(Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3: A Water-Soluble Catalyst for ... - ACS Publications

Article pubs.acs.org/joc

Cite This: J. Org. Chem. 2019, 84, 8468−8480

(Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3: A Water-Soluble Catalyst for Aldehyde Amidation, Olefin Oxo-Scissoring, and Alkyne Oxygenation Dripta De Joarder,† Subrata Gayen,† Rajarshi Sarkar,‡ Rajarshi Bhattacharya,† Sima Roy,§ and Dilip K. Maiti*,† †

Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India School of Technology Management & Engineering, NMIMS, Indore 453112, India § IACS, Kolkata 700032, India Downloaded via UNIV OF SOUTHERN INDIANA on July 17, 2019 at 13:04:47 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.

‡

S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: The synthetic chemists always look for developing new catalysts, sustainable catalysis, and their applications in various organic transformations. Herein, we report a new class of water-soluble complexes, (Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3, utilizing designed terpyridines possessing electron-donating and -withdrawing aromatic residues for tuning the catalytic activity of the Ru(II) complex. These complexes displayed excellent catalytic activity for several oxidative organic transformations including late-stage C−H functionalization of aldehydes with NH2OR to valuable primary amides in nonconventional aqueous media with excellent yield. Its diverse catalytic power was established for direct oxoscissoring of a wide range of alkenes to furnish aldehydes and/or ketones in high yield using a low catalyst loading in the water. Its smart catalytic activity under mild conditions was validated for dioxygenation of alkynes to highly demanding labile synthons, 1,2-diketones, and/or acids. This general and sustainable catalysis was successfully employed on sugar-based substrates to obtain the chiral amides, aldehydes, and labile 1,2-diketones. The catalyst is recovered and reused with a moderate turnover. The proposed mechanistic pathway is supported by isolation of the intermediates and their characterization. This multifaceted sustainable catalysis is a unique tool, especially for late-stage functionalization, to furnish the targeted compounds through frequently used amidation and oxygenation processes in the academia and industry.

■

coordinated RuII complexes were examined as catalysts with great success.9 However, the majority of these catalysts are quite substrate specific, relatively unstable (air/moisture sensitive), require hazardous organic solvents, catalyst loading, costly ligands, and/or additives. Hence, the discovery of a chemically efficient, green, multifaceted substrate independent catalyst, which can catalyze various organic transformations, is of immense importance.10 In search for a multifunctional catalyst, we choose Ru(II) as the metal center, π-acidic 4′-aryl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (Artpy), and weakly coordinating acetonitrile molecules as ancillary ligands to facilitate substrate binding during catalysis in water. Although metal−tpy complexes with Ru2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pd2+ have been exploited in supramolecular chemistry11 and catalysis,12 albeit the use of the (Ar-tpy)RuII complex is a rarity for generating smart catalysts. To the best of our knowledge, only Gnanamgari and Crabtree have reported a (tpy)RuII(PPh3)Cl2 complex for catalytic transformation of oximes/aldehydes to amides,13a and cross-coupling of alcohols to ketones under refluxing toluene.13b

INTRODUCTION The quest to find an efficient and inexpensive metal catalyst with a utilitarian application is still an obstacle for developing sustainable chemistry.1 On the other hand, replacement of a frequently used toxic and volatile organic solvent with a nonconventional solvent like water is a serious consideration to the synthetic professionals of academia and industries.2 Water is nontoxic, abundant, inexpensive, and possesses unique physical and chemical properties, and the only solvent to carry out thousands of organic transformations in biological systems. The design, synthesis, and development of new water-soluble catalysts are highly desirable and challenging to perform diverse organic transformations with hydrophobic substrates in water media. Among the ruthenium catalysts,3 RuII complex-catalyzed fundamental and applied organic synthesis is now an emerging research area because of its outstanding ability to acquire a range of oxidation states (−2 to +8) and coordination geometries. Some of the significant organic syntheses that have been studied using Ru II catalysts include C−H activations,4 C−C couplings,5 olefin metatheses,6 dehydrogenations,7a hydrogenations,7b,c and oxygenations.8 An array of monodentate, bidentate, η,6 and a few tridentate ligand© 2019 American Chemical Society

Received: February 26, 2019 Published: June 6, 2019 8468

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00487 J. Org. Chem. 2019, 84, 8468−8480

