970
T H E JOURNAL OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
The maximum a n d minimum figures vary in some cases considerably from t h e true composition. We have made n o attempt, however, t o cut out t h e poor ones, b u t have taken t h e m just as they come. I n many cases t h e highest and lowest figures are accounted for by new and inexperienced estimators. I n making reports on unknown papers this is, of course, taken into consideration. Notwithstanding t h e individual variations, t h e averages are satisfactory. I n Table I1 we have arranged the estimates of two individual chemists, A a n d B, on the rag-sulfite series. Each estimate was made on a different slide a n d on different days. They extend over a period of about five years. These figures would indicate t h a t only about one estimate out of 6 or 8 made by an individual on ragsulfite mixtures is more t h a n I O per cent from t h e true composition and where from 5 t o I O people estimate on a single slide i t may be expected t h a t the average will be within 5 per cent of t h e actual composition. I n rare cases there may be a variation of I O per cent, but this should not be exceeded if five or more individuals make independent estimations which are within reasonable accord and if their estimates are frequently checked up by standard slides. Ground wood-sulfite and soda-sulfite mixtures are more difficult a n d i n r a r e cases there may be 1 5 per cent variation b u t ordinarily t h e results may be expected t o be within 5 or I O per cent of t h e actual composition. Table I11 shows t h a t t h e above statements are borne out by results in this laboratory on standard slides. I n this table are given t h e actual results, taken just as they come, on various standards where five or more individuals have estimated on t h e m at one time. It is t o be remembered t h a t t h e above figures are all on single slides. On unknown papers where duplicate slides are employed probably still greater accuracy may be expected. SUMMARY
T h e estimation method of fiber analysis as applied t o papers has been thoroughly tested out a n d has given satisfactory results in this laboratory for considerably more t h a n 1 5 years. When carried Q U t as above described i t may be expected t o give results accurate t o within j per cent or better on rag-sulfite mixtures and within about I O per cent or better on ground wood-sulfite and soda-sulfite mixtures. LABORATORY OF ARTHURD. LITTLE, INC. CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
DATA OF INTEREST IN THE BARIUM INDUSTRY By L ~ U I S S. POTSDAMER Received February 19, 1919
Since September 1914, when t h e barium industry in t h e United States sprang into being, there has been a tremendous growth. Starting with one firm a t t h a t time, a t least two dozen are active now and rapidly growing. Of course, some have fallen by t h e wayside, but they represent a very small minority. Very little d a t a of use in this industry have been published and we therefore offer t h e tables attached, for what they may be worth.
Vol.
11,
No.
IO
Table I was compiled by t h e writer in collaboration with Alexander Strobl, and i t has recently been corrected. It gives a t a glance equivalents of chemicals frequently used in this industry. BaSOa .................... B a s ...................... BaCOs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BaOz ..................... BaO. ..................... BaClz. .................... BaClz.2H~O.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ba(N0s)z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HC1 100 per c e n t , , . . . . . . . . . HC1: 18: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HC1 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HC1: 22'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HzS04 100 per cent.. H N O ~ :100 per c e n t . . ....... Z n S 0 ~ 7 H z 0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZnS.BaSOa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
TABLEI 1.18 0.86 1.00 0.86 0.78 1.06 1.24 1.41 0.37 1.33 1.18 1 .05 0.50 0.62 1.46 1.68
1.12 0.82 0.95 0.82 0.74 1.00 1.17 1.33 0.35 1.26 1.12 0.99 0.47 0.58 1.36 1.57
0.96 0.70 0.81 0.70 0.63 0.86
1 .oo
1.14 0.30 1.07 0.96 0.85 0.41 0.50 1.18 1.36
3.19 2.32 2.70 2.32 2.10 2.86 3.35 3.81 1 .oo
3.59 3.19 2.83 1.35 1.67 3.95 4.53
1 .oo
0.81 0.59 0.69 0.59 0.54 0.73 0.86 0.97 0.25 0.92 0.81 0.73 0.34 0.43 1.00 1.16
0.73 0.85 0.73 0.66 0.90 1.05 1.19 0.31 1.13 1.00 0.89 0.42 0.53 1.24 1.43
Example-One pound of Bas04 is equivalent to 0.73 lb. BaS or can be produced from 0.42 Ib. IOO per cent H&04 and 0.90 lb.
BaC12. Table I1 contains d a t a from t h e 1918 Van Nostrand Annual and is of value t o the lithopone manufacturers. TABLE I1 -ZnS04.7HzO Dea. BC. 4.1 8.1 12.1 16.0 20.7 23.5 27.2 29.9 34.3 37.8 41.3 44.6
a t 15' C.ZnS04.7HzO Per cent 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
60
-ZnCk
a t 19.5' C.ZnClz Per cent 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Dee. BB. 6.3 12.1 17.5 22.7 27.9 32.7 37.7 42.9 47.5 52.4 57.1 61.7
Table I11 is of use t o the manufacturers using barium sulfide, black ash, a n d was compiled by t h e writer in collaboration with A. Lusskin. TABLEI11 Bas Lbs. per Gal. 8.486 8.571 8.700 8. a27 8.945 9.013 9.082 9.151 9.810 9.890 9.970 2.5 10.046 -~ 10.135 26 10.171 27 10.256 28 CHEMICALPIGMENTS CORPORATION PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA Deg. B6. a t 60' F. 2 4 6 8 10 11 12 13 22 23 24
I
Bas Per cent 2.67 4.10 6.21 8.31 10.29 11.40 12.46 13.58 24.42 25.72 27.28 28.58 29.91 31.26 32.64
'
SOME CHEMICAL NEEDS OF THE VEGETABLE OIL INDUSTRY By DAVIDWESSON
A large corporation engaged in crushing cottonseed a n d refining vegetable oils was recently asked b y t h e War Department what were t h e effects of the war on its manufacturing methods. A request was made a t t h e same time for photographs showing improved plant and machinery as illustrating improvements brought about by t h e war conditions. T h e answer t h a t was sent back conveyed t h e information t h a t in handling the seed the amount of lint cut off was about doubled, and t o do this t h e linting capacity of t h e mills had t o be increased. This called for more power, which, 1 Read before the Division of Industrial Chemists and Chemical Engineers, 57th Meeting, American Chemical Society, Buffalo, April 7 t o 11, 1919.
