INDEX
Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques Downloaded from pubs.acs.org by 93.179.90.48 on 09/23/18. For personal use only.
A Al-26, 63, 96 Allende i n c l u s i o n s , i n s i t u decay, 119, 123 chronometer, 123 decay to Mg-26, 96 h a l f - l i f e , 96 s o l a r nebula, 122 Al-26/Mg-26 e v o l u t i o n diagram f o r Allende 3510 i n c l u s i o n , 124f e v o l u t i o n diagram f o r Allende B l i n c l u s i o n s , 114f e v o l u t i o n diagram f o r Allende B2 i n c l u s i o n s , 116f e v o l u t i o n diagram f o r Allende Type Β i n c l u s i o n , 124f A1-26/A1-27 r a t i o , 120 Al-26/Be-10, 63 Al-27/Mg-24 r a t i o s , 95-126 correlation of Al-27+/Mg-24+ f o r Allende a n o r t h i t e and t e r r e s t r i a l p l a g i o c l a s e , 105f^ Al-27+/Mg-24+, 104 Mg-26/Mg-24 r a t i o s f o r anorthite, correlation, 123 c o r r e l a t i o n with Al-27/Mg-24 r a t i o f o r Allende a n o r t h i t e and t e r r e s t r i a l p l a g i o c l a s e , 105f_ Ar-39 dating o f groundwater, 200 dating isotope f o r ocean water, 153 dating method, 18-21 a p p l i c a t i o n s , 19
495
Ar-39 (continued) measurements on groundwater, 19 Ar-39/C-14 d a t i n g d i s c r e p a n c i e s , 200 Ar-40 d a t i n g o f groundwater, 206-207 A l - r i c h i n c l u s i o n s from Allende meteorite, i o n probe Mg i s o t o p i c measurements, 95-126 Abies a l b a , Bavarian f i r , isotope r a t i o s , 259 A c c e l e r a t o r s , 159-181 atom counting of C-14, 163 e l e c t r o s t a t i c , sample preparation f o r d a t i n g radiocarbon, 89-93 mass spectrometry (AMS), atom counting, 160 tandem atom counting, 160 d i r e c t measurement o f n a t u r a l Be-10 and C-14, 75-87 e l e c t r o s t a t i c , 45 Van de G r a a f f , 196 Acetylene c r a c k i n g , 91 d i s s o c i a t i o n , 57 gas conversion i n t o g r a p h i t e - l i k e C, 59 generator, L i pot, 91, 92 p y r o l y s i s , 91 Age determinations by mass spectrometry, 71-72 A i r occluded i n i c e , CO2 contents, 34 A l k a l i or p l a g i o c l a s e feldspars i n pottery abundance, 426, 428f A l l a n H i l l s meteorite, 395 Allende meteorite, 395
496
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L DATING T E C H N I Q U E S
Allende meteorite (continued) Mg i s o t o p i c composition o f Mg-poor m i n e r a l s , 110t-112t anorthite isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg, 114f t e r r e s t r i a l plagioclase, c o r r e l a t i o n of Al-27+/Mg-24+ with Al-27/Mg-24 r a t i o s , 105f carbynes, 396 i n c l u s i o n s 3510 type, 117, 125 3510, Al-26/Mg-26 e v o l u t i o n diagram, 124f^ B l , 113 B l , Al-26/Mg-26 e v o l u t i o n diagram, 114f B2, 121-123 B2, Al-26/Mg-26 e v o l u t i o n diagram, 116jE C a - A l - r i c h , 147 C a - A l - r i c h , i o n probe Mg i s o t o p i c measurements, 95-126 Mg i s o t o p i c composition, 109-113 Type A, 117, 123 Type B, 101 Type B, Al-26/Mg-26 e v o l u t i o n diagram, 124f Type B l , photomicrograph 102f isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg from Mg-rich minerals, 108i: i n s i t u decay o f Al-26, 119, 123 Alpha p a r t i c l e s Th-232 as source, 204 U-238 as source, 204 n e u t r a l i z a t i o n , 203 Amino acids carbonaceous chondrites, 395 formation, 392 racemization, 210 dating, 484
Amino acids (continued) p r o p e r t i e s , 468 Antarctic i c e , pH, 327 i c e cap, 247 i c e sheets, 308, 319 n i t r a t e , 307 seasonal v a r i a t i o n s , 308-313 Antarctica, selected stations and p h y s i c a l features, 32 I f Anorthite Allende c o r r e l a t i o n of ion i n t e n s i t y with elemental r a t i o s , 105 isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg, 114£ c o r r e l a t i o n between composition r a t i o s , 123 t e r r e s t r i a l , Mg mass spectrum, 100f_ A n o r t h i t e s , 103, 95-126 Mg i s o t o p i c v a r i a t i o n s due to a l t e r a t i o n , 120-121, 122 A n o r t h o s i t i c gabbros, 146 A p a t i t e , 458 Aphanite, 146 A p o l l o 17 b a s a l t s , l a s e r probe study, 145-147 A q u i f e r s , 187-216 Archaeological sites absolute d a t i n g of t r a v e r t i n e s , 475-487 °f Homo erectus, d a t i n g , 484-487 Argon enrichment, 163 As terοid-impact hypothesis, 402 As terοid-impact theory, 401 A s t e r o i d s , 394 Atmosphere, i n t e r a c t i o n o f cosmic rays, 13 Atmospheric C-14/C r a t i o h i s t o r y , 23 man's i n f l u e n c e , 22 Atmospheric C-14/C-12 r a t i o , constant, 233 Atmospheric CO2 concentration, v a r i a t i o n s , 22
497
INDEX
Atmospheric C 0 (continued) content, l a s t 30,000 years h i s t o r y , 34-35 increase due to f o s s i l f u e l CO2 input, 25 observed changes, i s o t o p i c composition, 23-25 Atmospheric gases and p a r t i c l e s , C-14 as t r a c e r f o r biogenic ( f o s s i l ) sources, 170 Atmospheric p a r t i c l e s , 173 Atmospheric radiocarbon, preserved as c e l l u l o s e i n wood, 227 Atmospheric radiochemistry, 169-181 Atom counting, 15If a c c e l e r a t o r , C-14, 163 a c c e l e r a t o r mass spectrometry (AMS), 160 c y c l o t r o n , 160 d i r e c t , 160 tandem a c c e l e r a t o r , 160 Atoms, i n d i v i d u a l daughter, d e t e c t i o n , 150 2
Β Be-10 cosmic ray-produced, deposited i n i c e , 37 measurements, 62-63 n a t u r a l , d i r e c t measurement with a tandem a c c e l e r a t o r , 75-87 sea water, 383 Be-10/Be-9 r a t i o s , 80 BeO sample, t o t a l energy spectrum o f ions, 8 I f Br isotopes, 132 B a s a l t s , A p o l l o 17, l a s e r probe study, 145-147 Bavarian f i r Abies alba, isotope r a t i o s , 259 Bayesian c l a s s i f i c a t i o n techniques, 419 Beta-active isotopes, l o n g - l i v e d , 47 Bethe-Bloch equation, 52
