Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, and Excess Properties of N

Article pubs.acs.org/jced

Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, and Excess Properties of N‑Ethyl2-pyrrolidone + 2‑(Methylamino)ethanol [or 2‑(Ethylamino)ethanol] from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K

Alicia García-Abuín,† Diego Gómez-Díaz,*,† José M. Navaza,† Antonio Rumbo,‡ and Ö zlem Yaşaroğlu‡,§ †

Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSE, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ‡ Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av. Alfonso X O Sabio s/n, E-27002, Lugo, Spain S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: Density, speed of sound, and viscosity of the binary mixtures N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (EP) + 2-(methylamino)ethanol [or 2-(ethylamino)ethanol] were measured at different temperatures from (293.15 to 323.15) K and over the entire range of concentrations. The excess isentropic compressibility, excess molar volumes, and viscosity deviations were calculated. Beside, the excess molar volumes were fitted using a Redlich−Kister equation, and the viscosity data were fitted by the Grunberg−Nissan model.

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INTRODUCTION In the past decade, a great amount of research studies have been focused on the development of new solvents to capture carbon dioxide in a more effective or economical way (taking into account the cost of regeneration step and the process of solvent degradation or equipment corrosion). The development of these new solvents has been focused on substances such as ionic liquids1,2 or a blend of different substances.3,4 In this case, many research projects have evaluated the mixture of different amines, taking advantage of the positive features of both primary amines (and secondary) and tertiary ones. On the other hand, the use of a different physical solvent than water may provide significant benefits over the overall process. In fact, some studies5,6 concluded that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MP) or N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (EP) show a suitable behavior in carbon dioxide physical absorption processes. For this reason, the blend of an alkanolamine with EP could be an alternative to capture carbon dioxide. Previous studies have shown that 2-(methylamino)ethanol has a suitable behavior in chemical absorption of carbon dioxide, since it shows an instantaneous regime and the viscosity is similar to the amines commonly used in gas absorption processes.7,8 These studies have also showed that this amine tends to produce carbamate and bicarbonate as reaction products, although for high values of CO2 loading, only a bicarbonate ion has been observed. This product has positive properties in relation to an increase in the capture capacity, such as a decrease in energy consumption in the regeneration step. © XXXX American Chemical Society

The great influence of interactions between different components presented in solvent upon the absorption process (mass transfer), due to changes in physical properties such as viscosity and density, has been confirmed in previous studies. For this reason, the present paper tries to analyze the influence of composition and temperature in amine−amide systems using 2-(methylamino)ethanol (MAE) and 2-(ethylamino)ethanol (EAE) as amine and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone as a amide. The influence of temperature upon the behavior of these physical properties has also been analyzed.

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EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Materials. Information about the reagents used in the present work is included in Table 1. Mixtures were prepared by mass using an analytical balance (Kern 770). Also the water content of organic compounds used in this work was measured with a Karl−Fisher coulometric (Mettler-Toledo DL-32) titrator. Methods. Density and Speed of Sound. Density corresponding to each component and mixtures of them were measured using an Anton Paar DSA 5000 vibrating tube densimeter and sound analyzer.9 The uncertainties corresponding to the density and speed of sound were 2·10−4 g·cm−3 and 1.1 m·s−1. Received: October 2, 2014 Accepted: December 17, 2014

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DOI: 10.1021/je500917k J. Chem. Eng. Data XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data

Article

Table 3. Density ρ, Speed of Sound c, and Dynamic Viscosity η of EP (1) + MAE (2) from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K at p = 105 Paa

Table 1. Sample Description Table chemical name EPa MAEb EAEc

initial mole fraction purity

source Alfa Aesar SigmaAldrich SigmaAldrich

a

1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidone. ethanol.

b

water content weight fraction

0.98 0.99

2·10−3 3·10−3

x1

≥ 0.99

3·10−3

0.0000 0.0905 0.1825 0.2767 0.3731 0.4713 0.5725 0.6756 0.7808 0.8888 1.0000

Table 2. Comparison between Density ρ, Speed of Sound c, Viscosity η, and Surface Tension σ Experimental and Literature Data for Pure Components at T = 298.15 K at p = 105 Paa lit.

exp.

