,
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
27.
SEYMOUR E T A L .
Block Copolymers
of Methyl
Methacrylate
311
e v a p o r a t i n g t h e s o l v e n t , a n d p y r o l y z i n g t h e r e s i d u a l f i l m f o r 5 sec. T h e r e l a t i v e a m o u n t s o f c o m p o n e n t s w e r e e s t i m a t e d b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e areas o f P G C peaks of samples of k n o w n composition. T u r b i d i t y data were obtained b y titrating a selected nonsolvent c o n t i n u ously using a microsyringe. T h e nonsolvent w a s injected into a magnetically s t i r r e d , e x t r e m e l y d i l u t e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p o l y m e r i n a s q u a r e glass c e l l . T h i s solution w a s i l l u m i n a t e d b y a parallel b e a m of light, a n d the intensity of t h e scattered light was measured b y a photoelectric cell a n d recorded continuously.
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Results and
Discussion
Essentially quantitative yields of p o l y m e r ( P M M A ) were obtained w h e n M M A w a s p o l y m e r i z e d f o r 2 4 h r s at 5 0 ° C i n h e x a n e i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f 2 . 0 % A I B N ( F i g u r e 1 ) . Y i e l d s i n this heterogeneous p o l y m e r i z a t i o n system w e r e at least 8 0 % w h e n A I B N c o n c e n t r a t i o n e x c e e d e d 1 % . I n a h o m o g e n e o u s p o l y m e r i z a t i o n s y s t e m , h o w e v e r , y i e l d s w e r e less t h a n 8 0 % w i t h 2 % A I B N w h e n benzene w a s the solvent. Since the macroradicals precipitated w h e n their molecular weight ex c e e d e d t h e solubility l i m i t i n hexane, initiator concentration affected t h e rate of f o r m a t i o n b u t h a d l i t t l e effect o n t h e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e s e m a c r o r a d i c a l s ( F i g u r e 2 ) . I n b e n z e n e , m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t d e c r e a s e d as A I B N c o n c e n t r a t i o n increased. A l t h o u g h U V i n i t i a t i o n of M M A p o l y m e r i z a t i o n w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d after eight hours, p o l y m e r i z a t i o n c o n t i n u e d ( F i g u r e 3 ) . T h e increase i n m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f the p r o d u c t w i t h time after r e m o v a l of t h e U V source demonstrated that t h e increased y i e l d resulted f r o m a d d i t i o n of M M A m o n o m e r to t h e previously produced M M A macroradicals. H o m o b l o c k s of M M A were m a c r o r a d i c a l s at 5 0 ° C i n h e x a n e .
0.5
also p r o d u c e d f r o m A I B N - i n i t i a t e d M M A B o t h yield a n d reduced viscosity increased
1.0
1.5
AIBN,
2.0
2.5
%
Figure 2. Reduced viscosity of PMMA solutions after 24-hr polymerization of MMA at 50°C in hexane ( O ) and in ben zene ( Δ )
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
312
COPOLYMERS,
POLYBLENDS,
A N D COMPOSITES
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25 J
Τ
1
8
20
•
1
1
— Γ
32
44
56
Time, hrs Figure 3.
Rate of UV-initiated polymerization of MMA in 1-propanol at 35°C UV radiation was discontinued after 8 hrs (*)
w i t h time (Figures 4 a n d 5 ) . Since the hexane slurry contained no residual A I B N , the increase i n w e i g h t resulted f r o m the a d d i t i o n of m o n o m e r to the M M A macroradicals. This conclusion was supported b y the findings f r o m viscometry a n d turbidimetry. T h e p o l y m e r i z a t i o n o f M M A i n a p o o r s o l v e n t o c c u r r e d i n t w o steps. T h e critical c h a i n length of the precipitated M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l w a s governed b y its s o l u b i l i t y i n t h e p o o r s o l v e n t , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f p r e c i p i t a t e d m a c r o r a d i c a l coils w a s a f u n c t i o n of initiator concentration. T h e rate of d i f f u s i o n of m o n o m e r into t h e p r e c i p i t a t e d coils i n the s e c o n d step w a s g o v e r n e d b y t h e ratio of
25
12
24
36
48
60
Time, hrs Figure
4.
Rate of formation of homoblocks of MMA macroradicals at 50°C
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
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27.
Block Copolymers
SEYMOUR E T A L .
of Methyl
Methacrylate
313
Time, hrs Figure 5.