Biogenic ( f o s s i l ) sources o f atmospheric gases and p a r t i c l e s , C-14 as a t r a c e r , 170 B i o l o g i c a l C, o l d e s t known, 399 Biosphere, e f f e c t on c l i m a t e , 279 B i o s p h e r i c growth r a t e , 29 B i o t i t e s , 147 Bloom, Fe, 445f C-14 d a t i n g , 441-449 Bloomery Fe, 446 Blooms, E n g l i s h Fe, weights, 448 Bomb-produced r a d i o n u c l i d e s , 341 Bone component, 458 components used f o r radiocarbon determinations, 459J: contamination e f f e c t s , 460 d i a g e n e t i c or secondary carbonate, 458 f o s s i l , organic c o n s t i t u e n t s , 468 P l e i s t o c e n e , d a t i n g , 453-469 problems i n radiocarbon dating, 453-469 p r o t e i n c o l l a g e n i n , 459 Bone carbonate, 455 Bone c o l l a g e n C-14 determinations, 457 N-15 values, 465 Bone p r o t e i n , 455 Bone samples f o r C-14 a n a l y s i s , preparation, 458-460 modern and P l e i s t o c e n e , e f f e c t o f pretreatment on N-15 values, 4671 nonautochthonous organics, 465-469 B o x - d i f f u s i o n model, 239 c a l c u l a t i o n o f CO2 d i l u t i o n f a c t o r s , 26-32 B r e c c i a , lunar, 146 B r i s t l e c o n e pine chronology, 227 B u l l mummy shroud, 57
498
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L D A T I N G TECHNIQUES
C
C-dilution corresponding to CO2 i n c r e a s e , 32 due to f o s s i l CO2 input ( S u e s s - e f f e c t ) , 25 C enrichment, 163 C production r a t e v a r i a t i o n s i n tree r i n g s , 29, 3 If C-13, use to r e s o l v e carbonaceous m a t e r i a l of petroleum from methane or marine p l a n t s , 175 Ca-Al-rich inclusions from Allende m e t e o r i t e , 95-126, 147 C-12/C-13/C-14 r a t i o s , 59 C-13/C-12, enrichment, 282, 283t C-14 a n a l y s i s , p r e p a r a t i o n of bone samples, 458-460 counting data from ancient Fe specimens, 447£ counting methods, d i r e c t , 454 dating groundwater, 8, 192-193 Fe bloom, 441-449 method, 21-22 p o l a r i c e , 319-328 range, 476 t r a v e r t i n e s , 483 determinations, bone c o l l a g e n , 457 f l u c t u a t i o n s , 23 h a l f - l i f e , 22 measurements, minicounter, 325f n a t u r a l , d i r e c t measurement with tandem a c c e l e r a t o r , 75-87 production, r e l a t i o n s h i p with sunspots, 239 source i n oceans, 366 systems, decay counting, 454
C-14 (continued) tracer for biogenic ( f o s s i l ) sources of atmospheric gases and p a r t i c l e s , 170 transport to ocean f l o o r , 369 v a r i a t i o n s , short-term, 29 C-14 age v s . dendrochronologic age, 235f C-14/Ar-39 d a t i n g d i s c r e p a n c i e s , 200 C-14 and He-4 dates of groundwater comparison, 205t C-14/C r a t i o , atmospheric h i s t o r y , 23 man's i n f l u e n c e , 22 C-14/C-12 r a t i o s constant atmospheric, 233 r a t i o s i n small samples, 441 Cf-252 n u c l e i , spontaneous f i s s i o n , 150 Cl-36 cosmic ray-produced, deposited i n i c e , 37 dating of groundwater, 195-199 complications, 198 d e t e c t i o n from n a t u r a l water, 66 h a l f - l i f e , 195 C0 atmospheric concentration v a r i a t i o n s , 22 content, h i s t o r y of l a s t 30,000 years, 34-35 increase due to f o s s i l f u e l C0 input, 25 observed changes, i s o t o p i c composition, 23-25 concentration i n atmosphere, 281 contents of a i r occluded i n i c e , 34 dilution factors, c a l c u l a t i o n with b o x - d i f f u s i o n model, 26-32 2
2
499
INDEX
c 0
2 (continued) f o s s i l f u e l input, atmospheric CO2 i n c r e a s e , 25 i n c r e a s e , C-14 d i l u t i o n correspondence, 32 system changes at end of l a s t g l a c i a t i o n , 33 response to exponential and c y l i c disturbances, 27jE CLUS c l u s t e r i n g procedure, 418 Calcite f i s s i o n track dating, 484 methods of d a t i n g , 483-484 Calcium carbonate, 476 C a l i f o r n i a redwood Sequoia gigantea, isotope r a t i o s , 259 C a l l i n e c t e s sapidus (blue c r a b ) , 284 Carbon amorphous, 91 a n t i q u i t y , 391-399 b i o l o g i c a l , o l d e s t known, 399 b i o l o g i c a l organic matter, 397 compounds i n i n t e r s t e l l a r space and t h e i r abundances r e l a t i v e to H, 392, 393f compounds of extraterrestrial origin, 394 content of environmental samples, contemporary, 170-174 c y c l e models and disturbances, 22 on earth, 396 g r a p h i t e - l i k e , conversion of acetylene gas, 59 isotopes, 76 r a t i o s i n atmospheric C0 , 247 r a t i o s i n tree r i n g s , 247 values f o r g r a p h i t e i n Isua, West Greenland, 399 2
Carbon (continued) organic, c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n sea core, 275 production, 91 r e s e r v o i r s , main exchanging, 24f Carbon dioxide atmospheric, C isotope r a t i o s , 247 c l i m a t i c e f f e c t s , 169 Carbon monoxide, 172 Carbon tested forms, 90-92 Carbonaceous chondrites amino a c i d s , 395 type I I , 394 Carbonaceous gases and p a r t i c l e s sources, 169-181 Carbonaceous p a r t i c l e s sources, 172 Carbonaceous species e f f e c t s , 169t Carbonate, bone, 455 d i a g e n e t i c or secondary, 458 Carbonate, Ca, 476 Carbonate, ocean, 283 Carbonate geochemistry, 192 Carbonate rocks, marine extent of d i s s o l u t i o n , 193 Carbonates, o r g a n i c a l l y p r e c i p i t a t e d , d a t i n g , 481 Carbonic anhydrase i n the surface sea water, 281 Carbynes, 395 A l l e n d e , 396 Murchison, 396 C e l l u l o s e , 252 atmospheric radiocarbon preserved i n wood, 227 chemical bonds, 256 formation, 252 Ceramic compositional i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of incense-burner trade, 411-438 Ceramic o b j e c t s , 412 Ceramic pastes, d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g , 421-426 Cesium, 150 Cesium sputter i o n source, 78 r e f l e c t e d beam, 85 Ceylon s p i n e l , 103
500
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L DATING
Charcoal, 90 Chemical bonds c e l l u l o s e , 256 l i g n i n , 256 Chemical composition of p o l a r i c e cores, 304 Chemical contamination i n decay counting methods, 165 Chemical d a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s , 7 Chemical e v o l u t i o n i n cosmos, 391 Chemical f i n g e r p r i n t i n g techniques used to identify pollutant sources, 170-181 Chesapeake Bay, y i e l d of blue crab as climate i n d i c a t o r , 284-288 C h l o r i d e content of groundwater, 214 Chondrites, carbonaceous amino a c i d s , 395 type I I , 394 Chronometer, Al-26, 123 Chronometers of deep-sea sedimentary process, 365JL Clay f r a c t i o n s of sediments, rare earth abundance, 404, 406f Clay mineralogy of the Cretaceous-tertiary boundary l a y e r , 404-408 Clay resources, 424 Climate e f f e c t of biosphere, 279 v a r i a t i o n s , worldwide p e r i o d i c i t i e s , 275 Climate i n d i c a t e s , commodities, p r i c e s , wages, 284-290 Climate i n d i c a t o r D/H r a t i o , 231 wheat p r i c e s i n Europe, 287-290 y i e l d of blue crab i n Chesapeake Bay, 284-288 C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , past, use of s t a b l e isotope i n f o r m a t i o n to i n f e r , 228
