Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use - American Chemical Society

29 Protective Apparel Research 1

JACQUELYN O. DEJONGE, ELIZABETH P. EASTER , KAREN K. LEONAS, and RUTH M. KING Downloaded by WEIZMANN INST OF SCIENCE on May 26, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: February 25, 1985 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1985-0273.ch029

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Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Design, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1900 Recent studies on decontamination, penetration and protective apparel selections by agricultural workers have resulted in the following conclusions: (1) pesticide decontamination is similar to other soil removal studies, with oil based pesticides being more difficult to remove from synthetic fabrics; (2) func tional finishes have a significant effect on the penetration of pesticides through fabrics; (3) cost has greater influence over user preferences for protective apparel than protection or thermal characteristics. Captan removal was better on synthetic fabrics than cotton where particles were entrapped in the weave. Guthion (oil based) was more difficult to remove from oleophilic synthetic fabrics. Both pesticides had increased removal with increased wash temperatures. Preliminary studies show fluorocarbon finishes may impede penetration of pesticides. Successful protective apparel must incorporate cost restraints while providing both protection and comfort. The University of Tennessee has an ongoing research program in protective apparel for pesticide applicators. This research began at Michigan State University in 1978 and was continued at The University of Tennessee in 1980 where, up to this point, 4 Ph.D. dissertations have been completed on this subject, and one is in progress. Research topics which have been reported in the past include the thermal comfort of protective apparel (1), the deposition on the pesticide applicator during air blast spraying (2), users' preferences for protective apparel (3), the decontamination of pesticide contaminated fabric (4), and the penetration of pesticides through fabric (5). This paper reports on 3 recent studies: decontamination, penetration, and user preference for protective apparel. 1

Current address: Box 464, Irvine, ΚY 40336 Current address: Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601

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0097-6156/85/0273-0403$06.00/0 © 1985 American Chemical Society

Honeycutt et al.; Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985.

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DERMAL EXPOSURE RELATED TO PESTICIDE USE

Downloaded by WEIZMANN INST OF SCIENCE on May 26, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: February 25, 1985 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1985-0273.ch029

Decontamination

Study

The f i r s t project on the removal of pesticide residues from fabrics by laundering or "pesticide decontamination" was a part of a doctoral dissertation by Elizabeth Easter and i s published i n the March 1983 AATCC journal (4). This project was undertaken to determine i f a relationship does i n fact exist between the removal of pesticide residues and the removal of common s o i l . In t e x t i l e s , " s o i l i n g " denotes the undesirable accumulation of o i l y and/or particulate materials on fabrics (6). As s i g n i f i c a n t levels of pesticide residues i n workers' clothing have been reported by researchers, these socalled "contaminated" fabrics may also be defined as " s o i l e d " fabrics (5, 7, 8). Previous research aimed at removing pesticide residues from contaminated fabrics has been directed at removal of a p a r t i c u l a r pesticide chemical and/or formulation of pesticide, with no effect toward comparing the pesticide residue's composition to that of common s o i l . Fabric selection for this study allowed a comparison of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic f i b e r s and the effect of fabric type on s o i l removal. Two f a b r i c s were i d e n t i f i e d for the study. Denim was 100% cotton f a b r i c of t w i l l weave dyed with indigo dyes. This f a b r i c was 14 ounce, comparable to the heavy weight denim found i n jeans. The second f a b r i c was Gore Tex, a three layer structure consisting of an outer layer of rip-stop nylon and an inner layer of nylon t r i c o t laminated to a f i l m . The f i l m was a micro-porous, polymeric f i l m or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Previous studies on pesticide penetration found Gore Tex to be impermeable to pesticides. Thermal comfort studies found i t to be r e l a t i v e l y comfortable, similar i n comfort to the commonly worn denim jeans and a chambray s h i r t . A l l fabrics were i n i t i a l l y stripped of s i z i n g by washing them one complete cycle, using an adaptation of the procedure outlined i n AATCC Test Method 135-78: " Dimensional changes i n Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics." The fabrics were then cut into a sample size of 6 χ 6 inches. The denim f a b r i c was clean finished with a z i g z i g s t i t c h . Two pesticides were used i n this study: Captan, a fungicide, and Guthion, an i n s e c t i c i d e . The Captan formulation was an aqueous suspension of pesticide p a r t i c l e s i n the 10 micron range. The actual composition of the inert ingredients of this fomulation i s proprie tary information; however, i t i s s u f f i c i e n t to know that the ingredients were c l a y - l i k e materials. Based on the composition of the formulation, Captan residues on the fabrics were considered to be particulate s o i l s . Guthion was used i n the emulsifiable concentrate formulation and was a homogenous dispersion of active ingredients i n an organic solvent, with an addition of an emulsifier. Based on the composition of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation, Guthion residues on the fabrics were considered to be o i l y s o i l s . The study was designed as a f a c t o r i a l experiment with three factors: fabrics (two); s o i l as pesticide residues (two); and wash temperatures (three). Two replications were analyzed for each combination of factors. For this study a chamber was designed to simulate a f i e l d spraying application and was used to expose f a b r i c samples to a uniformly dispersed pesticide spray. A .12% pesticide