Effect of increasing size of MMA homoblock on reduced viscosity of MMA macroradicals
M M A m o n o m e r to t h e n u m b e r o f c o i l s a n d b y t h e d i i f u s i b i l i t y o f t h e m o n o m e r into the coils (11). P G C data ( F i g u r e 6) revealed that a block c o p o l y m e r i n w h i c h the block constituted 2 4 % of the m a c r o m o l e c u l e w a s o b t a i n e d w h e n acrylic a c i d ( A A ) was a d d e d to a M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l . T h e M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l w a s p r e p a r e d b y h e a t i n g M M A m o n o m e r w i t h 2 . 5 % A I B N i n h e x a n e 4 8 h r s at 5 0 ° C . T h e b l o c k copolymer was prepared b y heating the second monomer a n d the M M A macroradical i n hexane 96 hrs.
Λ MMA
Figure
6.
Gas chromatographic pyrogram poly(MMA-b-AA) (76:24)
of
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
314
COPOLYMERS,
POLYBLENDS,
,ΜΜΑ
MMA
'AN (10%)
AN (5%) MMA
JMMA
J MMA
MMA
AN (27%)
AN (22%)
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MMA
Figure 7.
A N D COMPOSITES
ι MMA
Gas chromatographic pyrograms of
poly(MMA-h-AN)
Blocks 20 J
i — SCD ZJ
ίο Η
Figure 8.
Turbidimetric titration of poly(MMA-b-AN)
in DMF
MMA ( 72%)
MMA
Figure 9.
Gas chromatographic pyrogram of b-EMA)
poly(MMA-
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
27.
Block Copolymers
SEYMOUR E T A L .
A
of Methyl
315
Methacrylate
A
MMA
MMA
I MMA S (18%)
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Figure 10.
Gas chromatographic pyrograms of
poly(MMA-b-S)
T h e preparation of block copolymers of M M A a n d acrylonitrile ( A N ) was reported ( 1 2 ) . Findings from P G C (Figure 7) a n d T T (Figure 8) demon strated that p o l y ( M M A - f r - A N ) was p r e p a r e d b y heating A N a n d M M A macror a d i c a l s i n h e x a n e 9 6 h r s at 5 0 ° C ; t h e b l o c k s c o n s i s t e d o f 5 , 10, 2 2 , a n d 2 7 % copolymer. These block copolymers were soluble i n b o t h acetone a n d d i m e t h y l formamide ( D M F ) . B e c a u s e o f t h e l o w glass t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( T ^ ) of p o l y ( e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ) ( Ρ Ε Μ Α ) , o n l y a short b l o c k ( 1 0 % ) w a s o b t a i n e d i n h e x a n e at 5 0 ° C ; t e r m i n a t i o n r e s u l t e d f r o m i n c r e a s e d s e g m e n t a l m o t i o n of t h e E M A b l o c k . H o w e v e r , a b l o c k w i t h a w e i g h t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 2 8 % c o p o l y m e r w a s o b t a i n e d at 4 0 ° C . P G C d a t a are p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 9. P o l y ( M M A - Z ? - s t y r e n e ) f o r m e d i n b o t h h e x a n e a n d 1 - p r o p a n o l . T h e sty r e n e b l o c k ( S ) c o n s t i t u t e d 11 a n d 1 8 % of t h e c o p o l y m e r p r e p a r e d i n h e x a n e a n d i n 1-propanol, respectively ( F i g u r e s 10 a n d 1 1 ) . T h e Τ f o r p o l y ( v i n y l a c e t a t e ) ( P V A C ) is o n l y 2 8 ° C . H o w e v e r , as s h o w n b y the P G C data ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) , a c o p o l y m e r w i t h a V A C b l o c k e q u a l to 1 3 % of t h e m a c r o m o l e c u l e w a s o b t a i n e d i n 1 - p r o p a n o l . P G C ( F i g u r e 13) a n d T T ( F i g u r e 14) revealed that a block consisting of 14 w t % v i n y l p y r r o l i d o n e ( V P ) w a s o b t a i n e d w h e n V P w a s h e a t e d w i t h M M A m a c r o r a d i c a l i n 1 - p r o p a n o l 9 6 h r s at 5 0 ° C . A n A B C t y p e b l o c k c o p o l y m e r w a s o b t a i n e d b y a d d i n g A N to M Μ Α - V P b l o c k c o p o l y m e r ( F i g u r e 1 5 ) . It w a s s h o w n t h a t b l o c k s of s t y r e n e d i d n o t a d d t o A N m a c r o r a d i c a l s at m o d e r a t e temperatures unless s m a l l amounts of a solvent for p o l y a c r y l o n i t r i l e w e r e p r e s e n t ( 1 2 , 13). H o w e v e r , A N does f o r m a b l o c k w i t h s t y r e n e m a c r o r a d i c a l s , a n d , as s h o w n b y P G C ( F i g u r e 1 6 ) , p o l y ( M M A - c o - S - f r - A N ) g
Volume Fraction of Water Figure 11.
Turbidimetric
titration of poly(MMA-b-S)
in acetone
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
316
COPOLYMERS,
A MMA
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Figure 12.
