T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R , I N G C H E M I S T R Y .
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District Holders and their Place in a Distribution System,” b y R. M. Griswald, Denver, Col. “Flow of Gas in Mains,” by J. W. Battin, Detroit, Mich. “ U . S. Government Report on Electrolysis,” b y S. W. Stratton, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. “ Pacific Coast Conditions,” by John A. Britton, San Francisco, Cal. “ Photometric Work,” by C. 0. Bond, Philadelphia, Pa. Cost and Results Obtained from Automobile Delivery,” by L. R. Dutton, Wyncote, Pa. “Valuation of Public Utilities,” by H. C. Abell, New Y ork City. There will also be some interesting Committee Reports, and the Report of the Editors of the Wrinkle Department and Bureau of Information. It is possible that arrangements may be made for a lecture on Some Recent Developments in Gaseous Combustion.” I ‘
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The Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers will be held in Washington, D. C., Wednesday to Friday, December 20-zznd.
A number of important papers on the general subject of pdtents; the manufacture and testing of explosives, etc., together with a number of other important subjects relating to chemical engineering. The 59th Annual Meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association was held in Boston during the week of August 14th, under the presidency of Prof. E. G. Eberle. The following new officers were installed: President, J. G. Godling; F i r s t Vice-President, Wilhelm Bodemann ; Second Vice-Presidewt, Ernest Berger; Secretary and E d i t o r , J. H. Beal; Treasurer, H. M. Whelpley. The next meeting will be held in Denver, Colo. The twenty-eighth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists will be held in Washington, D. C., from November zo-nznd.
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The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Italian Society for the Advancement of Science will be held in Rome from October 12-18th under the presidency of Prof. G. Ciamician. The section on pure and applied chemistry will meet under the presidency of Prof. E. Paterno.
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EDUCATIONAL ~~
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Professor Albrecht Kossel, of the University of Heidelberg, t o whom was awarded the Nobel prize for his discoveries in medical chemistry, will deliver the annual Herter lectures a t Johns Hopkins University this year on October 4th, 5th and 6th. Professor Raymond C. Benner, of chemistry of the University of ciated himself with Professor R. University of Pittsburg, a t which a study of the smoke problem.
of the department Arizona, has assoK. Duncan, of the place he will make
Professor Alexander Smith, of Columbia University, has been elected honorary member of The Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa, and honorary member of the Sociedad Espanola de Fisica y Quimica. (Madrid).
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Dr. F. B. Dains has been elected associate professor of organic chemistry a t the University of Kansas and has resigned his position of professor of chemistry a t Washburn College.
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Oct., 1911
Dr. John E. Ekeley, professor of chemistry a t the University of Colorado, has been appointed State Chemist by the Colorado State Board of Health. Dr. William McPherson, professor of chemistry a t Ohio State University, has been elected dean of the new graduate school of that university. The new Radium Institute was officially opened in London on August 7th. I t possesses radium salts of about $2 j o , o o o value. Professor J . I . D. Hinds, of Peabody College, Nashville, Tenn., has been elected professor of chemistry a t Cumberland University. Dr. Karl Diewonki, a manufacturing chemist has been elected professor of chemistry a t the University of Cracow, Poland.
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Dr. K. Auer von Welsbach has been elected a n active member of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.
T o the Editor of the J o w n a l of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. I n Mr. Gardner’s paper in the September number of THISJ O U R K A L he says, that in m y tests barytes, etc., appeared to accelerate the drying of linseed oil films, and that “ t h e point a t issue seems t o be whether the inert pigments really have any chemical action
when enveloped in linseed oil.” Reference to my brief paper shows that nothing was said about either of these matters, except to call attention to the curves and suggest that more might be known by future study, also to the fact that the effect of pigments “ m a y perhaps” be due to hindering peroxidation, both of which are obvious. The paper is a record,
Oct., 1 9 1 1
Y’tl;; JOUR,VAL OF I N D U S T R I A L AiYD E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y .
