Separation Processes in Practice
Edited by Robwl F. Chapman, Atlantic ReJining Company, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Reinhold Publishing 209 pp. Corp., New York, 1961. v Figures. 13.5 X 19.5 em. $4.95.
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Thie volume is a collection of seven papers presented a t a one day meeting in Philadelphia of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The prompt publication of these papers (and the ensuing discussion of each) following the Mt~roh, 1960, meeting is in accord with the goal, stated in the preface, of supplying practical information for the young chemical engineer. The first t h e chapters on Fundamentala of Mass Transfer Processes (Leon Lapidus), Fundamentals in the Design of Liquid Extraction Processes (W. G. Braun, R. H. McCormick, and M. R. Fenske), and Ion Exchange (R. L. Noison) have been approached in such a basic way that they willbe as valuable to the young chemist as to the chemical engineer. Though each chapter is brief, the coverage is surprisingly broad. The emphasis of the Isst four chapters clearly shifts to engineering considerations anoh as plant-seale equipment and typical breakdowns of production costs. Theoretical aspects are mentioned in a concise descrintive fashion.
rate of seeding, rate of nuckation, and crystal size. Several equipment designs for removing fmes are illustrated. Preliminary Evaluation of Electric Membrane Processes for Chemical Processing Applicatione (W. E. Katz) treats the operating factors in a general way before examining in detail the wncentration of sea water to produce salt brine. A similar approach has been used by E. G. Scheibel in his chapter, Separation of Aromatics and Paraffis by Solvent Extraction. In this case the author induded a. detailed discussion of solvent refining of gasoline with water. The final chapter, Comparison of Tray Types in Fractionation Columns (R. S. Eagle), contains over a doeen photogrsphs of different trays for promoting vaporliquid contact in distillatiou columns. The brief comparison of the performances and costs with which the chapter concludes should he helpful to the young engineer to whom it was addressed. The reviewer, who is a chemist rather than an engineer, believes that the meeting probably had amuch more profound effect on the young engineers than will the written record of the proceedings. This conelusion in no way reflecte on the authors, editor, or publisher, but reflects the realization that this volume will have to compete with established treatises on each of the subjects. Though the expensivetreatises may lack some recent information their completeness may well prove to be an overriding factor. L. B. R ~ G E Purdue University Lajayette, Ind.
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Journol of Chemical Edumfion
Organic Chemistry
Keith M . Seymour, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana. PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New 321 pp. Figs. Jersey, 1961. xiv and tables. 16 X 23.5 cm. 56.75.
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This text is written as an introduction to organic chemistry to provide an understanding of the field for students desiring no additional chemistry and to lay a foundation for those entering advanced courses. I t is the belief of the author that "the needs of all students in their introduction to a subject are the =me regardless how diverse and specialized their later needs may become." The outline of this baok parallels the pattern of many organic texts in which the introduction coordinates the concepts from the first year of chemistry, followed by a treatment of the hydrocarbons and their derivatives, and concluding with natural products. The aliphatic and aromatic series are separated although similarities and contrasts are indicated while presenting the aromatic compounds. To minimize the material to he mastered only the more frequently encountered preparations and reartions of the functional groups are given. There are some inadequacies, i.e., distinction between classes of amines with acid hdides. There are over-emphases, i.e., proof of structure for the cmhonyl group. To decrease the introduction of new ideas t,oo rapidly it should be noted that reactions or preparations of a. class of compounds is frequently deferred; i.e., no mention is made of the substitutionary reactions of the alhnea until the preparation of the alkyl halides. This may have significance by forcing a student to look for interrelationships between the several classes of compounds. Chapters 11 and 25 are excellent summaries of the cogent reactions. The interpretation of physical properties based on structural features is good. The prohlems require an application of knowledge rather than a direct quote from the text. The non-technical introduction of certain mechanisms and modern terminologies should he sufficipt t o make a student realize that the theorist is striving to interpret the observed facts. This seems to he the intent of the author who desires "to present no principle, no matter how important to a more advanced treatment of the subject, which is not usable by the student a t his stage of development and his understanding of the science." I t is unfortunate that a new book hae its mistakes, some of which do not detract from its usefulness, while other may leave an erroneous imprint an the mind of a student. There have been a number of discrepancies in nomenelsture. Mixed ethers should be three words, as methyl ethyl ether and ethyl propyl ether (p. 71). The IUC ending for a glycol is -dial (p. 70). Several names are given in two words instead of one. If groupings within the names are to be emphasized, they can be hyphenated. Illustrative would be ~henylh~draeine(p. 93, 270); phenylhydrazones (p. 93); henzenesulfonic acid R ~(p. 185, 210); 1,2ethanedicarhoxylic acid (p. 223); heneenedissonium chloride (p. 224). The structure for the bisulfite
addition to a cmhonyl group should be GS, not GO-S (p. 931, as the correct name, hydroxy sulfonic acid (p. 94), would indicate. No hydrogen is relased in the formation of an osaaone (p. 270). I t is doubtful that thermal cracking of hydrocarbons produces higher homologues which could he inferred from the discussion (PP. 44-45). The text is easy to mad and the subject matter is presented in understandable terms. Topics, as rubber, plastics, sterols, snd heterocyclics, normally found in a brief course have been omitted. Possibly, a student culminating his study of chemistry should have wntrtct with these areas. On the other hand if a student is stimulated to seek out supplementary information, one can say "mission accomplished." BERNARD A. NELSON Wheaton College Wheata, I&oi8
A History of Metollography
Cyril Stanley Smith, Institute far the Study of Metals, University of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 291 pp. 110 figs. and 1960. xxi 2 tables. 15 X 25.5 cm. 58.50.