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solution was delivered by a full-cone impingement nozzle, at a height of 10 inches above the f a b r i c surface. The f a b r i c samples were mounted on a tenter-frame type holder designed to f i t into the chamber at a 90° angle to the nozzle. The contamination was accomplished by exposing the sample at 10 second intervals of the pesticide spray. The contaminated f a b r i c was allowed to dry on the holder at room temperature. The actual s o i l content ( l e v e l of pesticide contamination) of the fabrics was determined by quantitative analysis procedures. In this approach, the amount of s o i l actually present i n the fabrics before and after laundering i s measured. The analysis procedure i n this study involved the separation of the s o i l (pesticide residues) from the fabrics by solvent extraction and analysis of the extracts by gas chromotography. Prior to contamination of the f a b r i c sample, a 3 χ 3 inch specimen was marked i n the center of the sample. After contamination and/or laundering, the specimen was cut from the sample and trans ferred to a f l a s k . A 50 m i l l i l i t e r portion of solvent was added, and the flask was shaken f o r 30 minutes using a B u r r e l l Wrist-Action shaker. Preliminary testing of the extraction procedures showed that the acetone gave the highest percent recovery for the pesticide Guthion, and hexane was the most e f f i c i e n t solvent for the extraction of Captan. The extracts were analyzed on a Varian 3700 gas chromatograph. A nitrogen-phosphorus s p e c i f i c thermionic detector (TSD) was used i n the analysis of the Guthion and an electron capture detector (ECD) was used to analyze Captan. Conditions f o r analysis of Guthion were as follows: .318 cm χ 1.8 m glass column (3% SE-30); gas c a r r i e r , helium; column oven 240C; detector 300C. Conditions f o r analysis of Captan were as follows: .318 cm χ 1.8 m glass column (4% SE-30/ 6%OV-210); gas c a r r i e r , nitrogen; column oven 220C; detector 300C. The sample size was 2 microliters injected using a Hamilton 710-10 microliter syringe. Two replications per sample were injected and an average of the two reported i n micrograms/square centimeter. AATCC Test Method 61-75: "Colorfastness to Washing, Domestic; and Laundering, Commercial: Accelerated," and International Standard Method C06 were modified to establish the laundry procedure to simulate one home laundering cycle. An Atlas Launder-Ometer equipped with stainless s t e e l canisters was used. Teflon l i n e r s were used i n the l i d s to prevent retention of pesticides by the rubber gaskets. Abrasive action was provided by the placement of 25 s t e e l b a l l s i n each canister. L i q u i d - A l l , a heavy duty concentrate containing both anionic and nonionic surfactants, was used. The wash liquor was made up of .25% detergent concentration, based on the manufacturers' recommendation. The pH of the wash liquor was measured and found to be 9.20 ± .2. Variations i n the water temperature were used to enable the evaluation of the e f f e c t of temperature on pesticide removal. The wash water temperatures were 38, 49 and 60°C. The corresponding rinse water temperatures were 28, 39 and 49°C. Following the completion of the wash and rinse cycles, the fabric samples were removed from the canisters and hung on a wire rack and allowed to hang at room temperature (25 ± 3C) u n t i l dry. The f a b r i c samples were then extracted and the extracts analyzed.



