A Agricultural Research Centers 7 Aluminum ... - ACS Publications

INDEX

Downloaded by 67.237.17.109 on March 19, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 8, 1980 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1980-0129.ix001

A Agricultural Research Centers 7 Aluminum engine blocks 85 American Chemical Society 208 membership survey, overview of ... 212f membership survey, results of 212 Task Force on Compensation for Employed Inventors 213 Association of Corporate Patent Council (ACPC) survey 213-215 Association of Corporate Patent Council (ACPC) reasons for inventor award programs 216/ B

Banks Committee 215,217 report 217 Bootlegging 185 Bureau of Mines 7 Bureaucratization of science and technology 192 Business, relationship between government and 117 Business Roundtable 226 C

Capital expenditures 32 Capital investment 107/ return on 109/ Carbon filament electric lamp 85 Cash flow, industry investment and .... 105/ Cash flow, plant and equipment spending is related to profitability and 104 CED (Committee for Economic Development) 103,226,257 Change, rapid 80 Charpie report 69, 224 Chemical industry 23,32 economics of 25/ innovation of 23, 38 macroeconomics of 20-28 profitability of 23 R&D in 20-28 relationship of R&D to its economic benefits in 28 research and innovation 19-48

Chemical (continued) industry (continued) technological change in 31 technological competitiveness of the U.S 26 petroleum industries, marginal rate of return from R&D in 96 process industry, major commercial processing development in .40/, 41/, 42/, 43/ process innovation, professional occupations in 45/ Civilian technology government laboratories to promote 98-99 over-investing in 96 Panel 224 public policy toward 97 under-investing or 96, 97, 98 Committee for Economic Development (CED) 103,226,257 Compensation programs for inventors 208 Complementarities 33 Conference Board 226 Corporate leadership 174 Corporate tax, impact of inflation on .. 109/ Corporation functional coupling within 175-177 innovation within 173-179 survival of 173 Costs of an established and an invading product over time, unit 83/ Council on wage and price stabilization 34 D Defense Department of 88 expenditures 14 laboratories 7 Delegatin Generale a la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (DGRST) 201 Department of Commerce 202 Deregulation, benefits of .193-194 Deregulation of private industries work in R&D 193 Development, overview of U.S. research and 5-17

263

Smith and Larson; Innovation and U.S. Research ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1980.

,

264

INNOVATION AND U.S. RESEARCH:

Discontinuity, concept of 147 Domestic Policy Review on Industrial Innovation (DPR) ...115,116,125,217, 219,223,224,251,257 goal of 115,117,119 process, personal observations on 115-121 process, structuring 117,119 comments and recommendations .... 216/ Dodge 80 DPR (see Domestic Policy Review)


E Earnings, after tax 24/ Eastman, George 87,88 Eastman Kodak 84,90 Econometric studies 95 Economic (s) benefit 19 Development, Committee for (CED) 103 of innovation 95-100 Edison Company 87 Edison, Thomas A 85, 87,136 Entrepreneurial activity, innovative .. 185 Entrepreneurs 200 Eureka experience 139 European Common Market 197 Export performance 26-28 Exporting, U.S 243-244 F Federal government involvement with the development and commercialization of technology 247 government role in technology 250 laboratories 7-10 market and innovation 244 role in innovation, consequences of 252 Fibers, natural 84 Film, celluloid photographic 87 Fluorescent light 86 Ford Motor Company 85, 88 discontinuous change in products at 79/ innovations by 78-80 Free enterprise 181 G General Electric Company 86, 87 General Motors 80,89 Goodyear, Charles 144 Government and business, relationship between 117 in innovation, appropriate role of 197-204 policy, innovation and 200-201

PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Gross National Product (GNP) Growth rate