TECHNIQUES
C l i m a t i c f a c t o r s that influence tree-ring growth, 228 Climatic indicators, h i s t o r i c , tree thermometers and commodities, 245-295. Climatic signal i n ring widths, 229 C l i m a t i c temperatures, isotope f r a c t i o n a t i o n , 256 C l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s , isotope a n a l y s i s from t r e e - r i n g data, 226 Coal burning as source f o r Pb, 339 Collagen, bone C-14 determinations, 457 N-15 v a l u e s , 465 Comets, 394 Commodities, p r i c e s , wages as climate i n d i c a t e s , 284-290 Contamination chemical, i n decay counting methods, 165 e f f e c t s i n bone, 460 C o n t i n e n t a l dust, 305 Coral d e b r i s , r a d i o a c t i v e , t r a n s p o r t , 341 Cosmic r a d i a t i o n constancy, 12 modulations and i n t e r a c t i o n s , 10£ Cosmic ray i n t e n s i t y v a r i a t i o n s , 380-384 Cosmic ray s p a l l a t i o n Kr, 130 Cosmic rays i n t e r a c t i o n with atmosphere, 13 i n t e r a c t i o n with meteorites, moon, earth's s u r f a c e , 8-9 s o l a r , Kr i s o t o p i c v a r i a t i o n s , 136 Cosmic ray-produced Be-10 or Cl-36 deposited i n i c e , 37 Kr-81 i n meteorites, 129 isotopes, used to study environmental system, 13 noble gas r a d i o i s o t o p e s , 15 Cosmogenic r a d i o n u c l i d e s , 66
INDEX
Counters, 159-181 gas p r o p o r t i o n a l , 160 Geiger, 1 l i q u i d s c i n t i l l a t i o n , 160 m i n i - , used f o r C-14 measurements, 325f u l t r a l o w - l e v e l concept, 1541? Counting C-14 systems decay, 454 Rn-222, 324 atom, 151 f^ a c c e l e r a t o r , o f C-14, 163 a c c e l e r a t o r mass spectrometry, 160 c y c l o t r o n , 160 d i r e c t , 160 tandem a c c e l e r a t o r , 160 gas p r o p o r t i o n a l , Ar-37, 163 t r a d i t i o n a l decay, 151_f Counting apparatus, small sample, 161f Counting data on C-14 from ancient Fe specimens, 447t. Counting methods decay, chemical contamination, 165 d i r e c t C-14, 454 Counting parameters f o r d i r e c t counting o f radiocarbon, 464t Counting techniques l o w - l e v e l , 160 r a d i o a c t i v e e r r o r s , 164-168 Crab, blue, ( C a l l i n e c t e s sapidus), 284 y i e l d i n Chesapeake Bay as climate i n d i e t o r , 284-288 C r e t a c e o u s - t e r t i a r y boundary Ir anomaly i n rocks, 401-408 C r e t a c e o u s - t e r t i a r y boundary l a y e r , c l a y mineralogy, 401-408 Cretaceous-tertiary e x t i n c t i o n s , cause, 401-408 Cryptomeria j a p o n i c a , Japanese cedar, isotope r a t i o s , 259
501 Cyanide poisoning e x t i n c t i o n s , 404 Cyclotron atom counting, 160 mass spectrometer, 75 D
D/H r a t i o as climate i n d i c a t o r , 231 Darcy's Law, 188-191 Dating C-14 i r o n bloom, 441-449 method, 21 range, 476 r e l a t i o n s h i p with dendrochronology, 226 t r a v e r t i n e s , 483 K-40/Ar-40 range, 476 Ar-39 method, 18-21 a p p l i c a t i o n s , 19 Ar-39/Ar-40, l a s e r microprobe, i n d i v i d u a l mineral g r a i n s , 139-147 Ar-39/C-14 d i s c r e p a n c i e s , 200 Kr-81, polar i c e , 133 Kr-81/Kr lunar c r a t e r s 133 mass spectometry, 129-136 Th-230/U-234 method, 481 absolute, t r a v e r t i n e s from a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s , 475-487 amino a c i d racemization, 484 a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s of Homo erectus, 484-487 assumptions i n Pb-210 method, 332-333 bone, rad iocarbon, problems, 453-469 c a l c i t e methods, 483-484 cave and s p r i n g deposits of P a l e o l i t h i c hominid occupations, 476 deep-sea sediments, Ra method, 364
502
NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL
Dating (continued) f i s s i o n track, c a l c i t e , 484 groundwater, 187-216 C-14 used, 192 H-3 ( t r i t i u m ) , 193 Ar-39, 200 Ar-40, 206-207 Cl-36, 195-199 He-4, 203 Kr-81, 200-201 Kr-85, 201 Si-32, 199-200 U-234/U-238, 208 current problems, 215-216 noble gases o f p o s s i b l e use, 203t radionuclides of atmospheric o r i g i n use, 191 uranium d i s e q u i l i b r i u m , 207-210 i c e cores, 608 application of glaciochemical horizons, 313-316 seasonal m i c r o p a r t i c l e a n a l y s i s , 316 isotope f o r ocean water, Ar-39, 153 methods, absolute, relevant to man's e v o l u t i o n , 477f n i t r a t e as t o o l f o r Greenland snow and i c e s t r a t a , 307 nuclear application of e l e c t r o s t a t i c tandems, 45-72h i s t o r i c a l perspective, 1 uses, 3 organically precipitated carbonates, 481 P l e i s t o c e n e bone, 453-469 p o l a r i c e by C-14 and Rn-222, 319-328 protactinium, 483 r a d i o a c t i v e and chemical principles, 7
DATING
TECHNIQUES
Dating (continued) radiocarbon, e l e c t r o s t a t i c a c c e l e r a t o r , sample preparation, 89-93 radiocarbon and radioberyIlium, Tandem Van de Graaff a c c e l e r a t o r , 75 r a d i o m e t r i c , isotopes used for P l e i s t o c e n e and Holocene d e p o s i t s , 476, 480f recent events i n sediments from lakes, e s t u a r i e s , and deep ocean, 331-360 requirements f o r e x t r a c t i n g i s o t o p i c records from tree r i n g s , 225-231 stalagmites, 484 techniques small-sample, 159-181 g l a c i o c h e m i c a l , 303-316 t o o l , seasonal v a r i a t i o n s , 304 travertine, U series d i s e q u i l i b r i u m , 483 Decay counting C-14 systems, 454 methods, chemical contamination, 165 t r a d i t i o n a l , 15If Decay o f heavy r a d i o n u c l i d e s , 203 Decay r a t e , r a d i o a c t i v e , 46 Deep-sea limestones, 402 Deep-sea sedimentary process chronometers, 365£ Deep-sea sediments, Ra method for d a t i n g , 364 Dendrochronologic age v s . C-14 age, 235f Dendrochronology C-14 dating r e l a t i o n s h i p , 226 isotope, s t a b l e , 228 Deuterium vs. 0 isotope r a t i o f o r worldwide p r e c i p i t a t i o n , 248f[ De V r i e s e f f e c t , 234 Dichlorodifluoromethane, 211
503
INDEX
D i f f u s i o n - a d v e c t i o n equation, 370 Dipole magnetic f i e l d i n t e n s i t y o f earth, 234 Driftwood, modern and f o s s i l , 449 Duoplasmatron i o n source, 97 Dust, c o n t i n e n t a l , 305 Dust, Late Wisconsin, 313
