Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 156R-170R
Air Pollution Donald L. Fox Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, - School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 275967400
This review is extracted from the literature from January 1991 to December 1992 and is an extension of literature previously discussed (AI). The major source of information was Chemical Abstracts Selects: Pollution Monitoring. In addition journals related to air pollution and environmental chemistry were surveyed. The organization consists of two major divisions: gaseous methods, which have single-letter designations before reference numbers, and aerosol and particulate methods, which have two-letter designations before reference numbers. Areas that are included are listed in the table of contents. This classification and subclassification scheme is not necessarily technique or pollutant specific. An example of this is the Spectroscopy/Optical Methods section. This section was created to include techniques with detect several small molecules simultaneously,for example, tuneable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLAS). However, TDLAS applications for specific gases appear in other sections of the review. Review Contents Gases Books and Reviews Diffusion Samplers Ozone Hydroden Peroxide and Radicals Ammonia Nitrous Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide HN02, HN03, and PAN Reduced Sulfur Compounds Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons: Calibration and Sampling Aldehydes Organic Acids Halocarbons Hydrocarbons. Gas Chromatography Hydrocarbons. Non-GC Mercury Hydrochloric Acid Radon Spectroscopy/Optical Methods Other Aerosols Books and Reviews Particulate Carbon Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Metals Acid Components Asbestos Single Particle Analysis Sampling Inlets Single and Multistage Collectors Particle Generators Condensation Nuclei Counters Particle Size Distribution Other
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GASES Books and Reviews. Hewitt edited a book on instrumental methods for pollutants (A2). Garner et al. (A3)edited 156R
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DonaldL. Fox is a Professor and Associate Chairman of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry from Arizona State University. His research and teaching interests include atmospheric photochemical processes, air pollution chemistry and monitoring. He is a member of the American Chemical Society. H
a large reference book on laboratory practice standards. A compendium of techniques for analysis of airborne hazardous substances was published (A4). Greyson authored a text on measurement methods for carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur pollutants in air and water (A5). Finally, Newman edited a book presenting the measurement challenges which confront researchersfor future developmentsin atmosphericchemistry Rao et al. (A7)presented a review of air uality monitorin guidelines including methods, siting, and l a t a collection an! analysis. Air quality monitoring techniques in Japan were reviewed by Mizoguchi (A8). Brand1 (A9)published on the use of continuously operating gaseous measurement techniques. Two articles addressed methods for measuring gases and particulate matter in the atmosphere (AIO, A l l ) . Mohnen and Durham reviewed the quality assurance rocess associated with air quality monitoring in the Unitec?States (A12). The use of passive samplers to monitor organic vapors in indoor and ambient air was reviewed by Cao and Hewitt (A13). Slanina and co-workers (A14) and Li (A15) published extensive reviews of denuder systems for use in atmospheric sampling. Several sampling methods for volatile and semivolatile compounds were critiqued by Sumansky (A16). McClenny et al. (A17) reviewed the use of canister-based sampling methods for toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs)includingdesign,cleaning,sample stability, and water vapor effects. Harper and Guild reviewed parameters influencing organic compound desorption efficiency by solvent and thermal desorption and supercritical fluid extraction methods (A18). Non-methane hydrocarbon measurement techniques, as well as source and distribution information, were reviewed by Singh and Zimmerman (A19). Reviews of methods for HCHO (A20)and other lower aldehydes(A21)were presented. Yokouchi (A22) reviewed sampling and analysis techniques for monoterpenes. Reviews on the use of gas chromatography (GC) for organics in marine air samples (A23) and for monitoring air toxics (A24) were published. Medved (A25) reviewed the use of GC and mass spectrometry (MS) for structural