235 28

H Health, National Institutes of Health and Scientific Research Subcommittee

9 191

Iceboxes 85 Incentive 245 Individual research/innovation 155-158 Industrial development and technology 197 extension program 202 innovation 115 plants, Japanese 58 Research Institute (IRI) 173,174,209 Industry (ies) chemical 23,32 economics of 25/ innovations in 38 patent output of 205 profitability of 23 R&D in 20-28 relationship of R&D to its economic benefits in 28 research and innovation 19-48 technological change in 31 technology competitiveness of the U.S 26 high-technology 20 innovations of 23 interaction, university163 investment and cash flow 105/ Japanese government's attitude toward 61 major commercial processing development in the chemical process 40/, 41/, 42/, 43/ Ministry of International Trade and (MITI) 201 pharmaceutical 26 research 7—10 sunrise and sunset 202 work in R&D, deregulation of 193 Inflation 198 cause of 112 on corporate tax, impact of 109/ Innovation ( s) 19,73,147,155,182 Act, National Science and Technology 237 appropriate role of government .197-204 Area Study, Research and (RIAS) 123-125 assessment of government impact on 247-253


265


INDEX

Innovation (s) (continued) Innovation (s) (continued) organizational structure for barriers to 175 benefits of 223 maximizing 177 changes influencing 178-179 organizing for 181-187 the outlook for 231-234 characteristics of 135,138,143,155 policy hindering U.S 195 chemical industry research and 19-48 policy issues that affect 226 consequences of the federal role in 252 presidential message on 224 and the corporation 258 within the corporation 173-179 problems in 208 the Council for 223-228 process 199 deceleration in 255 /productivity 240 decline of 205 professional occupations in definitions and conceptions of 74 chemical process 45/ the differing types of 32-38 , radical 81 on displaced products, effect of 95 rapid 73 recognition and awards for 205-218 distinction between invention and .. 133 distinguishing feature of the recommendations for functional coupling aimed at enhancing 176-177 technological 139 relationship between R&D and 31-32 dynamic model of 75f economic importance of 97 and savings 202 effect of serendipity and specializasmall business attitudes zation on 143-146 regarding 116,117 eleven hypotheses about 147-154 social benefit from technological in Europe, science and technology change and 198 and 51-55 technological 104,174 evidence showing decline of 205-208 and technology assessment 67-72 federal market and 244 top management's attitude first step in 138 toward 173-175 flexibility in 150 and U.S. research, congressional by the Ford Motor Company 78-80 view of 235-239 in the future 242 Innovator goals of the Council for 225 environment of the 156 and government policy 200-201 motivation of the 149 high-risk 175 new entrants as major 81 indicators 70-71 organizational structure and the .... 156 individual Inputs, drastic change in the cost of .. 78 in research 147-154 Invention 136 government 159-169 and innovation, distinction between 133 industrial 155-158 Inventors, compensation programs for 208 role of 133-142 Investment(s) contributions to 199 climate, technological progress industrial 115,241 and the 103-113 as stimulus to 110 in new technology, rate of return within the industrial organization .. 256 from 96 in industry and government, effect in new technology, social rates of of patent policy on 219-222 return 95 Japan and 202 J in Japan 57-63 factors contributing to 59 Japan 197,209,227 Joint Economic Committee special factors contributing to innovation study on economic change, in 59 innovation in 57-63,202 research and 123-129 productivity in 61 leading to changes in market 123 structure, technological 88-90 Joint Economic Committee 144 MACRO/MICRO, systems of 73-94 Juras, Appy management of 175 K the next step for the administration 84,90 for U.S. research and 241-246 Kodak, Eastman