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Cyril 5. Smith, formerly director of the Inetitute with which he is connected, has not only carried on important research in hie field, but has had a. long interest in the history of metallurgy and related fields which led to the translation of the classical works of Biringuccio and Ercker. His most recent historical venture leads to this fine study of an area that has been virtually untouched. Smith's meticulous scholarship, coupled with a superb publishmg job, ha8 produced a hook that is bothusefuland beautiful. The first section of the book dealp with the metallography of such art works as Merovingian prtttern-welded blades, Damascus blades, Japanese sworda, etched armor, and welded gun barrels and swords. The author points out how armorers and jewelers took advantage of the structure of metallic crystalls to produce artistic surface effects. Following 8. section on the corpuscular philosophy of the seventeenth century there is developed the efforts of early microscopists to gain an understanding of metals, Such studies were premature, however, neither the microscope nor corpuscul~rtheory being capable of dealing with the problems involved. Most useful at the time was the study of fracture. R&umur, in studying the changes amciated with the conversion of iron into steel, became interested in the nature of fracture patterns and pnhlished a baok dealine with the subject in 1724. The real hero of the hook is Henry Clifton Sorby (18261908) whose mioroscopic studies, starting in 1863, led to the scientific era in metdography. The painstaking cutting, polishing, and etching processes introduced by Sorhy made it possible to relate the well-known proper ties of various forms of iron and steel to specificvisible structural differences. The
(Conlinued on page A634)
BOOK REVIEWS srquenre of constituents whieh became evident as t,he ezrhon content of iron waa increased led t o a new level of understanding of the nature of steel. The author brings out the retarding eRert on the development of a theory of the metallic state which resulted from the rise o f molecular roneepts during t h e nineteenth century. While the concept of mokcolar aggregation was useful in understaniing gases and even liquids, i t delayed progress in understanding the solid state until t h e introduction of x-ray teehniques ~ s t s b l i s h dthe lack of m o l e d a r organisation in many solid substances. I t is ai interest to note that chemistry, particularly organic, profited enormously hy use of maleeolsr concepts in t h e nineteenth rentury. However, a theoretical ronstruet which is useful in one ares may do murh damage when overextended. The- last part of the hook deals wibh the contribution8 of Tschernofl in Russia, M a r t p n ~in Germany, Osmand in France, Itoherts-Ansten in England, and H. 1s. Howe in Amerira toward an understandine of the phases present m steel in relatmn to romposltion and heat treatment. Osmond, hy combining microscopy and thrrrnorhemistry, converted metallography into a sound science. The book mds with a brief review of developments niter 1800, particularly t h e application of thermodyxm~irs hy Le Chatelier, the appliration of Gihbs' Phase Rule by Raoa~boom, the introduction of x-ray cry~tallngrsphyt o metals by the Braggs, and t h e rerent application oi the electron microsrope. The author has succeeded very well, not only in giving us a welldeveloped history of the ~uhjeet,hut in showing t,he interplay of disciplines and idea* in the history of science.
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AARONJ. IHDE University qf Wisconsin Madison Modern Insecticides and World Food Production (.'. -4. a n t h e r and L. R. Jeppson, Cit,n~sExperiment Station, University of Cdifornirt, Riverside, California. John Wiky & Sons, Ine., New York, 1960. xv 284 pp. Figs. and tables. 15.5 X 23 em. 58.50.
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The introductory chapter of this hook deals with insects and mites, and their plant and animal hosts. The coverage of this vast subject in one chapter of only 19 pages is necessarily sketchy though i t must be admitted that the authors have chosen their material with good judgment. I t is felt, however, that t h e reader should have considerable entomologicsl knorvledge before he is fully able t o digest the chapter content. The following 15 chapters deal with the methods, the tools (machinery and chemicals) and the prohlcms resulting from insecticide uangr. Chapter 6 whieh presents the tremendously important problem of deposit,s and residues is well done in that it assembles and summsrizes much (Continued a page A636)