Ε Earth carbon on, 396 changes i n magnetic f i e l d , 33 d i p o l e magnetic f i e l d i n t e n s i t y , 234 h i s t o r y o f atmosphere and ecology, 319 o r i g i n of l i f e , 391 Earth's surface i n f l u e n c e o f the sun's v a r i a t i o n on temperature, 276 i n t e r a c t i o n o f cosmic rays, 8-9 E l e c t r o n s p i n resonance (ESR), 484 Elements, rare e a r t h , n a t u r a l radioactivity, 1 Electromagnetic isotope separation, 163 Electrostatic accelerator sample p r e p a r a t i o n f o r dating of radiocarbon, 89-93 tandem, 45 E l e c t r o s t a t i c tandems to u l t r a s e n s i t i v e mass spectrometry and nuclear dating a p p l i c a t i o n , 45-72 Entropy, negative (negentropy), 8 Environmental ( c l i m a t i c ) v a r i a t i o n s , isotope a n a l y s i s from t r e e - r i n g data, 226
Environmental system and i t s h i s t o r y , 13 E v o l u t i o n , chemical, i n cosmos, 391 E v o l u t i o n o f man absolute d a t i n g methods relevance, 477f Homo erectus t o Homo sapiens sapiens, time s c a l e , 475-487 Extinctions cretaceous t e r t i a r y cause, 401-408 cyanide poisoning, 404 E x t r a g a l a c t i c chemistry, 394 Extraterrestrial origin, carbon compounds, 394
F Feldspars abundance o f , 426, 428f p l a g i o c l a s e , 104 abundance i n p o t t e r y , 426, 248f F i n g e r p r i n t i n g techniques, chemical and radiochemical, t o identify pollutant sources, 170-181 F i r s t L i t t l e Ice Age, 289 Fission n a t u r a l , U-238, 195 spontaneous, Cf-252 n u c l e i , 150 track d a t i n g o f c a l c i t e , 484 Formaldehyde, 392 F o s s i l f u e l C 0 input atmospheric C 0 i n c r e a s e , 25 (Suess-effect), C-dilution, 25 F o s s i l f u e l combustion sources, 172 F o s s i l sources o f atmospheric gases and p a r t i c l e s , C-14 as t r a c e r , 170 2
2
504
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L DATING
Fractionation, isotopic, sputter i o n source i n mass spectrometry, 59 F r a c t i o n a t i o n e f f e c t s , mass, i n i o n probe, 104 Freon-11, 211 Freon-12, 211 Freon dating, 211 F r o b i s h e r , S i r Martin, voyages, 441-449 Furans, o r i g i n a l , 398 G Gabbros, a n o r t h o s i t i c , 146 Gas p r o p o r t i o n a l counters, 160, 163 Gases, noble concentrations i n groundwater, 213-214 paleotemperatures derived from analyses, 213 p o s s i b l e use f o r dating groundwater, 2031: Gases, r a d i o a c t i v e nuclear weapons, 210 power r e a c t o r s , 210 Gases, surface r a r e , i n lunar rocks, 145 Geiger counters, 1 Geochemistry of s i l i c a , near-surface, 199 Geologic r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s , 214-215 G e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s , isotopes of Sm and Nd, 71 German oaks Quercus patraea, isotope r a t i o s , 259 Glaciation l a s t , changes i n C 0 system, 33 Wisconsinan, 315 Glaciochemical dating techniques, 303-316 Glaciochemical event, v o l c a n i c , 313 Glaciochemical horizons, a p p l i c a t i o n to i c e core dating, 313-316
TECHNIQUES
Graphite, 91-92 Isua, West Greenland, carbon isotope values, 399 G r a p h i t e - l i k e C, conversion of acetylene gas, 59 Greenland i c e cap, 247 ice core chemical elements, 305 i c e sheet, 305, 319 seasonal v a r i a t i o n s , 304 snow and i c e s t r a t a , n i t r a t e as t o o l f o r d a t i n g , 307 Groundwater c h l o r i d e content, 214 concentrations of noble gases, 213-214 Ar-39 measurements, 19 dating, 187-216 C-14, 8 C-14 used, 192 H-3 ( t r i t i u m ) , 193 Ar-39, 200 Ar-40, 206-207 Cl-36, 195-199 Cl-36 c o m p l i c a t i o n s , 198 He-4, 203 Kr-81, 200-201 Kr-85, 201 Si-32, 199-200 U-234/U-238, 208 comparison of 14-C and He-4, 205t current problems, 215-216 noble gases of p o s s i b l e use, 203jt uranium d i s e q u i l i b r i u m , 207-210
2
H H-13 ( t r i t i u m ) , d a t i n g of groundwater, 193-195 He-4 dating of groundwater, 203 method o f d a t i n g , weakness, 206 sources, 204
505
INDEX
He-4 and C-14 dates o f groundwater comparison, 205t Hale s o l a r magnetic c y c l e , 230 Halocarbons, 211 Hibonite, 103, 117, 123 Holocene d e p o s i t s , isotopes used i n r a d i o m e t r i c dating, 476, 480f Hominid occupations, P a l e o l i t h i c , dating o f cave and s p r i n g d e p o s i t s , 476 Homo erectus to Homo sapiens sapiens, time s c a l e o f e v o l u t i o n o f man, 475-487 Homo erectus, dating archaeological sites, 484-487 Homo sapiens i n New World, a n t i q u i t y , 457 Homo sapiens sapiens, time s c a l e o f e v o l u t i o n o f man from Homo erectus, 475-487 Human occupation o f the New World during P l e i s t o c e n e , 453 Hydrocarbons i s o p r e n o i d , 397 p o l y c y c l i c aromatic (PAH), i n sediment, 172 Hydrogen C compounds i n i n t e r s t e l l a r space, 392, 393f 0 i n r a i n and snow, 291 f_ tree r i n g s , temporal changes i n s t a b l e isotope r a t i o s , 284 Hydroxypyrimidines, 395 I 1-129, 66 Ice c 0
2
contents o f a i r occluded, 34 cosmic ray-produced Be-10 or Cl-36 deposits, 37
Ice Age F i r s t L i t t l e , 289 Second L i t t l e , 289 Ice cap Kr-81 d a t i n g , 133 A n t a r c t i c , 247 pH, 327 Greenland, 247 p o l a r , 247 dating, 319-328 radioisotope measurements, 37-39 Ice cores Greenland, chemical elements, 305 d a t i n g , 308 application of glaciochemical horizons, 313-316 p o l a r , chemical composition, 304 seasonal m i c r o p a r t i c l e a n a l y s i s , 316 Ice sheet A n t a r c t i c , 308 Greenland, 305, 319 p o l a r , 17 Ice S h e l f , Ross, 309 Ice s t r a t a , Greenland, n i t r a t e as t o o l f o r d a t i n g , 307 Incensario form c l a s s and provenience d i s t r i b u t i o n , 433t-434t Incensarios and other ceramics of Xupa provenience, 434, 435£ f u n c t i o n a l , 436 Maya, 412 Incense-burner trade, ceramic compositional i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , 411-438 I n d i c a t o r s , p a l e o c l i m a t i c , 483 I n t e r s t e l l a r molecules, 392 I n t e r s t e l l a r space, C compounds and t h e i r abundances r e l a t i v e to H, 392, 393f Ion microprobe, 100 f 103 f
506
NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL
