SLUDGE
CLARIFIER
DIGESTER SLUDGE
/-.-.A
VHOLE SMPLE
, / /--
Vacuum bottoms in both sample sets display considerable mutagenic activity (2875 and 11095 rev/mg). Higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the second sample lot, which were solubilized in the toluene fraction, might account for higher mutagenic activity of that sample 2277. Lower ash content also may have had some influence on this result.
Literature Cited
I
0
I
100
0
D ~ S E( W / P L A T E )
100 DOSE ( U P / P L A T E )
200
300 r
0
100 b $ E (U/PUTE)
0
100 DOSE
200
(U~PLATE)
Figure 2. Comparatlve mutagenicity of clarifier and digester sludges and their organic solvent fractions.
in keeping with theoretical expectations, as set forth by Chambers et al. (I5),that PAHs present in the methylene chloride and acetonitrile extract fractions are amenable to oxidative metabolism. The toluene fraction and the hexane extract are not transformed to the same extent. There is a critical lack of data on residuals regarding factors affecting their composition, namely, (a) extent of oil removal from wastewater prior to treatment, Le., there may or may not be oil removal by gravity separation, (b) feedstock coal identification and conversion process parameters, (c) relationship between the clarifier and digester sludge in a temporal sense, and (d) whether sludges come from the same test run of the hydrogenator and waste treatment plant. For this reason it is not possible to arrive, with any degree of confidence, at conclusions regarding comparative mutagenicity of the clarifier and digester sludges. What is evident is that potential mutagenicity of the wastes is highly dependent on the type of coal converted (bituminous or lignite) and conversion process (gasification or liquefaction) utilized.
(1) Rogashewski, P. J.; Koester, P. A.; Koralek, C. S.; Wetzel, P. S.; Shields, K. J. U.S.EPA Pub. No. EPA-600/7-78-091, 1978. (2) Budden, K. T.; Zieger, W. H. U.S. EPA Pub. No. EPA600/7-78-019, 1978. (3) Braunstein, H. M. In “Environmental, Health and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An Informational Overview”; Braunstein, H. M., Copenhauer, E. D., Pfuderer, H. A., Eds.; ORNL Pub. No. ORNL/EIS-94, Oak Ridge, TN, 1977. (4) Pelroy, R. A.; Cresto, J. T.; Peterson, M. R. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Pub. No. PNL-3189, Richland, WA, 1979. (5) U.S.DOE, “Solvent Refined Coal-I1Demonstration Project at Fort Martin, West Virginia: Final Environmental Impact Statement”; U.S. DOE Pub. No. EIS-0069, 1981. (6) Epler, J. L.; Larimer, F. W.; Rao, T. K.; Nix, C. E.; Ho, T. EHP, Environ. Health Perspect. 1978, 27, 11-20. (7) Brand, J. I.; Klein, J. A.; Parkhurst, B. R.; Rao, T. K. 35th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, West Lafayette, IN, May 13-15, 1980. (8) Gehrs, C. W. ORNL Pub. No. ORNL-ESD-1194, 1977. (9) Epler, J. L.; Young, J. A.; Hardigree, A. A.; Rao, T. K.; Guerin, M. R.; Rubin, I. B.; Ho, T.; Clark, B. R. Mutat. Res. 1978,57, 265-276. (10) Warshawsky, D.; Schoeny, R.; Hollingsworth, L.; Hund, M.; Moore, G. T. 20th Hanford Life Sciences Symposium, Richland, WA, October 19-23, 1980. (11) Schoeny, R.; Warshawsky, D.; Hollingsworth, L.; Hund, M.; Moore, G. T. Environ. Mutagen. 1981, 3, 181-195. (12) Ames, B. N.; McCann, J.; Yamasaki, E. Mutat. Res. 1975, 31, 347-363. (13) Epler, J. L.; Larimer, F. W.; Rao, T. K.; Burnett, E. M.; Griest, W. H. U.S. EPA Pub. No. EPA-600/2-80-057,1980., (14) Rao, T. K.; Young, J. A.; Hardigree, A. A.; Winton, W.; Epler, J. A. Mutat. Res. 1978, 54, 185-191. (15) Chambers, C. W.; Tabak, H. H.; Kabler, P. W. J . Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1963, 35, 1517-1528. (16) Perussel, R., private communication, 1980.
Received for review November 5, 1981. Revised manuscript received May 21, 1982. Accepted July 19, 1982. This research was supported by DOE Contract No. DE AC22 80PC30337.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 1982, Volume 16 Michael A. Ribick,* George R. Dubay, Jimmie D. Petty, David L. Stalling, and Christopher J. Schmitt: Toxaphene Residues in Fish: Identification, Quantification, and Confirmation at Part per Billion Levels. Page 310. The second paragraph should conclude as follows: Bidleman et al. (IO) found up to 0.13 ng/m3 in air samples from Canadian Northwest Territories, and Munson (11)found up to 0.28 pg/L in Maryland rainwater. Page 317. Reference 9 should read as follows: (9) Bidleman, T. F.; Olney, C. E. Nature (London) 1975,257, 475. 830
Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 16, No. 11, 1982