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An analysis of variance procedure was used to test for main effects (temperature, pesticide composition and f a b r i c ) and interaction of the main e f f e c t s . Further examination of a l l possible pairwise comparisons of treatment means for the dependent variables which produced a s i g n i f i c a n t ¥_ test was carried out with a Duncan's Multiple Range post hoc procedure. Overall, the laundry process removed a r e l a t i v e l y high percentage of the i n i t i a l pesticde contamination, as pesticide residues i n the range of 72.7% to 99.8% were removed. Differences i n removing pesticide residues by laundering were dependent on s o i l composition (pesticide residues), substrate ( f a b r i c s ) and water temperature. For the pesticide Captan, an analysis of variance showed that s i g n i f i c a n t differences (.05 l e v e l ) were attributable to fabrics during the removal of Guthion residues; post hoc analysis revealed that f a b r i c means were s i g n i f i c a n t l y different for both denim and Gore Tex (Table I ) . The mean percentages removed from 100% cotton denim were lower i n cumulative percent removal compared to Gore Tex. Denim retained the largest percentage of Captan residues, regardless of wash water temperatures. However, differences at 60°C were small. This finding may be attributed to f a b r i c weave, f i b e r morphology and the formulation of the pesticide i n combination with the denim f a b r i c . The greater i r r e g u l a r i t i e s of the staple cotton yarn and the more open weave of denim strongly suggest more extensive physical opportunities for particulate s o i l s to accumulate on them than on the smooth, round fibers such as nylon. The Captan residues performed s i m i l a r l y to a p a r t i c u l a t e s o i l . One possible explanation of this finding may be attributed to the c l a y - l i k e materials of the inert ingredients of the Captan formulation. The p o s s i b i l i t y exists that these c l a y - l i k e p a r t i c l e s may be bound to the active ingredient of the p e s t i c i d e . Geometric bonding was considered the p r i n c i p a l mechnanism a f f e c t i n g the a f f i n i t y of cotton toward particulate s o i l s i n the absence of o i l s ; that i s , p a r t i c l e s are trapped i n f i b e r surface crevices or trapped i n f i b e r i n t e r s t i c e s .

Table I.

Captan and Guthion Residues Retained by Fabrics and Removal by Laundering as a Function of Temperature Captan Denim Gore Tex

Guthion Denim Gore Tex

Tl residue yg/cm removal %

2.86 72.70

0.24 97.80

0.46 94.30

1.09 86.40

residue yg/cm removal %

0.24 97.80

0.03 99.70

0.30 96.30

0.76 90.60

residue yg/cm removal

0.04 99.60

0.03 99.80

0.17 97.90

0.69 91.50

T2

T3

Ti = 38°C;

T2 = 49°C;