266

INNOVATION AND U.S. RESEARCH: PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Patent(s) (continued) government 168 grant, timing of Ill history, U.S 206/ issued 1967-76, U.S 207/ 86 law, nationwide uniformity in Ill 86 output of the chemical industry 205 84 policy American 238 M federal 219 government 240 Macroeconomics of the chemical on innovation in industry and industry 20-28 government, effect of 219-222 Market(s) 147 area, new 89 Peer nomination 136-137 expansion 89 Perkins, Sir William Henry, Sr penetration 82 Petroleum industries, marginal rate of return from R&D in the chemical structure, technological innovation and 96 leading to changes in 88-90 26 Mines, Bureau of 9 Pharmaceutical industry Political-economic climate 37 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) 201 Private rates of return, differences between 97 MIT Center for Policy Alternatives .... 120 Process change, product and 74^-77 MITI (Ministry of International 145 Trade and Industry) 201 Proctor and Gamble Co Model T 80 Product life cycle 199 Monsanto Company 145 performance 84 Multidivisional company 92 and process change 74-77 Productivity in Japan 61 N Productivity and unit labor costs 23-26 193 NASA 8 Profit motive National Academy of Sciences 191 R Aeronautics and Space AdministraRadical change 78,89 tion 191 sources of 79-81 Bureau of Standards 8 160 Institutes of Health 7,191 Radio Corporation of America 19 objectives, compatibility with .6-11 R&D Authorization Estimates Act 236 policy-making 231 in the chemical industry 20-28 Science Foundation 4,14,95,96,191 in the chemical petroleum indusScience and Technology Innovatries, marginal rate of return tion Act 237 from 96 Swedish Board for Technical commercialized chemical 30 Development (STU) 201 costs of uncommercialized 95 technical enterprise 3 decline in federal support for 103 Nations, newly-industrialized 197 deregulation of private industries New Business Development 182 work in 193 New Ventures Division 182 to its economic benefits in the chemical industry, relationO ship of 28 emphasis 32 OPEC 197 expenditure level 47 expenditures 34 P expense, U.S. chemical companies' 207/ federal support of Ill Patent(s) 10,236 direct 106 activity in West German companies 210/ and innovation, relationship —chemical industry, U.S 206/ between 31-32 federally-owned 220-221 L


Laboratories, federal Lamp, carbonfilamentelectric Locomotives diesel-electric turbine-powered electric steam

7-10 85

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267


INDEX

R&D (continued) long-term, spending on physical capital and on 104 outside the innovating organization 95 personnel 13, 14 policy, direct national 30 post World War II 162-163 productivity of 10-17 scientist/engineer, cost per .12, 15/ scientists, number of 11 spending 28 Regulatory impacts 78 Research Centers, Agricultural 7 and development, overview of U.S. 5-17 industry 7-10 and Innovation Area Study (RIAS) 123 contents of 125-128 important results of 129 and innovation, chemical industry .19-48 university 7—10 RIAS (see Research and Innovation Area Study) Return on investment (R.O.I.) 142 Robber barons 191 S Science the bureaucratization of American 191-196 Foundation, National 96 indicators—1976 20 and technology, the bureaucratization of 192 Scientific and technological resources, changes in uses of national 248-249 Scoville Corporation 84, 90 Search and evaluation function 183 Security, health, transportation, national 6 Serendipity 143 and specialization on invention, effect of 143-146 Small Business Administration ( S B A ) 219 Social rates of return, differences between 97 Sodium cyclamate 144 Space expenditures 14 Special Study of Economic Change (SSEC) 123 SSEC (Special Study of Economic Change) 123 Standards, National Bureau of 8 Stauffer Chemical 205 S T U (National Swedish Board for Technical Development) 201 Sweden, economy of 200 Sylvania Company 86

T Tax credits 98,99 Tax policy, changes in 108 Technical articles 11 Technological competitiveness of the U.S. chemical industry 26 innovation 104 invasion, a general pattern of response to 81-84 progress 104 and the investment climate 103-113 resources, changes in uses of national scientific and 248-249 Technology Assessment Board 191 development and commercialization of 247 federal government involvement with the development and commercialization of 247 federal government role in 250 government laboratories to promote civilian 98-99 improves dramatically when threatened, the traditional 84-86 new drawbacks to 86-87 entering a special market niche .87-88 rate of return from investments in .. 96 social rates of return from investments in 95 traditional firms' success in 86 underinvestment in civilian 97, 98 Teflon 143-144

U Unit labor costs, productivity and United States chemical trade balance chemical trade surplus patent system changes in the trade balance University (ies) basic research at -industry interaction research

23-26 27/ 27/ 110 110-111 29/ 4—6 163 7—10

V Vulcanization

144

W West Germany

197,209,227

Z Zenith


160

A Agricultural Research Centers 7 Aluminum ... - ACS Publications

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