definite or characteristic trait or degree of achievement. If the questions are not carefully selected, the poor student makes a high grade. Probably the best results will be obtained by giving partly old, and partly new-type questions. Chemistry is the only high-school science to which the newtype questions have been successfully applied and we find that a t present there are three types of tests used in high-school chemistry courses. The first is the Bell-Texas, which takes up the ideas, information, and ability which a college department considered essential in entering students. The Cleveland Cooperative Test is on information only but the Rich tests number work, and Il61abtake memory work, '/$ chemical thinking, oratory questions. The surprising thing about the Rich tests is that they show that the student who continues chemistry in college shows little improvement in the total attainment after the first year. Today many teachers' markings are unreliable for (a) the terms used in describing achievement are vague and indeterminate, (b) variability exists in the passing grade, (6) values assigned are not consistently maintained by any teacher, (d) teachers have no sufficientbasis for judgment of quality of work the pupils do, (e) consultation of teachers is not usually engaged in, (f) young teachers lack the opportunity for observing achievements. The standard tests are a help in teaching and may be considered as a service to an administration in curriculum-building. As a rule our inherited methods for determining achievement in chemistry are crude and unsatisfactory; the newer tests help solve the difficulty. It is best to let the study of chemistry bear out the statement that education helps man to live in an atmosphere of truth-to make every day a microscope for studying the infinite profundities lying in a drop of water or a grain of sand and to make every night a telescope for bringing the world of great truths close by.
Lung Collapse and Pneumonia Benefited by Carbon Dioxide. The collapse of a lung that sometimes follows a surgical operation, and ends in death by pneumonia, can be prevented by giving the patient carbon dioxide to breathe. This gas, the normal waste-product of respiration, induces deep breathing and expands the lung again, preventing its becoming clogged with fluid, or, if the fatal blocking has already begun. clearing i t up again. Report of a co6perative research undertaking demonstrating these points was made recently a t Boston before the Thirteenth International Physiological Congress. Dogs suffering from severe pulmonary collapse and accompanying pneumonia bad their breathing stimulated with "doses" of carbon dioxide. X-ray photographs showed how the collapsed lungs were redistended and the pneumonia cleared up. The experiments were conducted by Doctors Pol N. Coryllos and G. L. Birnbaum of New York City, and Doctors Yandell H. Henderson, H. W. Haggard, and E. M. Radloff of Yale University.-Science Service
