688
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGIIVEERING C H E M I S T R Y .
presence of chloride or nitrate of aluminum increases the solubility of potassium bitartrate in hot water while it decreases its solubility in cold water. Accordingly, the process has been patented wherein the raw material is extracted with a hot solution of a n aluminum salt instead of with water, with the result, i t is claimed, that a very large crop of crystals of a t least 99 per cent. purity are recovered on the first crystallization. The presence of aluminum salts in the liquors is said to have the further advantage of arrestipg fermentation.
“DURIRON.” “Duriron” is a new acid, alkali and rust-proof metal for which there has been considerable demand as a material for acid-cocks, concentrating pans, stirrers, pipe and bowls. I t possesses a density of 6.56, a melting-point of z550° F., tensile strength of 15,000 pounds per sq. in., and a compression strength of 7 0 , 0 0 0 pounds per sq. in. I t is harder than cast iron, and it must be ground and not machined. The manufacturers state that the following tests were made in cold reagents on rough samples, as taken from the sand: PERCENTAGE LOSSES. PERIOD OF IMMERSION.
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Sulphuric acid, conc.. Sulphuric acid, 10 per cent.. Nitric acid, strong..................... Nitric acid, 25 per cent. ............... Hydrochloric acid, conc.. Acetic acid Tartuic acid, 25 per cent. Chromic acid, 10 per cent.. ............ Oxalic acid, 25 per cent.. .............. Moist chlorine gas.. Ammonium chloride.. ................. Sodium chloride.. ..................... Calcium chloride.. Cyanide solution..
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24hrs. none 0.0142 0.0002 0.0004 0.0338 0.0002 0.0006
48 hrs. none 0.0226 0.0004 0.0007 0.0641
72 hrs. none 0.0309 0.0005
0,0002
0.0012 0.0003
0.0008 0.0922 0.0003 0.0012 0.0005
0.0013 0.0008 none none none none
0.0001 none none none
0.0002 none none none
0.0002
...... ......
......
LEAD FOR CALKING JOINTS. Lead has been used for centuries to calk pipe joints, the process in vogue being to melt the lead, pour it into the joint, and then calk or hammer the lead to expand it. Recently two new forms of lead have been introduced in England for calkimg. “Ribbonite” lead, which is used for joint-calking, consists of shavings of lead twisted into the form of ropes, which are calked into water-pipe joints in the place of cast lead. Lead wool is also used for pipe joints and is now employed by many London gas companies; it was lately used in making the joints in 71/9 miles of water-piping at Staines, England. I t is announced that an American company has brought out lead wool and rope for calking purposes (Pop. Mech., 18, 159). Lead rope is said to be made of especially refined metal, very finely stranded, each strand measuring 0.007 inch, and the rope inch in diameter. When hammered, this rope becomes very dense and no skill is said to be required to pack it into joints. “VANALIUM.” “Vanalium” is a n aluminum alloy, about 3 per cent. heavier than aluminum. I t bears rolling‘into sheets and drawing into wire, and can be worked very much like brgss. It takes a high polish and resembles aluminum in color. “Vanalium” is said to be unaffected by ordinary atmospheric conditions, and by hydrogen sulphide, carbonic acid, sulphurous acid and mineral waters. When cast, the metal has a tensile strength of over 1 1 tons per sq. in., a yield-point of 8 tons per sq. in., with an elongation of 8 per cent. in z in., and can be cast in either iron or sand moulds. By rolling, it is said that the strength is more than doubled, and by drawing, trebled. The alloy retains its hardness after being subjected to heat better than other aluminum alloys, and it melts at about 6joo C. I t is not affected by sea-water and can be readily soldered.
Sept.. 1912
“ARGILITE.” This new alloy, the invention of G. Jacquier (Mech. Eng., 29, 757), is intended for the manufacture of pipes, tubes and armor plate. I t contains go per cept. aluminum, 6 per cent. copper, z per cent. silicon, and 2 per cent. bismuth, and is said to be light, hard and to possess great resistance to pressure and corrosion. A WATER FLOW RECORDER. The Lea Water Flow Recorder, described in The Engineering and Mining Journal (93,N o . 22, 1089),is said to show all irregularities in the boiler feed, to record the quantity of water evaporated per pound of coal, and to thus show the number of heat units in the coal. The apparatus works on the V-notch weir principle add is described as follows: A float spindle passes through the bottom of the instrument case, gearing into a small pinion upon the axis of a drum revolving between centers. Upon the body of the drum is a screw thread, the contour of which is the curve of flow for the V-notch, in connection with which the recorder is used. The spiral drum serves a double purpose: Its screw thread rectifies the motion of the recording pen, so that it moves equal distances for equal increments in the rate of flow; it provides a magnified scale for making a n accurate observation . of the rate of flow at any moment. The actual depth of water in the notch can always be observed, and the instantaneous rate of flow in pounds or gallons can be seen with accuracy. The recording pen which moves in direct proportion to the rate of flow produces a diagram, the area of which is a measure of the total quantity, and this can easily be deduced by means of a standard planimeter. Heretofore, the Lea recorder was made on the open or atmospheric principle, but recently the manufacturers added a new type. The notched tank is made of cast iron, similar to the standard open-heater construction. The tank is entirely closed and is suitable for withstanding any pressure or vacuum up to IO lb. The operating head of the Lea recorder is only about 18 in. and is made in sizes from zoo to 10,000 boilerhorsepower. Besides being used for the measurement of boiler-feed water, steam consumption, etc., the Lea recorder can also be used for measuring pump discharges, flow of streams, acids, etc. For measuring the flow of acids the apparatus is provided with wooden tanks lined with lead, and the V-notch plate is similarly made. Hard lead or glass, however, can be used. The apparatus’ is guaranteed to produce records which sha\ be within I’/* per cent. of absolute accuracy by weight; also that the average error due to variations of temperature over a range of 50° F. (i. e., 2 5 O F. on either side of the normal) shall not exceed 0.j per cent.
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THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCTION HOSE. The fabrication of suction hose is described in .the IndiuRubber Journal, 44, 22, 73. This type of hose, generally used in connection with pumping operations of all kinds, is armored either inside or out, or both. I n suction hose with a spiral wire inside, the canvas used should weigh from 12 to 16 oz.per yard and should be made of Egyptian or American cotton; the wire should be galvanized. For z inch suction hose, the following particulars are given: 1 ply. 12G Wue .......................... Insiderubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17G Width canvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 % Outside rubber .................. 23G
2 ply. 12
3 ply.
17
17
17
17
14
21 % 23
29% 23
37 23
23
12
4 ply. 12
‘ 5 ply
12
For suction hose up to I’/~ in. diameter it is usual to run the inside lining on to a mandril by a tubing machine; for larger sizes, it is considered advisable to build these up by hand in