identification and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. The measurement of organolead compoundsby GC/atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was reviewed by Chakraborti (A26). Shearer and Sievers (A27)reviewed three types of detectors for nitric oxide based on the NO chemiluminescent reaction with 03.These detectors were a thermal energy analyzer, a N-selectivedetector, and a redox chemiluminescencedetector. Kames and Schmidt (A28)and Mikuska et al. (A29)prepared extensivereviews for measurement of NO and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. Sickles (A30) reviewed sampling and analysis of ambient oxides of nitrogen including NO, NO2, NO,, NO, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN), HN03, HNO2, N205, NO3, particulate N03- and N2O. Toupance reviewed tech0 1993 American Chemical Society
AIR POLLUTION
niaues for PAN measurement (A31). Tanaka reviewed ion chomato a hy (IC) techniques for measurement of HNO,, HC1, and%& (A32). Nakane (A33)reviewed the ozone absorption spectrumdata and its application to remote sensin in the atmosphere. Proffitt and Lan ord (A341 reviewe3 the differential absorption laser (D ) technique for tropospheric03.Roberta ( A S ) criti ued measurement of hydroxy radicals b laser long-path &sorption spectrosco y. Laser-induced uorescence (LIF) s ectroscopy m e t h d for OH measurement were reviewed by Ifofzumahausand Dorn (A36). Crosley reviewed the role of collisional effects in LIF methods for detection of tropospheric OH radicals (A37). Lightfoot and co-workers reviewed the s ectroscop ,kinetics, and chemistry of o r p i c peroxy radicd (A38). Joberts (A39) reviewed techniques for the detection of meth 1,hydroxymeth 1,and hydroxyethyl hydro roxides in air anJprecipitation. id awa et al. (A40) publisgd an extensive review of atmosp eric hydrogen peroxide including measurementtechniques, abundance, and atmospheric chemistry. Shimo and Iida reviewed measurement methods for radon and its progency (A41). Drabaek and Iverfeldt (A421 reviewed the determination of mercury in environmental samples including toxicity and sampling methods. Three reviews of the use of chromatography appeared. Tanaka discussed ion chromatographyapplications for measurement of acid rain com onents (A43). Zhang (A44) reviewed the use of GC, HP C, and IC for air monitoring. Drugov (A45)reviewed the application of GC for determining toxic pollutants in air. Several reviews appeared on spectrocopic methods including colorimetric methods (A46),photoacousticspectroscopy (A47), infrared (IR) spectroscopy (A48),and spectroscopic methods applied to atmospheric photochemistry (A49). Spectroscopic remote sensing techniques were discussed in relationship with the Clean Air Act (A50). Remote sensin by lidar was reviewed by Wolf(A51).Svanber (A52)reviewe! laser lidar techniques including long-path afworption, fluorescence methods, Raman scattering, and DIAL. Other laser (A53) and laser radar (A54) techniques appeared in the literature. DIAL measurements of small tropos heric molecules was reviewed by Harder and Mount (A55). v! all (A56)discussed advancesin tunable diode laser spectroscopy for atmospheric monitoring applications. Lanni and Demer 'ian ( A 5 3 reviewed the development of a long-path diocie array s ectrometer (DOAS) for atmospheric tropospheric stufies. Kroutil et al. (A58)presented an extensive discussion of signal processing techniques for remote IR sensing of air pollutants. Sharma discussed a variety of optical chemical sensors including optical pH sensors, gas sensors, ion sensors, and hydrocarbon sensors (A59). The analytical ap lications of piezoelectric crystals was presented by De Angade et al. (A60)and Mierzwnski et al. (A61). Reviews on the use of solid electrol gas sensors for detecting NO,, SO,, and CO2 were authored y Yamazoe (A621 and Maruyama (A63). Diffusion Samplers. Van den Hoed and Van Asse!en ( B l )developed a computer model for calculatin the effective uptake of tube-type diffusive air samplers. dnderhill and Feigley (B2)invest1 ated the boundarylayer effect in diffusive samplin and conckded that the resistance to mass transfer across t is layer is a nonlinear function of the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in.air. Hargreaves (B3)rep?+d on the development and application of diffusion tubes in am. Ferm (B4)developed a sensitive passive diffusion sampler with the inlet covered by a thin porous membrane filter to eliminate turbulent diffusion inside the apparatus. Laboratory testa of KI- and alkaline-cpated annular denuders showed KI denuders had high efficiency for removlng 03,NO2, SO2 (>95 5% 1, and PAN (845% ) but not methyl nitrate (44%) and HCHO (