0.94179 0.94711 0.95311 0.95892 0.96475 0.97040 0.97584 0.98128 0.98673 0.99212 0.99771

EP ρ/g·cm−3 c/m·s−1 η/mPa·s

298.15 298.15 298.15

ρ/g·cm−3

298.15 303.15 298.15 298.15 303.15

0.99624 1492.5 2.022

0.0000 0.0905 0.1825 0.2767 0.3731 0.4713 0.5725 0.6756 0.7808 0.8888 1.0000

MAE

c/m·s−1 η/mPa·s

0.93618210 0.93378910 10.510610 8.522110

0.93768 0.93402 1470.5 10.996 8.580

EAE ρ/g·cm−3 c/m·s−1 η/mPa·s

298.15 303.15 298.15 303.15 298.15

0.9143811 0.90874412 1421.4911 1404.6711

0.91339 0.90982 1423.3 1408.3 12.348

0.0000 0.0905 0.1825 0.2767 0.3731 0.4713 0.5725 0.6756 0.7808 0.8888 1.0000

a

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K, u(p) = 20 Pa, u(x) = 0.0008, and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc (level of confidence = 0.95, k = 2) are Uc(ρ) = 2·10−4 g·cm−3, Uc(c) = 1.2 m·s−1 and Uc(η) = 0.0026 mPa·s.

Viscosity. The kinematic viscosity (ν) of pure components and their mixtures was determined using a Ubbelohde viscosimeters supplied by Schott9 on the basis of the transit time of the liquid meniscus in the capillary. In this work capillary numbers Ic have been used connected to a Schott-Geräte AVS 350 Ubbelohde viscosimeter. Equation 1 was employed to calculate the viscosity from the transit time

ν = K (t − θ )

T/K = 303.15

T/K = 313.15

T/K = 323.15

−3

2-(Methylamino)ethanol. c2-(Ethylamino)-

T/K

T/K = 293.15

1486.5 1479.8 1478.5 1478.5 1480.1 1483.1 1486.9 1491.4 1497.9 1504.7 1512.1 13.418 9.188 6.790 5.162 4.095 3.496 2.951 2.648 2.358 2.231 2.117

ρ/g·cm 0.93402 0.92618 0.93911 0.93105 0.94494 0.93673 0.95062 0.94228 0.95631 0.94787 0.96192 0.95342 0.96733 0.95878 0.97275 0.96410 0.97818 0.96961 0.98356 0.97499 0.98914 0.98056 c/m·s−1 1454.6 1422.7 1447.2 1414.1 1445.2 1411.3 1444.1 1409.4 1444.9 1409.5 1447.3 1411.6 1450.6 1414.3 1454.6 1418.0 1460.6 1423.5 1467.0 1429.4 1474.2 1436.0 η/mPa·s 8.580 5.869 6.239 4.394 4.715 3.488 3.747 2.890 3.068 2.409 2.666 2.123 2.339 1.914 2.125 1.776 1.940 1.639 1.830 1.546 1.771 1.518

0.91825 0.92292 0.92844 0.93389 0.93938 0.94488 0.95021 0.95561 0.96103 0.96640 0.97196 1390.9 1381.0 1377.6 1375.1 1374.6 1376.1 1378.3 1381.7 1386.8 1392.3 1398.5 4.096 3.293 2.683 2.267 1.943 1.747 1.580 1.478 1.410 1.331 1.299

a

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K, u(p) = 20 Pa, u(x) = 0.0008, and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc (level of confidence = 0.95, k = 2) are Uc(ρ) = 2·10−4 g·cm−3, Uc(c) = 1.2 m·s−1, and Uc(η) = 0.0026 mPa·s.