POLYBLENDS,
A N D COMPOSITES
(87%)
Gas chromatographic pyrogram of poly(MMA-b-VAC)
VP (14%)
Figure
13.
Gas chromatographic pyrogram of poly(MMA-b-VP)
30 CD +J > -r•r- Ό +-> -rr— SCD 3
20
10
Volume Fraction of Hexane Figure 14.
Turbidimetric titration of
poly(MMA-b-VP)
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
27.
Block Copolymers
SEYMOUR E T A L .
of Methyl
Methacrylate
317
MMA
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VP
J Figure
15.
Gas chromatographic pyrogram of poly(MMA-b-VP-b-AN)
( 4 3 : 3 7 : 2 0 ) w a s o b t a i n e d w h e n A N w a s h e a t e d at 5 0 ° C w i t h p o l y ( M A A - c o - S ) ( 5 4 : 4 6 ) macroradicals i n hexane. PGC
( F i g u r e 1 7 ) also d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t S f o r m e d b l o c k s w i t h c o p o l y m e r s
o f M M A a n d A N . T h e s i z e o f t h e S b l o c k i n c r e a s e d as t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f M M A i n the c o p o l y m e r m a c r o r a d i c a l increased; thus the S block constituted 12, 2 2 , a n d 3 5 % of the m a c r o m o l e c u l e AN
w h e n S was heated
at 5 0 ° C
i n hexane
with
c o p o l y m e r s c o n s i s t i n g of 5 0 , 6 6 , a n d 8 0 % M M A r e s p e c t i v e l y . L i k e w i s e , P G C ( F i g u r e 18) r e v e a l e d that a n S b l o c k e q u a l to 1 2 % of t h e
macromolecule b-AN)
was produced w h e n S was heated
at 5 0 ° C w i t h p o l y ( M M A -
( 7 2 : 2 8 ) i n 1-propanol i n the presence of s m a l l amounts of D M F ( w h i c h
was miscible w i t h 1-propanol)
as w e l l as i n its a b s e n c e .
o b t a i n e d w i t h this m a c r o r a d i c a l i n hexane e q u a l e d m o l e c u l e ; nevertheless,
H o w e v e r , the S block
only 6 %
of the macro-
a l a r g e r b l o c k of 1 5 % S w a s o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e
of r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a m o u n t s o f D M F . D M F
was immiscible i n hexane,
a n d h e n c e it c o u l d p r e f e r e n t i a l l y
swell
the m a c r o r a d i c a l a n d t h e r e b y increase the rate of d i f f u s i o n of the S m o n o m e r . ^ MMA
(43%)
MMA
(20%)AN
S (37%)
Figure 16.
Gas chromatographic pyrogram of co-S-b-AN)
poly(MMA-
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
318
COPOLYMERS,
POLYBLENDS,
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MMA (44%)
A N D COMPOSITES
MMA (52%)
MMA (52%)
X
y
AN (13%)
S (35%)
Figure 17.
Gas chromatographic pyrograms of
poly(MMA-co-AN-b-S)
MMA (63%) i
Λ
MMA (63%) ι
AN (25%) MMA
(25%)
ι MMA
S (12%)
S (12%)
MMA (61%)
MMA (68%)
AN (24%) " MMA
AN (26%) " MMA
I Figure 18.
.AN
S (15%)
Gas chromatographic pyrograms of
poly(MMA-h-AN-b-S)
Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
27.
SEYMOUR E T A L .
Block Copolymers
of Methyl
Methacrylate
319
It w a s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t S ( δ = 9 . 3 Η ) w o u l d d i f f u s e v e r y s l o w l y i n t o p o l y acrylonitrile macroradicals (δ = 12.5 Η ) a n d into macroradicals consisting of A N b l o c k s .
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Conclusion Whereas the molecular weight of P M M A prepared i n homogeneous solu tion was inversely proportional to the concentration of initiator, the molecular w e i g h t of P M A p r e p a r e d i n poor solvents w a s essentially i n d e p e n d e n t of i n i tiator concentration. M M A h o m o p o l y m e r s w i t h increasing m o l e c u l a r weights were prepared b y a d d i n g M M A monomer to M M A macroradicals. T h e following block copolymers were prepared a n d characterized b y yield data, solubility, P G C , a n d T T : p o l y ( M M A - 6 - A A ) , p o l y ( M M A - & - A N ) , poly(MMA-fr-EMA), poly(MMA-fe-S), poly(MMA-fc-VAC), poly(MMA-fc-VP), p o l y ( M M A - f c - V P - 6 - A N ) , p o ! y ( M M A - c o - S - / > A N ) , a n d poly ( M M A - & - A N - & - S ) .
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Platzer; Copolymers, Polyblends, and Composites Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.