Ion probe Mg i s o t o p i c measurements of Ca-Al-rich inclusions, 95-126 mass f r a c t i o n a t i o n e f f e c t s , 104 Ion source Cs sputter, 78 r e f l e c t e d beam, 85 duoplasmatron, 97 sputter, i s o t o p i c f r a c t i o n a t i o n i n mass spectrometry, 59 I o n i z a t i o n spectroscopy, resonance with a m p l i f i c a t i o n (RISA), 155 l o w - l e v e l counting, 149-157 Ions, negative, 47 Indium-115, 2 Iridium abundances of Pt group elements, 404, 405f anomaly i n rocks from Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 401-408 enrichment, 402 Iron bloom, 445JE C-14 dating, 441-449 Iron bloomery, 446 Iron blooms, E n g l i s h , weights, 448 Iron specimens, ancient, 447t^ Isochrons, s i n g l e - c r y s t a l , 115 Isoprenoid HC, 397 Isotopes Sm and Nd i n g e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s , 71 a n a l y s i s of t r e e - r i n g data, 226 b e t a - a c t i v e , l o n g - l i v e d , 47 cosmic ray-produced, 13 dendrochronology, s t a b l e , 228 d i l u t i o n , radiocarbon, 170 exchange with solvent, 252 f r a c t i o n a t i o n at c l i m a t i c temperatures, 256
DATING
TECHNIQUES
Isotopes (continued) information, s t a b l e , use to i n f e r past c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , 228 ocean water, Ar-39, 153 production i n meteorites and on lunar surface, 9 r a d i o a c t i v e , number of n u c l e i , 12 r a d i o a c t i v e noble gas, 13 ratios Bavarian f i r Abies alba, 259 C a l i f o r n i a redwood Sequoia gigantea, 259 German oaks Quereus patraea, 259 H and 0 i n r a i n and snow, linear relationship, 291f Japanese cedar Cryptomeria j a p o n i c a , 259 s t a b l e , H and 0 i n tree r i n g s , temporal change, 284 separation, electromagnetic, 163 used i n radiometric d a t i n g of P l e i s t o c e n e and Holocene d e p o s i t s , 476, 480f v a r i a t i o n s i n tree r i n g s , 254 I s o t o p i c enrichment, 163 I s o t o p i c f r a c t i o n a t i o n at sputter ion source i n mass spectrometry, 59 I s o t o p i c records, d a t i n g requirements f o r e x t r a c t i n g from tree r i n g s , 225-231 J Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica, isotope r a t i o s , 259
507
INDEX
Κ
K-40, d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , 206 K-40/Ar-40 dating range, 476 Kr-81 concentration as f u n c t i o n o f time, 131 cosmic ray-produced meteorites, 129 M a c i b i n i meteorite, 132, 134f dating o f groundwater, 200-201 h a l f - l i f e , 200 mean-life, 130 Kr-81/Kr dating lunar c r a t e r s , 133 mass spectrometry, 129-136 p o l a r i c e , 133 Kr-85, 201 n a t u r a l concentrations, 191 dating o f groundwater, 201 Kr s p a l l a t i o n , 132 isotopic variations i n solar wind and s o l a r cosmic rays, 136 Kerogen, 398 L Laser microprobe 39-Ar/40-Ar dating o f i n d i v i d u a l m i n e r a l g r a i n s , 139-147 Laser probe mass spectrometry, 140-145 schematic, 141, 142jf study o f A p o l l o 17 b a s a l t s , 145-147 Late G l a c i a l , 33 Late Wisconsin dust, 313 L i g n i n , 252 chemical bonds, 256 molecular s t r u c t u r e , 253£ Limestones, deep-sea, 402 Lithium carbide, 57, 92 Lithium oxide, 57
L i t h i u m pot acetylene generator, 91, 92 L i q u i d s c i n t i l l a t i o n counters, 160 Lunar ages, 145-147 b r e c c i a , 146 c r a t e r s , Kr-81/Kr d a t i n g , 133 g r a n i t e , 147 planetary s u r f a c e dynamics, 135 rocks, surface rare gases, 145 surface, isotope production, 9 M Mg Allende a n o r t h i t e , isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram, 114f i s o t o p i c composition o f Allende i n c l u s i o n s , 109-113 i s o t o p i c composition o f Mg-poor minerals from Allende, 110t-112t i s o t o p i c data from t e r r e s t r i a l minerals and Mg-rich minerals from A l l e n d e , 104, 105 f, 106t-107t, 108f isotopic variations i n a n o r t h i t e s due to a l t e r a t i o n , 120-121, 122 Mg-poor minerals from A l l e n d e , Mg i s o t o p i c composition, 110t-112t Mg-rich minerals A l l e n d e , Mg i s o t o p e data, 104, 105f, 106t-107t Allende, isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg, 108£ Mg-26, 63 decay o f Al-26, 96 Mg-26/Mg-24 Al-27/Mg-24 r a t i o s f o r anorthite, correlation, 123
508
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L DATING TECHNIQUES
Mg-26/Mg-24 (continued) r a t i o s , 95-126 M a c i b i n i m e t e o r i t e , cosmic ray-produced Kr-81, 132, 134f Madagascar h i b o n i t e , 103 Magnesium i s o t o p i c measurements, i o n probe, of C a - A l - r i c h i n c l u s i o n s , 95-126 Magnetic c y c l e , Hale s o l a r , 230 Magnetic f i e l d i n t e n s i t y , d i p o l e , changes i n earth, 234 Mahalanobis d i s t a n c e o f sample from i t s c e n t r o i d , 421 Man time s c a l e o f e v o l u t i o n from Homo erectus t o Homo sapiens sapiens, 475-487 e v o l u t i o n , absolute dating methods, 477^ Marine carbonate rocks, extent of d i s s o l u t i o n , 193 Marine environment, geochemistry o f U isotopes, 366 Marine p l a n t s , use o f C-13 to r e s o l v e carbonaceous m a t e r i a l from petroleum, 175 Marine sedimentary processes, chronology, 363-384 Mass f r a c t i o n a t i o n e f f e c t s i n i o n probe, 104 Mass spectrometrie techniques for nuclide i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , 196 Mass spectrometry Kr-81/Kr d a t i n g , 129-136 a c c e l e r a t o r , atom counting, 160 age determinations, 71-72 isotopic f r a c t i o n a t i o n at sputter i o n source, 59 l a s e r probe, 140-145 molecular i n t e r f e r e n c e s , 47 ultrasensitive, application of e l e c t r o s t a t i c tandems, 45-72 use o f c y c l o t r o n , 75
Maunder minimum, 234, 239 Maya i n c e n s a r i o s , 412 M e l i l i t e , 103, 117, 123 Metals, t r a c e , i n sediments, 340 Meteorites, 394 ages, 147 A l l a n H i l l s , 395 Allende, 395 ion probe Mg i s o t o p i c measurements of C a - A l - r i c h i n c l u s i o n s , 95-126 type Β i n c l u s i o n s , 101 cosmic ray-produced Kr-81, 129 i n t e r a c t i o n o f cosmic rays, 8-9 isotope production, 9 M a c i b i n i , cosmic ray-produced Kr-81, 132, 134f Murchison, 394 Murray, 395 O r g u e i l , 395 Yamato, 395 Methane atmospheric, 172 use of C-13 to r e s o l v e carbonaceous m a t e r i a l from petroleum, 175 Mexico, ceramic compositional interpretation of incense-burner trade i n the Palenque area, 411-438 Microparticle analysis, seasonal, d a t i n g i c e cores, 316 Microprobe, l a s e r , Ar-39/Ar-40 dating o f i n d i v i d u a l mineral g r a i n s , 139-147 Mineral grains, i n d i v i d u a l , l a s e r microprobe Ar-39/Ar-40 d a t i n g , 139 M i n e r a l samples, t e r r e s t r i a l , for ion microprobe study, 103 Minerals Mg-poor, from A l l e n d e , Mg i s o t o p i c composition, 110t-112t