(1)

upon several physical properties and derived variables, such as isentropic compressibility and excess volume. First of all, a comparison between literature and experimental values of density, viscosity, and speed of sound corresponding to pure components was performed. This comparison is shown in Table 2 and indicates a good agreement between both values. Tables 3 and 4 show the experimental data of density, speed of sound, and viscosity obtained for both systems over the entire composition range and at different temperatures. With regard to the influence of mixture composition and type of alkanolamine, Figure 1 indicates the same behavior for both systems, an increase in the value of density when the presence of alkanolamine decreases. However, this behavior is completely different to that shown by the system with monoethanolamine (MEA),13 since in this case, a decrease of amine concentration produces a decrease in the value of density. As the radical length increases a decrease in the density value is observed.

where t is the efflux time; K is the characteristic constant of the capillary viscosimeter; and θ is a coefficient to correct end effects. K and θ were obtained from the supplier information (Schott). A Schott-Geräte AVS 350 Ubbelohde viscosimeter was used with an electronic stopwatch to measure efflux times. The dynamic viscosity (η) was calculated from the product of the kinematic viscosity (ν) and density (ρ), in terms of eq 2 for each sample. The uncertainty of viscosity measures was 0.0015 mPa·s. η = νρ (2)

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The aim of this work was analyzing the influence of different variables (composition, type of alkanolamine, and temperatures), in systems of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone + alkanolamine, B



Article

Table 4. Density ρ, Speed of Sound c, and Dynamic Viscosity η of EP (1) + EAE (2) from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K at p = 105 Paa x1

T/K = 293.15

T/K = 303.15

T/K = 313.15

T/K = 323.15

−3

0.0000 0.1110 0.2179 0.3242 0.4274 0.5359 0.6269 0.7225 0.8177 0.9095 1.0000 0.0000 0.1110 0.2179 0.3242 0.4274 0.5359 0.6269 0.7225 0.8177 0.9095 1.0000 0.0000 0.1110 0.2179 0.3242 0.4274 0.5359 0.6269 0.7225 0.8177 0.9095 1.0000

0.91779 0.92554 0.93377 0.94180 0.94986 0.95836 0.96564 0.97371 0.98170 0.98960 0.99771 1442.4 1444.5 1448.8 1453.7 1459.7 1468.0 1473.3 1482.0 1491.1 1501.0 1512.1 15.281 10.345 7.447 5.665 4.571 3.849 3.126 2.717 2.458 2.261 2.117

ρ/g·cm 0.90982 0.90179 0.91742 0.90924 0.92553 0.91723 0.93346 0.92507 0.94144 0.93299 0.94989 0.94138 0.95714 0.94861 0.96519 0.95665 0.97317 0.96463 0.98106 0.97250 0.98914 0.98056 c/m·s−1 1408.3 1374.5 1409.8 1375.4 1413.7 1378.8 1418.1 1382.8 1423.5 1387.9 1431.6 1395.5 1436.5 1400.0 1445.0 1408.2 1453.7 1416.7 1463.3 1425.7 1474.2 1436.0 η/mPa·s 9.590 6.406 6.874 4.824 5.212 3.790 4.093 3.092 3.257 2.609 2.917 2.311 2.458 1.979 2.205 1.834 2.013 1.684 1.891 1.578 1.771 1.518

0.89368 0.90098 0.90886 0.91663 0.92449 0.93284 0.94006 0.94809 0.95606 0.96393 0.97196

Figure 1. Influence of mixture composition upon density. ○, EP (1) + MAE (2); ●, EP (1) + EAE (2); □, EP (1) + MEA (2).13 T = 303.15 K.

