INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
802
Table 111gives the iodine numbers of the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-hour hydrogenated cottonseed oil samples using both silica black and diatomite as catalysts. TABLE111. IODINE NUMBERS OF COTTONSEED OIL SAMPLES Original Silica black 122.5 Diatomite 122.5 Difference 0 Difference, % .
..
AFTERHYDROGENATION FOR: 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
1 hour 103.9 109.2 5.3 4.8
94.3 99.4 5.1 5.13
83.8 88.6 4.8 5.42
76.1 80.5 4.4 5.47
3 hours 67.8 72.4 4.6 6.4
The values indicate that there is a distinct advantage in favdr of the silica black as catalyst, and that the difference increases from 4.8 per cent in the 1-hour lots to 6.4 in the 5-hour samples. If the hydrogenation had been allowed to proceed until that in each silica black portion was near completion, the difference in efficiency would have been still more pronounced. The cottonseed oil after 2 hours of hydrogenation solidified a t room temperature but became harder as the process progressed. There was not only an observed difference in hardness and whiteness between each successive hour of hydrogenation, but every sample that had been hydrogenated with silica black catalyst proved to be harder and whiter than the
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corresponding one when diatomite had served as the catalyst support. Still another advantage was that the oils hydrogenated with nickel on silica black filtered faster and clearer than those containing the diatomite support. Settling experiments carried out in Nessler tubes showed that the silica black catalyst in the proportion previously used remained suspended in cottonseed oil for 14 days before showing any signs of settling, whereas the other catalyst began t o settle in 10 days. The oily layer above the silica black catalyst was perfectly clear, whereas that above the diatomite mas cloudy or opalescent.
LITERATURE CITED Erdmann, J . prakt. Chem., 87, 425 (1913). Zbid., 9 1 , 4 6 9 (1915). Hanus, 2. S a h r . Genussm., 4, 913 (1901). Ipatiev, J . R U S SPhvs. . Chem. Soc.. 40, l ( 1 9 0 8 ) . Jacobson, IND.Eso. CHEY.,26, 798 (1934). Leprince and Siveke, German Patent 141,029 (1902). Norman, J . SOC.Chem. I d . , 35. 1070 (1916). (8) Sabatier and Kelber, Ber., 49, 55, 1868 (1916). (9) Sabatier and Senderens, French Patent 394,957 (1907). (10) Waterman and Tussenbrock, J . SOC. Chem. Ind., 50, 2271‘ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
(1931).
RECEIVED September 23,
1933.
Berthold Schwartz by
R.
CUSTOS
Berthold Schwartz, a Franciscan Monk, is frequently believed to have been the inventor of gunpowder, although it is claimed that Roger Bacon was the actual inventor. I t is also stated that gunpowder or its equivalent was known to the Chinese for many hundreds of years before the time of both Bacon and Schwartz, and that merely the formula was brought to Europe by some traveler returning from the East. There can be no doubt, however, that Schwartz invented the first firearms, probably before 1325. He was exceedingly active technically, and dabbled in man lines of work. Cur illustration, No. 43 in t f i s series, is a reproduction of a 1643-engraving on copper b Raphael Custos. It depicts Schwartz, in the language o f t h e artist, as “Likeness of the Reverend and Ingenious Father, of the Franciscan Order-Physician, Alchimist, and Inventor of the Liberal Art of Musket Shooting-in the year 1380.” Custos (or Custodis) was born in Augsburg in 1590 and studied copper engraving under his father, Dominicus Custos, a publisher of eneravings. He worked exclusively for his father, and died in 1651 in Frankfurt-am-Main. A translation of the verses appearing beneath the illustrationwhich read across the lines, not in columns-follows: See how the fruit of time, in Nature’a might, Is by keen-witted folk oft brought t o light. The art of musketry, thus born, became Child of Dame Nature’s breath and fiery flame.
Alchemical and Historical Reproductions These prints of famous paintings and engravings were started in the August, 1931, issue, and appear monthly thereafter in our 1931, 1932, 1933, and 1934 volumes A complete list of the first thirty-six reproductions appears in our January, 1934, issue on page 112, where will also be found full par. ticulars for obtaining photographic copies of these reproductions. The reproductions published in our first six issues for this year are as follows’
37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 43.
The Alchimist, Mieris (January, 1934, page 112) Die Herstellung von Gebranten Wassern, Weiditz (February, 1934, page 207) Der Alchvmist im Laboratorium, b’yck (March, 1934, page 331) Alchemia, Beham (April, 1934, page 419) Paracelsus, Rubens (May. 1934, page 528) Alchimist mit Gehilfen, Heerschop (June, 1934, page 645)