509
INDEX
Minerals (continued) Mg-rich, from Allende, Mg isotope data, 104, 105£, 106t-107t Mg-rich, from Allende, isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg, 108f t e r r e s t r i a l , from Allende, Mg isotope data, 104, 105f, 106t-107t t e r r e s t r i a l , isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg, 108f Molecular e l i m i n a t i o n , 49 Molecular i n t e r f e r e n c e s i n mass spectrometry, 47 Moon, i n t e r a c t i o n of cosmic rays, 8-9 Murchison carbynes, 396 Murchison meteorite, 394 Murray meteorite, 395
Ν
N-15 values i n bone c o l l a g e n , 465 values o f modern and P l e i s t o c e n e bone samples, 467t Nd, isotopes i n g e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s , 71 Nd-143/Nd-144, 71 Negentropy (negative entropy), 8 Neodymium-143, 2 Neutrino d e t e c t i o n , s o l a r , 153 Neutron a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s , 401, 417 Nitrate A n t a r c t i c , 307 p o l a r snow, 307 t o o l f o r d a t i n g Greenland snow and i c e s t r a t a , 307 Noble gas a n a l y s i s , paleotemperatures derived, 213 Noble gas isotopes, r a d i o a c t i v e , 13
Noble gas r a d i o i s o t o p e s with T-l/2..atmospheric mixing times, 13-18 cosmic ray-produced, 15 Noble gases i n groundwater, concentrations, 213-214 p o s s i b l e use f o r dating groundwater, 203t Nuclear dating a p p l i c a t i o n of e l e c t r o s t a t i c tandems, 45-72 h i s t o r i c a l perspective, 1 uses, 3 Nuclear weapons r a d i o a c t i v e gases, 210 t e s t i n g , 341 Nuclide i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , mass spectrometric techniques, 196 Nuclides g l o b a l average production r a t e , 380 sources of U-Th s e r i e s to oceans, 366
0 0-18/0-16 r a i n and snow, 260 r a t i o s , 245-295 Ocean carbonate, 283 Ocean f l o o r , d e l i v e r y o f r a d i o n u c l i d e s , 367-374 Ocean water c i r c u l a t i o n , 153 Oceans delivery of radionuclides, 364-367 sources C-14, 366 Th-230, 367 Pa-231, 367 ϋ-Th n u c l i d e s , 366 Pb-210 t o , 367 surface temperature, 279 h i s t o r y , 247 O l i v i n e s , 103 Opal p h y t o l i t h s abundance, 426, 427f
510
NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL
Organic compounds i n ancient rocks, 397 Organic c o n s t i t u e n t s o f f o s s i l bone, 468 Organic matter b i o l o g i c a l , carbon, 397 i n s o l u b l e , i n rocks, 398 Organics, nonautochthonous, i n bone samples, 465-469 O r g u e i l meteorite, 395 Osmium isotopes, 403 Oxide, samarium, 1 Oxides, rare e a r t h , 1 Oxygen r a i n and snow, l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p of isotope r a t i o s , 291f tree r i n g s , temporal changes i n the s t a b l e isotope r a t i o s , 284 Oxygen isotope r a t i o v s . deuterium isotope r a t i o f o r worldwide p r e c i p i t a t i o n , 248£ Oxygen isotopes, 245-295 Ρ Pa-231, 481 source to oceans, 367 Pa-231/U-235 r a t i o s , 481 Pb, c o a l burning as source, 339 Pb-207/Pb-206 clock, 71 Pb-210 Pu-239,240, d e p o s i t i o n i n sediment from radioactive disposal s i t e s , 353-359 atmospheric input, 333 g l o b a l input, 334^ dating method assumptions, 332-333 measurements of r a d i o a c t i v e waste d i s p o s a l s i t e s , sedimentation r a t e s , 349_t p a r t i c u l a t e , concentration depth p r o f i l e s i n sea water, 373f^
DATING
TECHNIQUES
Pb-210 (continued) p r o f i l e s i n deep-sea sediments, 377, 378f Po-210, h a l f - l i f e , 335 Pu-239,240, 353 Pb-210, d e p o s i t i o n i n sediment from r a d i o a c t i v e d i s p o s a l s i t e s , 353-359 PAH ( p o l y c y c l i c aromatic hydrocarbons) i n sediment, 172 Palenque area, Mexico, ceramic compositional i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of incense-burner trade, 411-438 P a l e o c l i m a t i c i n d i c a t o r s , 483 matching with water ages, 212-214 P a l e o l i t h i c hominid occupations, d a t i n g of cave and s p r i n g d e p o s i t s , 476 Paleotemperatures derived from noble gas analyses, 213 P a r t i c l e s , urban r e s p i r a b l e , from r e s i d e n t i a l wood-burning, 181 Pastes, ceramic, d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g , 421-426 P e r i o d i c t a b l e , RIS schemes, 152f Petrography, 415 Petroleum from methane or marine p l a n t s , use of C-13 to r e s o l v e carbonaceous m a t e r i a l , 175 Photosynthesis, 227 P h y t o l i t h s , o p a l , abundance, 426, 427f P l a g i o c l a s e , Allende terrestrial, correlation of Al-27+/Mg-24+ with Al-27/Mg-24 r a t i o s , 105f P l a g i o c l a s e f e l d s p a r s , 104 abundance i n pottery, 426, 248f P l a g i o c l a s e s , 146 Planetary surface dynamics, 135
INDEX
511
Platinum group elements with respect to I r abundances, 404, 405f Pleistocene human occupation of New World during, 453 bone samples, e f f e c t of pretreatment on N-15 values, 467jt deposits, isotopes used i n radiometric dating, 476, 480f waters, 198 Polar i c e , dating by C-14 and Rn-222, 319-328 Pottery, 412 abundance of a l k a l i or plagioclase feldspars, 426, 428f Preboreal, 33 Precambrian era, b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y , 397 P r e c i p i t a t i o n , worldwide, deuterium v s . oxygen isotope r a t i o , 248f Protactinium dating, 483 P r o t e i n , bone, 455 P r o t e i n c o l l a g e n i n bone, 459 Polar i c e caps, measurements of r a d i o i s o t o p e s of s o l i d s , 37-39 Polar i c e cores, chemical composition, 304 Polar i c e sheets, 17 Polar snow chemical composition, 313 n i t r a t e , 307 P o l l u t a n t sources, chemical and radiochemical f i n g e r p r i n t i n g techniques used to i d e n t i f y , 170 P o l l u t a n t s , 308 P o l y c y c l i c aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) i n sediment, 172 P o s t g l a c i a l , 33