1340.9 1341.1 1344.1 1347.7 1352.5 1359.8 1364.2 1372.0 1380.0 1388.8 1398.5 4.527 3.563 2.873 2.399 2.053 1.833 1.664 1.547 1.435 1.367 1.299

Figure 2. Excess molar volumes corresponding to EP (1) +MAE (2). ○, T = 293.15 K; ●, T = 303.15 K; □, T = 313.15 K; ■, T = 323.15 K.

behavior has been observed for the EP + EAE system. These data have been fitted using a Redlich−Kister equation, and the fitting parameters are indicated in Table 5. Another property studied for these binary systems was speed of sound. The experimental data are indicated in Tables 3 to 4. In the case of the EP + MAE system, a slight decrease in the value of this property, followed by an increase is observed when alkanolamine concentration decreases. For the EP + EAE system, a continuous increase in the value of speed of sound is observed when alkanolamine concentration decreases. The highest values for speed of sound are obtained for the EP + MAE system (see Figure 3). With regard to the influence of temperature over this parameter, an increase in this variable produces a decrease in the value of speed of sound, in all cases. From the speed of sound and density data, the isentropic compressibility (κs) was calculated by the Laplace equation (eq 4). The values for excess isentropic compressibility were calculated using eq 5.14 1 κs = 2 ρc (4)

a

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K, u(p) = 20 Pa, u(x) = 0.0008, and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc (level of confidence = 0.95, k = 2) are Uc(ρ) = 2·10−4 g·cm−3, Uc(c) = 1.2 m·s−1, and Uc(η) = 0.0026 mPa·s.

Regarding the influence of temperature upon density, a decrease in the value of this physical property is observed when temperature increases. This is the most common behavior for liquid mixtures. The molar volume excess has been obtained from density data, for both systems (alkanolamine + amide), using eq 3. V E = x1M1(ρ−1 − ρ1−1) + x 2M 2(ρ−1 − ρ2−1)

(3)

where x, M, and ρ are the molar fractions, molecular weights, and densities of pure components, respectively. Subscripts 1 and 2 correspond to amide and amine, respectively. The corresponding excess molar volume uncertainty was 0.001 cm3·mol−1. Tables S1 and S2 (see Supporting Information section) show the obtained data for excess molar volume from experimental density data (Tables 3 and 4). Figure 2 shows the excess molar volume for the mixture EP + MAE system at different temperatures. In all cases, positive values are observed. The same

κsE = κs − κsid

(5)

where κs is the excess isentropic compressibility, κs is the measured isentropic compressibility, and κid is the ideal contribution. The ideal isentropic compressibility was calculated by eq 6.15 E

C



Article

Table 5. Fit Parameters Corresponding to the Redlich−Kister Equation for Excess Volume VE from T/K = 293.15 to 323.15 parameter

T/K = 293.15

A0 A1 A2 A3 σ/cm3·mol−1

3.393 −8.040 8.791 −2.937 0.003

A0 A1 A2 A3 σ/cm3·mol−1

4.622 −10.314 14.734 −6.661 0.006

T/K = 303.15 EP (1) + MAE (2) 3.574 −8.121 8.883 −3.070 0.003 EP (1) + EAE (2) 4.873 −10.957 15.849 −7.331 0.006

T/K = 313.15

T/K = 323.15

4.025 −9.628 11.282 −4.351 0.004

4.087 −9.008 10.137 −3.832 0.003

5.112 −11.493 16.759 −7.892 0.006

5.361 −12.068 17.734 −8.497 0.006

Figure 5. Viscosity of binary mixtures of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone. □, EP (1) + MEA (2);13 ■, EP(1) + MAE (2); △, EP (1) + EAE (2). T = 293.15 K. Solid lines correspond to the Grunberg−Nissan model.

Figure 3. Speed of sound for binary mixtures of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone. ○, EP (1) + MAE (2); ●, EP (1) + EAE (2); □, EP (1) + MEA (2).13 T = 293.15 K.

heat capacity, T is the temperature, xi is the mole fraction, and Vi is the molar volume. Subscripts 1 and 2 correspond to amide and amine, respectively. Values corresponding to molar heat capacity for pure substances, which are need in eq 6, were obtained from literature.11,16

ϕ1 =

(7)

The excess isentropic compressibility data for both systems are shown in the Supporting Information section (Tables S3 and S4). These data (see also Figure 4) show positive values, which is in agreement with the behavior observed for excess molar volume. The last property studied was dynamic viscosity, which was determined using density and kinematic viscosity data by eq 2. Figure 5 shows the behavior for this physical property and for both binary systems. This figure allows to analyze the influence of composition and the alkanolamine type over viscosity. A different trend to the density was observed; a decrease in the alkanolamine concentration produces a decrease in the value of viscosity, and an increase in the radical length causes an increase in viscosity in this kind of mixtures. However, the highest value for viscosity are also obtained for EP + MEA systems. The temperature causes a high decrease in the value of this property. The obtained data for dynamic viscosity have been fitted using the Grunberg−Nissan model17 (eq 8).