T3 = 60°C



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For the pesticide Guthion, residues retained by fabrics after laundering ranged from 86.4%-97.9%. An analysis of variance showed that s i g n i f i c a n t differences (.05 l e v e l ) were attributable to fabrics during the removal of Guthion residues; post hoc analysis revealed that f a b r i c means were s i g n i f i c a n t l y different for denim and Gore Tex. The lowest percentage removal of Guthion residues was shown by Gore Tex. An interpretaion of the finding must include a look at the chemical composition of the pesticide formulation as well as the f i b e r content of the f a b r i c . Guthion 2S formulation was an o i l based concentrate containing 43% petroleum d i s t i l l a t e s . The chemical composition of Gore Tex includes the nylon f i b e r as well as the PTFE f i l m , both of which were expected to exhibit hydrophobic properties, and the o l e o p h i l i c tendencies of the nylon f i b e r have been widely reported. This may explain both the increased removal of Captan residues exhibited by Gore Tex over 100% cotton denim, and the lower percent removal of Guthion residues. Suspended nonoily particulate s o i l should be more e a s i l y removed from the Gore Tex, since the s o i l should be concentrated mainly on the smooth surfaces and possess l i t t l e a f f i n i t y for nylon and the PTFE f i l m . In addition, the lower surface energies of nylon and PTFE compared to cotton would f a c i l i t a t e removal of nonattractive s o i l s . However, Guthion, with i t s o i l based formulation, should possess greater a f f i n i t y for nylon than cotton and so be less responsive to removal by laundering, as was found i n this study. The d i f f i c u l t y of removing o i l y s o i l s involves not only the p o s s i b i l i t y of geometric entrapment of s o i l s on the surface of the t e x t i l e but also f i b e r / s o i l interaction. The components of o i l y s o i l s have been shown to diffuse below the f i b e r surface and become molecularly entangled i n the body of the filaments, or they may permeate the polymer i t s e l f . When this d i f f u s i o n does occur, the soiled fabrics are more d i f f i c u l t to clean. In looking s p e c i f i c a l l y at the effects of temperature, an analysis of variance showed that the temperature effect was s i g n i f i c a n t (.05 l e v e l ) for both Captan and Guthion residue removal. Overall, an increase i n temperature resulted i n an increase i n pesticide removal. This may be p a r t i a l l y attributed to the theory that higher temperatures favor increased s o i l removal by increasing the k i n e t i c energy of the p a r t i c l e s . Other effects due to an increase i n temperature may be due to a reduction i n the v i s c o s i t y of the wash liquor and/or the s o i l i t s e l f , which should i n t e n s i f y the Brownian motion of the p a r t i c l e s . In addition, an increase i n temperature may influence the s o l u b i l i t y of the surfactant, and the surfactant may become less hydrated at higher temperatures and hence more surface active, thereby enhancing i t s cleaning power. In conclusion, s o i l composition (pesticide residue) played an important role i n c o n t r o l l i n g f a b r i c / s o i l interactions. Captan, an aqueous suspension of p a r t i c l e s , was more d i f f i c u l t to remove i n 100% cotton denim. This was attributed to p a r t i c l e size and the c l a y - l i k e nature of the materials comprising the pesticide formulation. Guthion, an o i l based formulation, was more d i f f i c u l t to remove from Gore Tex. This f a b r i c , predominantly nylon, has o l e o p h i l i c tendencies. The d i f f i c u l t y of removing o i l y s o i l s from o l e o p h i l i c f i b e r s has been reported by researchers as a serious problem i n a l l


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s o i l removal studies. Based on the findings of this study, the removal of pesticide residues from fabrics contaminated with pesticides i s similar to the removal of common s o i l .


Finishes and Pesticide Penetration The second study i s on the functional f i n i s h effectiveness i n providing a barrier to pesticide exposure. This study i s currently in progress at The University of Tennessee Karen Leonas, a Ph.D. candidate. The purpose of this study i s to determine i f fabrics treated with functional finishes are more e f f e c t i v e i n the prevention of pesticide penetration than the same fabrics that have not been treated. The study i s being conducted with the Agriculture Experiment Station S-163 Regional Project. The fabrics used i n this study were prepared by the Southern Regional Lab especially for the 13 states involved i n the S-163 Project. They include: 100% cotton, 100% polyester, and a 50/50 cotton/polyester blend. Fabrics are print cloth, woven construction, with a thread count of 70W χ 78F, 3.5 ounce per square yard. A l l f a b r i c s were wet finished and heat set. A durable press f i n i s h (DMDHEU) was applied to cotton and cotton/polyester f a b r i c s . A water repellent fluorocarbon f i n i s h (Corpel) and an a c r y l i c acid s o i l release f i n i s h were applied to a l l three types of f a b r i c s . Our preliminary findings f o r the AATCC spray test are reported here. The AATCC Water Repellency Spray Test measures the resistance of fabrics to wetting by water. It does not measure penetration of l i q u i d through f a b r i c , but i s a good preliminary scouting technique for penetration. The test specimen i s fastened securely i n the 6 i n metal hoop. The hoop i s then placed on the stand of the tester so that the f a b r i c i s uppermost i n such a position that coincides with the center of the hoop. Two hundred f i f t y ml of d i s t i l l e d water at 27 ± 1C i s poured into the funnel of the tester and allowed to spray onto the test specimen. The hoop i s then taken by one edge and the opposite edge tapped smartly once against a s o l i d object, with the f a b r i c facing the object, then rotated 180° and tapped once more on the point previously held. Then the wet or spotted pattern i s compared with the rating chart. The test specimen i s assigned a rating corresponding to the nearest standard i n the rating chart. Intermediate ratings are not given. A mean score i s then calculated from the r e p l i c a t i o n s f o r each sample. This standard test was performed on each f a b r i c , with and without the f i n i s h e s . Each sample was tested without laundering and after 10, 30 and 50 launderings. The results f o r a l l of the samples except those with a fluorocarbon f i n i s h was 0, that i s , a complete wetting of the whole upper and lower surfaces. A l l of the fluoro carbon finished fabrics showed an increase i n wetting with increased launderings (Table I I ) . Overall, polyester performed the best followed by the cotton/polyester blend and then cotton. Based upon these findings, we are currently testing the cotton, cotton/polyester and 100% polyester fabrics with a fluorocarbon f i n i s h i n our pesticide spray chamber with two pesticides: Galecron and methyl parathion.