Q Quercus patraea, German oaks, isotope r a t i o s , 259
R
Ra-226, 323 decay chain, 332 Rn-222 counting, 324 dating polar i c e , 319-328 RIS schemes for p e r i o d i c t a b l e , 152f RISA c y c l e , ion-molecule, using NO, 157f RISA process, 156f Racemization amino a c i d s , 210 dating, 484 p r o p e r t i e s , 468 Radiation, cosmic, constancy, 12 Radiation/modulations and i n t e r a c t i o n s , cosmic, 10 f Radioactive atoms, d i r e c t d e t e c t i o n , 46 Radioactive chronometers, 332 Radioactive c o r a l debris transport, 341 Radioactive counting techniques, 164-168 Radioactive d a t i n g , principles, 7 Radioactive decay, accumulation of products, 201-207 Radioactive decay r a t e , 46 Radioactive d i s p o s a l s i t e s , d e p o s i t i o n of Pb-210 and Pu-239,240 i n sediment, 353-359 Radioactive gases nuclear weapons, 210 power r e a c t o r s , 210 Radioactive isotope, number of n u c l e i , 12 Radioactive nobel gas isotopes, 13 Radioactive waste d i s p o s a l s i t e s , sedimentation rates of Pb-210 measurements, 349£ Radioactivity, natural, rare earth elements, 1
512
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L DATING TECHNIQUES
RadioberyIlium dating, Tandem Van de G r a a f f a c c e l e r a t o r , 75 Radiocarbon a c t i v i t y of wood, 227 atmospheric f l u c t u a t i o n , 233-242 preserved as c e l l u l o s e i n wood, 227 counting parameters f o r d i r e c t counting, 464£ c y c l e , 11-year, 241 dating of bone, problems, 453-469 dating, Tandem Van de G r a a f f a c c e l e r a t o r , 75 determinations, components of bone, 459t f l u c t u a t i o n s and s o l a r c y c l e s , 240f isotope d i l u t i o n , 170 measurements, comparison of methods, 160-168 measuring n a t u r a l , 2 method, assumptions, 454 production, 233, 227 sample p r e p a r a t i o n f o r e l e c t r o s t a t i c accelerator dating, 89-93 Radiocarbon v s . c h r o n o l o g i c a l age of tree r i n g s , 296j[ Radiochemical f i n g e r p r i n t i n g techniques to i d e n t i f y p o l l u t a n t sources, 170-181 Rad i o chem i s try atmospheric, 169-181 near-surface, s i l i c a , 199 Radioisotopes noble gas with T-l/2.•atmospheric mixing times, 13-18 cosmic ray-produced, 15 pathways and a p p l i c a t i o n s i n environmental system, 16f s o l i d s , measurements on p o l a r i c e caps, 37-39
Radiometric d a t i n g of P l e i s t o c e n e and Holocene d e p o s i t s , isotopes used, 476, 480f Radionuclide t r a c e r s , removal from sea water to sediments, 369 Radionuclides atmospheric o r i g i n , 191-201 atmospheric o r i g i n f o r use i n dating groundwater, 191 bomb-produced, 341 cosmogenic, 66 d e l i v e r y to ocean, 364-367 d e l i v e r y to ocean f l o o r , 367-374 d i s t r i b u t i o n i n sediment core, e f f e c t of mixing, 376f d i s t r i b u t i o n i n sediments, 374-380 heavy, decay, 203 man-made, 210-211 Radium method f o r d a t i n g deep-sea sediments, 364 Radon, 323 Rain, l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p of isotope r a t i o s of H and 0, 291f Rare earth abundance i n c l a y f r a c t i o n s of sediments, 404, 406f Rare earth elements, 71 natural radioactivity, 1 Rare earth oxides, 1 Rhenium-187, 2 Rayleigh d i s t i l l a t i o n of water vapor from sea s u r f a c e , 246 Reactors, power, r a d i o a c t i v e gases, 210 Receptor modeling, 170, 175 Resonance i o n i z a t i o n spectroscopy (RIS) f o r low-level counting, 149-157
INDEX
513
Resonance i o n i z a t i o n spectroscopy with a m p l i f i c a t i o n (RISA), 155 Rocks ancient, organic compounds, 397 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, I r anomaly, 401 i n s o l u b l e organic matter, 398 lunar, surface rare gases, 145 marine carbonate, extent of d i s s o l u t i o n , 193 Ross Ice Shelf, 309
S Si-32 cosmic ray-produced, 377 dating o f groundwater, 199-200 h a l f - l i f e , 199 transport to ocean f l o o r , 369 Sm, isotopes i n g e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s , 71 Sm-147/Nd-144, 71 Samarium oxide, 1 Samarium-147, 1 S a l t s , sea, 307 Sea, chronometers o f sedimentary process, 365£ Sea sediments h i s t o r i c a l records of cosmic ray i n t e n s i t y v a r i a t i o n s , 380-384 method f o r dating, 364 Pb-210 p r o f i l e s , 377, 378f Sea core, 255 organic C and U concentrations, 275 Sea s a l t concentrations, seasonal v a r i a t i o n s , 309 Sea s a l t s , 307 Sea surface temperatures, f l u c t u a t i o n s , 254 Sea water Be-10, 383
Sea water (continued) concentration depth p r o f i l e s of p a r t i c u l a t e Pb-210, 373f removal o f r a d i o n u c l i d e t r a c e r s to sediments, 369 surface, carbonic anhydrase, 281 Seasonal i n d i c a t o r s , 309 s u l f a t e s , 309 Seasonal m i c r o p a r t i c l e a n a l y s i s to date i c e cores, 316 Seasonal v a r i a t i o n s A n t a r c t i c , 308-313 d a t i n g t o o l , 304 Greenland, 304-308 sea s a l t concentrations, 309 Second L i t t l e Ice Age, 289 Sediment, p o l y c y c l i c aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 172 Sediment core, e f f e c t o f mixing on r a d i o n u c l i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n , 376^ Sedimentary processes deep-sea, chronometers, 365£ marine chronology, 363-384 mathematical models, 374-380 Sedimentation r a t e s o f Pb-210 measurements o f r a d i o a c t i v e waste d i s p o a l s i t e s , 349_t Sediments dating recent events, from lakes, e s t u a r i e s , and deep ocean environments using Pb-210, 331-360 deep-sea Pb-210 p r o f i l e s , 377, 378f dating by radium method, 364 h i s t o r i c a l records of cosmic ray i n t e n s i t y v a r i a t i o n s , 380-384 d i s t r i b u t i o n of r a d i o n u c l i d e s , 374-380 p e l a g i c , p a r t i c l e mixing r a t e s , 374-380
514
N U C L E A R A N D C H E M I C A L DATING T E C H N I Q U E S