Figure 4. Excess isentropic compressibility corresponding to EP (1) + MAE (2). ○, T = 293.15 K; ●, T = 303.15 K; □, T = 313.15 K; ■, T = 323.15 K.

⎡ ⎡ α2 ⎤ α2 ⎤ κsid = ϕ1⎢κs1 + TV1 1 ⎥ + ϕ2⎢κs2 + TV2 2 ⎥ Cp1 ⎦⎥ Cp2 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎣⎢ ⎡ T (x V + x V )(ϕ α + ϕ α )2 ⎤ 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 ⎥ −⎢ (x1Cp1 + x 2Cp2) ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

x1V1 (x1V1 + x 2V2)

(6)

where ϕi is the ideal state volume fraction (obtained by eq 7), αi is the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, Cpi is the molar D



Article

Table 6. Fit Parameters Corresponding to the Grunberg−Nissan Equation for Dynamic Viscosity η from T/K = 293.15 to 323.15 parameter

T/K = 293.15

G12 σ/mPa·s

−2.14 0.17

G12 σ/mPa·s

−1.57 0.43

T/K = 303.15

T/K = 313.15

T/K = 323.15

−1.62 0.08

−1.95 0.17

−1.16 0.14

−1.00 0.10

EP (1) + MAE (2) −1.86 0.11 EP (1) + EAE (2) −1.37 0.25

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ASSOCIATED CONTENT

* Supporting Information S

Excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and viscosity deviations of the studied systems. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. Present Address

§ Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca Kaynaklar Campus, Tınaztepe, İzmir, Turkey.

Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figure 6. Viscosity deviations of EP (1) + EAE (2). ○, T = 293.15 K; ●, T = 303.15 K; □, T = 313.15 K; ■, T = 323.15 K.

ln η = x1η1 + x 2η2 + x1x 2 ln G12

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(1) Tome, L. C.; Florindo, C.; Freire, C. S. R.; Rebelo, L. P. N.; Marrucho, I. M. Playing with Ionic Liquid Mixtures to Design Engineered CO2 Separation Membranes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 17172−17182. (2) Sistla, Y. S.; Khanna, A. Carbon Dioxide Absorption Studies using Amine-Functionalized Ionic Liquids. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2014, 20, 2497−2509. (3) Glasscock, D. A.; Critchfield, J. A.; Rochelle, G. T. CO2 Absorption/Desorption in Mixtures of Methyldiethanolamine with Monoethanolamine or Diethanolamine. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1991, 46, 2829−2845. (4) Linek, V.; Sinkule, J.; Havelka, P. Empirical Design Method of Industrial Carbon Dioxide-Mixed Solvent Absorbers with Axial Dispersion in Gas. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 2731−2737. (5) Schütz, M.; Daun, M.; Weinspach, P.-M.; Krumbeck, M.; Hein, K. R. G. Study on the CO2-Recovery from an ICGCC-Plant. Environ. Convers. Manage. 1992, 33, 357−363. (6) Blanco, A.; García-Abuín, A.; Gómez-Díaz, D.; Navaza, J. M. Hydrodynamic and Absorption Studies of Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Aqueous Amide Solutions using a Bubble Column Contactor. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2013, 30, 801−809. (7) Pacheco, R.; Sánchez, A.; La Rubia, M. D.; López, A. B.; Sánchez, S.; Camacho, F. Thermal Effects in the Absorption of Pure CO2 into Aqueous Solutions of 2-Methyl-amino-ethanol. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51, 4809−4818. (8) Folgueira, I.; Teijido, I.; García-Abuín, A.; Gómez-Díaz, D.; Rumbo, A. 2-(Methylamino)ethanol for CO2 Absorption in a Bubble Reactor. Energy Fuels 2014, 28, 4737−4745. (9) García-Abuín, A.; Gómez-Díaz, D.; La Rubia, M. D.; López, A. B.; Navaza, J. M. Density, Speed of Sound, Refractive Index, Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Excess Volume of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone + 1Amino-2-propanol {or Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine} from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 2904−2908. (10) Li, J.; Mundhwa, M.; Tontiwachwuthikul, P.; Henni, A. Volumetric Properties, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices for Aqueous 2-(Methylamino)ethanol Solutions from (298.15 to 343.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52, 560−565.

