Double-Quantum Exchange Spectroscopy of

May 24, 2017 - 3D Double-Quantum/Double-Quantum Exchange Spectroscopy of Protons under 100 kHz ... E-mail: [email protected]., *A. Ramamoorthy...
0 downloads 3 Views 303KB Size
,PSDFWRI5DSLG8UEDQL]DWLRQRQ8UEDQ+HDW,VODQG (IIHFWLQD7\SLFDO9DOOH\&LW\  ;L=KDQJ*XRGRQJ/L 'RQJ[LQJ:X 6FKRRORI(QYLURQPHQWDQG3ODQQLQJ+HQDQ8QLYHUVLW\.DLIHQJ&KLQD

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUHPDLOOLJXRGRQJKG#FRP   Abstract²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eywords-urban heat island (UHI); global warming; rapid urbanization; valley-city

,  ,1752'8&7,21 7KH JOREDO FOLPDWH LV JUDGXDOO\ ZDUPLQJ LQ WKH UHFHQW KXQGUHG \HDUV ZKLFK LV DQ LQGLVSXWDEOH IDFW ,W LV JHQHUDOO\ DFFHSWHG WKDW WKH JOREDO WHPSHUDWXUH KDV LQFUHDVHG DERXW  ႏ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

0$7(5,$/6$1'0(7+2'6

A. Study Area /DQ]KRXLVORFDWHGDWERXQGDU\]RQHRIWKH/RHVV3ODWHDX WKH 1HLPHQJJX;LQMLDQJ 3ODWHDX DQG WKH 7LEHWDQ 3ODWHDX UDQJLQJ IURP ƒƍƎ1 WR ƒƍƎ1 DQG IURP ƒƍƎ(WRƒƍƎ(,WLVVLWXDWHGLQWKH@ @ 3 :DQJ ) .XDQJ @ ):DQJ6&HUQXVFKL62]JHQ*5LSDPRQWL59HFFKLDQG*9DOOL HWDO³8)3DQG%&DWDPLGVL]HGFLW\LQ3RYDOOH\,WDO\VL]HUHVROYHG SDUWLWLRQLQJEHWZHHQSULPDU\DQGQHZO\IRUPHGSDUWLFOHV´$WPRV(QY SS >@