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Table I I .

Protective


409

Research

Spray Test Ratings for Fluorocarbon Finished Fabrics As a Function of Launderings

0 80 80 100

Fabrics cotton cotton/poly poly

User Garment

Apparel

10 70 70 77

Times Laundered 30 63 70 80

50 50 70 80

Preference

The f i n a l study reported here was just completed by Ruth King, a Doctoral student at The University of Tennessee. The intent of the study was to evaluate the e f f e c t s of perceived product attributes of functionally designed protective apparel and of r i s k related factors influencing the adoption/purchase decision (9). This discussion w i l l focus on the f i r s t objective, which was to determine i f s i g n i f i c a n t differences existed between garment selection when information was withheld r e l a t i v e to the product attributes of cost, comfort and penetration. A two part mailed questionnaire was used to ascertain subject responses. Part I was limited to the i l l u s t r a t i o n of protective apparel products, with descriptions and f a b r i c samples f o r each. Part II consisted of f i v e response categories: garment selection, product a t t r i b u t e s , r i s k perception, r i s k handling t a c t i c s and demographic data. Four d i f f e r e n t questionnaire types were used for Part I. One contained a l l of the information, whereas either penetration, cost or comfort information was withheld from the remaining three. A scaled response, 1 through 5 range, was employed for each variable. Commercial catalogs were used i n the f i n a l selection of the 6 garments used i n Part I of the questionnaire. These 6 garments were randomly ordered for their presentation i n the questionnaire. They consisted of: Garment #1. Gore Tex coveralls, s t y l e A, prototype, not available on the consumer market - highly recommended for safety and comfort, cost-$150; Garment // 2. Tyvek c o v e r a l l - minimum protection from pesticide penetration, uncomfortable i n hot weather, cost-$8.50; Garment #3. Neoprene o v e r a l l s , jacket and hat - highly recommended for safety but not for comfort, cost-$60.75; Garment #4. Tyvek treated with Sarenex coveralls - highly recommended f o r protection from pesticide penetration, uncomfortable in hot weather, cost-$26.50; Garment //5. Denim jeans and chambray s h i r t - not recommended f o r safety, comfortable i n hot weather, cost-$19.48; Garment //6. Gore Tex coveralls, s t y l e Β - highly recommended for safety and comfort, cost-$150. In Part II of the questionnaire the subjects were instructed to check the location on the scale that best described t h e i r l i k e l i h o o d to purchase or not to purchase the garment. The scale ranged from 1 to 5, from " l i k e l y not to purchase" to " l i k e l y to purchase".