where η is the viscosity and subscripts 1 and 2 correspond to amide and amine, respectively. G12 is the fitting parameter. The results of this model are shown in Figure 5 for EP + alkanolamine systems. The values obtained for the fitted parameter (G12) and standard deviations are shown in Table 6. Also viscosity deviations have been calculated (see Tables S5 and S6) on the basis of viscosity values corresponding to mixtures (η) and pure components (ηi) using eq 9. Negative values were obtained over the entire composition range, and Figure 6 shows an example of the calculated results.

Δη = η − x1η1 + x 2η2

REFERENCES

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CONCLUSIONS This study has analyzed different physical properties of N-ethyl2-pyrrolidone + alkanolamines (MAE and EAE) systems: density, speed of sound, and viscosity. The influence of each substance, composition, and temperature upon these physical properties has been analyzed. The results indicate that an increase in radical length produces a decrease in the values of density and speed of sound, however, causes an increase in the magnitude of viscosity. With regard to the substitution degree in the nitrogen atom, this fact produces a decrease in the magnitude of each property in all cases, compared to the EP + MAE system. Excess molar volume, isentropic compressibility, and viscosity deviations were obtained from experimental data, and these results indicate that interactions between the molecules present in these mixtures are not important, and this behavior could be interesting in mass transfer operations. E



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(11) Lampreia, I. M. S.; Santos, A. F. S. Ultrasound Speeds and Molar Isentropic Compressions of Aqueous 2-(Ethylamino)ethanol Mixtures from 283.15 to 303.15 K. J. Solution Chem. 2010, 39, 808−819. (12) Lampreia, I. M. S.; Dias, F. A.; Mendonça, A. F. S. S. Volumetric Properties of 2-Ethylaminoethanol in Water from 283.15 to 303.15 K. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2003, 5, 4869−4874. (13) Blanco, A.; García-Abuín, A.; Gómez-Díaz, D.; Navaza, J. M.; Villaverde, O. L. Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Excess Volume of N-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidone + Ethanolamine (or Diethanolamine or Triethanolamine) from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2013, 58, 653−659. (14) Hawrylak, B.; Burke, S. E.; Palepu, R. Partial Molar and Excess Volumes and Adiabatic Compressibilities of Binary Mixtures of Ethanolamines with Water. J. Solution Chem. 2000, 29, 575−594. (15) Douheret, G.; Davis, M. I.; Reis, J. C. R.; Blandamer, M. J. Isentropic Compressibilities Experimental Origin and the Quest for Their Rigorous Estimation in Thermodynamically Ideal Liquid Mixtures. Chem. Phys. Phys. Chem. 2001, 2, 148−161. (16) Steele, W. V.; Chirico, R. D.; Knipmeyer, S. E.; Nguyen, A. Vapor Pressure, Heat Capacity, and Density along the Saturation Line, Measurements for Cyclohexanol, 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 1,2-Dichloropropane, 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene, ((±)-2-Ethylhexanoic Acid, 2(Methylamino)ethanol, Perfluoro-n-heptane, and Sulfolane. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1997, 42, 1021−1036. (17) Grunberg, L.; Nissan, A. H. Mixture Law for Viscosity. Nature 1949, 164, 799−800.

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Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, and Excess Properties of N

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