Sediments (continued) rare earth abundance i n c l a y f r a c t i o n s , 404, 406f removal o f r a d i o n u c l i d e tracers from sea water, 369 trace metals, 340 Sequoia gigantea, C a l i f o r n i a redwood, isotope r a t i o s , 259 Shroud, b u l l mummy, 57 S i l i c a , near-surface radiochemistry and geochemistry, 199 Snow linear relationship of isotope r a t i o s o f H and 0, 291f polar n i t r a t e , 307 chemical composition, 313 Snow and i c e s t r a t a , Greenland, n i t r a t e as t o o l f o r dating, 307 Solar constant, f l u c t u a t i o n s , 254 Solar cosmic rays, Kr i s o t o p i c v a r i a t i o n s , 136 Solar cycles and radiocarbon f l u c t u a t i o n s , 240jE Solar magnetic c y c l e , Hale, 230 Solar nebula, 96 Al-26, 122 Solar neutrino d e t e c t i o n , 153 Solar system chronology, 119 Solar wind, Kr i s o t o p i c v a r i a t i o n s , 136 Solvent, isotope exchange, 252 Source strengths i n receptor modeling, 175 S p a l l a t i o n Kr, 132 cosmic ray, 130 S p a l l a t i o n systematics, 130 Spectrometer, mass, use o f c y c l o t r o n , 75 Spectrometrie techniques, mass, n u c l i d e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , 196
Spectrometry, mass Kr-81/Kr d a t i n g , 129-136 age determinations, 71-72 atom counting, 160 isotopic fractionation at sputter i o n source, 59 l a s e r probe, 140-145 molecular i n t e r f e r e n c e s , 47 ultrasensitive, application of e l e c t r o s t a t i c tandems, 45-72 Spectroscopy resonance i o n i z a t i o n , low-level counting, 149-157 resonance i o n i z a t i o n , a m p l i f i c a t i o n (RISA), 155 Speleothem, 483 S p i n e l , 103 Stalagmites d a t i n g , 484 S t a t i s t i c a l procedures, 417-421 Stratospheric chemical components, 276 Stromatolites, 396 Suess e f f e c t , 260 C - d i l u t i o n due to f o s s i l C0 input, 25 Sulfates as seasonal i n d i c a t o r s , 309 Sun history, 3 p e r i o d i c i t i e s , 254 UV spectrum, 254 v a r i a t i o n s , 275 Sunspots, 276 r e l a t i o n s h i p with C-14 production, 239 Supernovae explosions, 391 2
Τ Th-230, source to oceans, 367 Th-230/Rn-222 t r a n s i e n t e q u i l i b r i u m method, 328 Th-230/Th-232 and U-234/Th-322 c o r r e l a t i o n , 482
INDEX
Th-230/U-234 method, dating, 481 Th-232 as source o f alpha p a r t i c l e s , 204 Th-U s e r i e s n u c l i d e s to oceans, sources, 366 Tandem a c c e l e r a t o r d i r e c t measurement of n a t u r a l Be-10 and C-14, 75-87 atom counting, 160 Tandem e l e c t r o s t a t i c a c c l e r a t o r , 45 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator for radiocarbon and r a d i o b e r y I l i u m dating, 75 Tandems, e l e c t r o s t a t i c , 45-72 Temperature earth's s u r f a c e , i n f l u e n c e of sun's v a r i a t i o n , 276 sea surface, f l u c t u a t i o n s , 254 s u r f a c e , oceans, 247, 279 T e r r e s t r i a l ages, 147 T e r r e s t r i a l a n o r t h i t e , Mg mass spectrum, 100.f T e r r e s t r i a l mineral samples f o r i o n microprobe study, 103 T e r r e s t r i a l minerals from Allende, Mg isotope data, 104, 105f, 106t-107t isotope c o r r e l a t i o n diagram f o r Mg, 108f Terrestrial plagioclase, Allende, c o r r e l a t i o n of i o n i c with elemental r a t i o s , 105f Tertiary extinctions, cretaceous, cause, 401-408 Thermoluminescence ( T L ) , 484 T i d a l f o r c e s , 286 Travertines archaeological s i t e s , absolute dating, 475-487 C-14 dating, 483 spring-deposited, 481
515 T r a v e r t i n e s (continued) U series disequilibrium dating, 483 T r e e - r i n g data, isotope a n a l y s i s of past environmental ( c l i m a t i c ) v a r i a t i o n s , 226 T r e e - r i n g growth, c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s that i n f l u e n c e , 228 T r e e - r i n g sequences, 255 Tree r i n g s C production r a t e v a r i a t i o n s , 29, 31f C isotope r a t i o s , 247 d a t i n g requirements f o r extracting isotopic records, 225-231 isotope v a r i a t i o n s , 254 radiocarbon v s . c h r o n o l o g i c a l age, 2{tàf wood formation, 247 Tree thermometers and commodities, h i s t o r i c climate i n d i c a t o r s , 245-295 Trees a s s o c i a t i o n between growing s i t e and c l i m a t i c s i g n a l i n r i n g widths, 229 proof-of-being thermometers, 259 thermometers, 245-295 Trichlorofluoromethane, 211 Tritium dating of groundwater, 193-195 d e t e c t i o n , 62 h a l f - l i f e , 194 subsurface production, 195 U U-234/Th-232 and Th-230/Th232 c o r r e l a t i o n , 482 U-234/U-238 a c t i v i t y r a t i o i n surface waters, 366 dating of groundwater, 208
516
NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL
U-235, decay scheme, 476, 480f U-238, 366 decay scheme, 476, 480f decay s e r i e s , 207 n a t u r a l f i s s i o n , 195 source of alpha p a r t i c l e s , 204 U-Th s e r i e s n u c l i d e s to oceans, sources o f , 366 Uranium d i s e q u i l i b r i u m , 207-210 dating of groundwater, 207-210 Uranium concentrations i n sea core, 275 Uranium ions, 254 Uranium isotopes i n marine environment, geochemistry, 366 Uranium s e r i e s d i s e q u i l i b r i u m dating o f t r a v e r t i n e , 483 Urban r e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c l e s from r e s i d e n t i a l wood burning, 181 UV spectrum of sun, 254
V Van de Graaff a c c e l e r a t o r , tandem, 196 tandem, radiocarbon and r a d i o b e r y I l i u m dating, 75 Varves, 254-255 V o l c a n i c eruptions, 313 V o l c a n i c g l a c i o c h e m i c a l event, 313 Volcanism, 308 Volcanogenic a c i d s , 313 Volcanogenic trace metals, 313
Water method of e s t i m a t i n g age, 188 n a t u r a l , d e t e c t i o n of Cl-36, 66 ocean c i r c u l a t i o n , 153 sea Be-10, 383
DATING
TECHNIQUES
Water
(continued) concentration depth p r o f i l e s of p a r t i c u l a t e Pb-210, 373f removal o f r a d i o n u c l i d e t r a c e r s to sediments, 369 surface sea, carbonic anhydrase, 281 Water ages, matching paleoclimatic indicators, 212-214 Water vapor, Rayleigh d i s t i l l a t i o n from sea surface, 246 Waters, P l e i s t o c e n e , 198 Waters, surface, U-234/U-238 a c t i v i t y r a t i o , 366 Wheat p r i c e s i n Europe as climate i n d i c a t o r , 287-290 Wind, s o l a r , Kr i s o t o p i c v a r i a t i o n s , 136 Wisconsinan g l a c i a t i o n , 315 Wood atmospheric radiocarbon preserved as c e l l u l o s e , 227 composition, 252 formation i n tree r i n g s , 247 r a d i o a c t i v i t y , 227 Wood-burning, urban r e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c l e s , 181
X Xupa provenience, i n c e n s a r i o s and other ceramics, 434, 435f
Yamato meteorite, 395 Younger Dryas c o l d phase, 33 Ζ Z i r c o n s , 71