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A higher rating would indicate a greater potential of adoption/ purchase intention. Participants i n this sample were selected from the 5 A g r i c u l t u r a l Extension Service d i s t r i c t s which include 95 counties i n the State of Tennessee. The sample population consisted of 906 a g r i c u l t u r a l workers l i k e l y to be involved i n the application of pesticides. The f i n a l data base was comprised of 421 respondents, a 47% response rate. Sixty-three percent of the subjects were a c t i v e l y engaged i n f r u i t growing, with a t o t a l acreage of 5 or l e s s . Sixty percent of the respondents were involved i n tobacco growing , with an acreage of 5 or less also. F i e l d crops and livestock/dairy were the major type of farm operations, either i n combination or as separate units. Over 80% of the respondents were the p r i n c i p a l person involved i n pesticide application. Less than 10% was attributed to commercial applicators. The greatest number of the sample was i n the 25-34 years age group. Ninety-five percent of the t o t a l population had at least attained high school or above education. Thirty f i v e percent had attained at least a high school education; forty four percent an associate or 4 year degree; and 11 percent attended graduate school. The complete randomized, block design was used to p r o f i l e the four sample groups representing the four subsets of information withheld i n 6 garment choices. Group #1 consisted of a l l information regarding garment c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . For group //2, penetration information was withheld. Cost information was not provided subjects i n group #3. Information pertaining to comfort was denied subjects in group #4. An analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of information on respondents' choices of garment selection. Garment selection was found to be s i g n i f i c a n t f o r a l l groups. Once the garment selection was found to be s i g n i f i c a n t , means were partitioned v i a Duncan's Multiple Range Test to determine how garment choices d i f f e r e n t i a t e d when information was withheld on penetration, cost and comfort. The impact of withholding information on subjects' garment choice varied across groups. Jeans and chambray s h i r t s were the f i r s t preference for three of the four groups, the exception being group #3. When cost information was absent to group #3, the mean of Gore Tex garment (A) was not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from the other groups. Jeans and chambray s h i r t were c l e a r l y the f i r s t preference for a l l groups, with the exception of the group not receiving cost information. Contrast statements were then formulated to investigate the change occurring i n garment preferences when certain information was absent. Data indicates there was a decisive s h i f t i n garment selections i n the presence of a l l information versus the absence of information. Greater effects were observed when the cost variable was not present f o r the two higher Gore Tex garments, (F value 31.61 and 28.7). The next s i g n i f i c a n t difference was attributed to the penetration variable when associated with jeans and chambray s h i r t , and Gore Tex, style A, garment, an i n i t i a l conclusion being: cost i s l i k e l y to have the greatest impact on subjects' choices. Also, subjects are more l i k e l y to assume the r i s k associated with penetration, even when adequate information i s available, i f the cost factor i s apparent. Moderate variations were evident i n the absence of


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comfort information for the two Tyvek and Neoprene garments. No s i g n i f i c a n t changes were shown for the two Tyvek, Neoprene, nor Gore Tex, style B, garments when penetration information was withheld. The fact that jeans and chambray s h i r t were a f i r s t choice i n the presence of penetration information implies a greater value i s placed on cost versus safety or comfort. Subjects are w i l l i n g to accept the r i s k i n l i e u of paying the p r i c e .


Summary Current research at The University of Tennessee i n protective apparel for pesticide applicators has investigated decontamination, penetration and user preference for protective apparel. The decontamination studies found pesticides behaved s i m i l a r l y to s o i l removal, with o i l y based s o i l s being more d i f f i c u l t to remove from synthetic fabrics and particulate s o i l being more d i f f i c u l t to remove from woven natural f a b r i c s . I n i t i a l studies on the effect of f a b r i c finishes on pesticide penetration found a fluorocarbon f i n i s h was most e f f e c t i v e . There was, however, an increase i n penetration with increased launderings of the finished f a b r i c . In a survey of user preference of available garments, cost was the predominant factor affecting choice, ranking above either safety or comfort. Although additional studies are needed i n the areas of penetration of pesticides through f a b r i c and i n thermal comfort, the acceptability of the f i n a l product to the consumer must not be overlooked. This l a s t study indicates the effect that cost has on product acceptance. The cost factor i s l i k e l y to be the more i n f l u e n t i a l c r i t e r i a i n purchase/adoption decisions and should not be overlooked when the i d e a l garment i s being designed for maximum protection and comfort.

Literature Cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Branson, D. H. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1982. DeJonge, J . O.; Ayres, G.; Branson, D. Home Economics Research J. Submitted June, 1984. DeJonge, J . O.; Vredevoogd, J.; Henry, M. S. Clothing and Textiles Research J. 1983-84, 2, 9-14. Easter, E. P. Textile Chemist and Colorist 1983, 15, 47-51. Orlando, J.; Branson, D.; Ayres, G.; Leavitt, R. J . Environmental Science and Health 1981, B16, 615-628. Kissa, E. Textile Research J. 1971, 41, 750. Finley, E. L . ; Rogillio, J . R. B. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1969, 4, 343. Finley, E. L . ; Metcalfe, G. I.; McDermott, F. G. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1974, 12, 268. King, R. M. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Tennessee, 1984.

RECEIVED August 28, 1984


Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use - American Chemical Society

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