and until the !+acts : re questioned, there is no “point at issue.” Very l . l k < l ythe effects which all pigments have on oil, whet1,c.r as stimulators or inhibitors of oxidation or any otlirr ;x-ocess, are due to catalytic or contact action; I do n o t “feel” that, as Mr. Gardner does, but I think i t ; so we will not quarrel. I think all pigments have some effect on oil, not depending on their fineness but on their chemical qualities; and that i t is incorrect to call one inert to oil if it has a noticeable effect on i t , whether to retard drying, like gypsum or lampblack, or to hasten the destruction of the film, like CaCO, or BaSO,. We do not regard spongy platinum, as used in making H,SO,, as an inert substance, although it does not dissolve or undergo a chemical change. All pigments are, by definition, nearly or quite insoluble in oil; PbO and oil form a cement rather than a paint. PbO is considerably soluble in oil; and it is likely (but not certain) that the minute amount of P b which was found in oil which had been mixed with white lead was from a t.race of PbO in the pigment. I can in no other way understand why oil stops dissolving lead when the basic carbonate (containing hydrate) is present in unlimited amount. In practice we add P b or hln compounds to white lead paint to make it dry, in about the same amount that we do to other paints; for all practical purposes the quantity of P b dissolved is of no account. It is the same way with red lead; true red lead does not combine with oil in the way Mr. Gardner describes; that with which he experimented probably contained as much as 2 0 or 30 per cent. of PbO. Orange lead, which is red lead nearly or quite free from PbO, will remain uncombined with oil for years, and good ordinary red lead made by modern methods will do so for a month or more. When saying that white lead is alkaline, Mr. Gardner doubtless means basic; lead is not an alkali metal. If he has any evidence, or knows of any, that white lead or zinc saponify oil a t ordinary temperatures, he should publish i t ; i t would be new and important; also how I O per cent. of a chemically inactive substance can hinder saponification. A. H.SABIN.
To the Editor of the Journal of I9zdustrial and E+t z e e r i q Citeniistry. SIR: I n the July number, 1 9 1 1 ,of THISJ O U R I ~ A L there is a description by Mr. George P. Meade of a continuous sampler for condenser waters from evaporators. There is an advantage in such an apparatus, it seems to me, for taking samples of condenser water throughout a strike. Where the entrainment is likely to vary much, as in vacuum-pan boiling, i t - is quite necessary to take a continuous sample or a great many samples throughout the strike, in order to make an accurate determination of the entrained sugar. But this is the only case, I believe, in which a n apparatus of this kind is of any especial advantage. In multiple-effect evaporators the entrainment is usually quite constant, so that a few samples taken intermittently are as of much value as a continuous
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sample. There are, moreover, some objections to the use of a sampler of this kind. It is quite as important in determining the loss of sugar to know the amount of water leaving the condenser as to know the percentage of sugar in it, and it is usually necessary to determine this from the temperatures of the water entering and leaving the condenser. In order to do this the temperature of the sample must be taken immediately as i t is drawn from the tail-pipe, or . a thermometer must be inserted into the pipe. It is also important that the sample of water shall be evaporated and polarized very soon after i t is taken since, on account of its being such a dilute solution and warm, the sugar in it will ferment quickly. A continuous sampler may therefore very easily be misused. In view of these considerations, it seems to me that a short piece of pipe, with two valves or corks on i t , which can be used on either the vertical or horizontal part of a tail-pipe, is more generally applicable and more likely to give accurate results than a continuous sampler. R. S . SORRIS. HONOLKLU. July, 1911.
THE DETERMINATION OF CAMPHOR,
The extensive use of camphor in medicine and the fact that the Pharmacopoeia includes preparations which must contain definite quantities of camphor make it imperative that there should be a reliable method of assay. There have been in vogue for some time procedures depending on the rotation of a n alcoholic, benzol, or oil solution and on the loss by evaporation, but they are open to objection, and in certain instances the results might easily be misinterpreted. Artificial camphor is without rotatory power, natural camphor might contain a portion of the levo body, the rotation varies with the strength of the solvent, and fixed oils themselves on heating often undergo loss or gain in weight. These are a few of the reasons which call for a method based on a more substantial foundation. Camphor, being of ketonic character, forms with and hydroxylamin a well defined oxim, C,,H ,,NOH, advantage has been taken of this property in assaying camphor preparations, the procedure being based on Walther’s carvone* estimation and on the work of Nelson,z who determined in essential oils by the hydroxylamin method a number of ketones including camphor. The procedure is simple and may be applied directly to spirits of camphor. Of the sample 2 j cc. are measured into an Erlenmeyer flask of r o o cc. capacity, 2 grams of sodium bicarbonate are added, and then, accurately, from a burette, 3 j cc. of a hydroxylamin solution ( 2 0 grams NH,OH.HCl 30 cc. H,O 1 2 j cc. absolute alcohol aldehyde-free). The flask is connected with a reflux condenser, and heated to gentle boiling for two hours; it is then cooled to 25’ C., treated with a mixture of 6 cc. hydrochloric acid ( 1 . 1 2 specific gravity 6 cc. water), transferred to a 500 cc. volumetric flask,
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Phnrnr. Cenlrulhdle. 41, 613 (1900). U . S. Dsgt. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry, BILL/.137. p. 186.