Article

The Journal of Organic Chemistry The syntheses of primary amides,14 sugar-based chiral analogues, and analogous functionalities15 are particularly important in biology and the pharmaceutical industry,16 and their direct synthesis is still considered as a contemporary challenge. The traditional methods to primary amides through activation of acids and analogs have several drawbacks such as use of harsh reaction conditions, racemization, degradation, and handling of hazardous chemicals. For instance, TCI, CDI, and cyanuric chloride were frequently employed as activating agents.17 An array of second generation strategies to primary amides was reported such as PdII-catalyzed carbonylation of aromatic halides using formamide as an ammonia equivalent18 and Cu2O-guided coupling of an aldehyde with NH4Cl.19 Primary amides were also directly obtained from primary alcohols and liquor NH3 in the presence of MnO2-based octahedral molecular sieves.20 We and others introduced few synthetic routes to amides involving “green” catalytic strategies.21 Aldehydes, ketones, and acids are essential synthons and industrial ingredients. These compounds are frequently synthesized through ozonolysis22 of alkenes and alkynes. However, hazardous generation and handling difficulties of ozone and related strong oxidants have prompted scientists to search for alternative methods employing metalbased catalytic oxidation (e.g., Os and Ru)23 in the presence of a sacrificial oxidant. However, most of the existing synthetic routes targeting these compounds are reaching their inherent limits, in terms of high catalyst loading, overoxidation, stringent reaction conditions, production of waste and byproduct(s), higher overhead cost, and use of toxic organic solvents, which have always been a concern for our health and environment. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of new (Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3 complexes, and introducing their broad range of C−N, C−O, and CO bond forming green catalytic activities through oxidative functionalization of aldehyde−C−H, alkenes, and alkynes to achieve valuable primary amides, aldehydes, ketones, 1,2-dicarbonyls, and/or acids, and also their sugar-based chiral analogues.

copies of 1a−c, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of 1a (Supporting Information). With the as-synthesized (Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3 complexes in hand, we performed a survey to establish their catalytic activity for direct functionalization of aldehydes [R−C(O)−H] to valuable amides (Table 1). In our first experiment, a solution of 4-methyl benzaldehyde (2a), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3a), catalyst 1a, and sodium acetate was stirred in the water at an ambient temperature. However, the desired amide (4a) was not detected (entry 1). To our delight, the amidation reaction was successful at elevated temperatures (bath temperature 100 °C), with a moderate yield (54%, entry 2). The catalyst screening revealed that 1c (entries 3, 4) is the preferred catalyst to furnish 4a with excellent yield (95%). There was no further improvement in changing catalyst loading (entries 5, 6), NH2OH·HCl (3a, entries 7, 8) or NaOAc (entries 9, 10). The other inorganic (entries 11−14) and organic (entry 15) bases were not effective. Only traces of 4a were obtained by reducing the temperature to 50 °C (entry 16). Solvent variation experiments (entry 17−21) confirmed that water is the best reaction medium for C−H amidation by 1c. Next, several substituted hydroxylamine salts (2, entries 23−25) were employed but only NH2OMe·HCl afforded 4a (73%, entry 22). The powerful catalytic activity of 1c was verified by comparing the insignificant results obtained from commercially used catalysts Ru(II), Ru(III), and Pd(II) (entries 26−28). The substrate scope for the amidation reaction was validated utilizing different functional group-decorated aromatic, metalized, and chiral aliphatic aldehydes under the developed reaction conditions (entry 4, Table 1) to obtain the corresponding primary amides (4, Scheme 2). Electrondeficient halogens (entries 1−3), and nitro (entries 4, 5) group-substituted aromatic aldehydes (2b−f, Scheme 2) furnished corresponding amides (4b−f) in 10−12 h with a high yield (74−90%). Aldehydes possessing activated aromatic (2g, entry 6) and conjugated residues (2h, entry 7) smoothly produced the desired products with high yields (79−90%). Aldehydes armed with phenolic −OH (entries 8, 9), carboxylic acid (2k, entry 10), heterocycles (entries 11, 12), sterically hindered (entry 13), and metal-containing aromatic residues (entry 14) were well tolerated. Sensitive substrates (2p−2t) were also successfully converted to the corresponding amide derivatives (4p−4t, entries 15−19) in excellent to good yields (70−95%). Late-stage amidation of 2u provided the desired amide (4u) in a 70% yield (entry 20). The utility of the sustainable strategy was validated using sugar aldehydes as aliphatic substrates, which efficiently furnished the desired optically pure primary amides (4v and 4w) in good yields (72, 71%, entries 21, 22). Having established the amidation catalysis, we moved on to explore oxidative scission of alkenes with the catalyst (Artpy)RuII(ACN)3 to furnish the corresponding aldehydes and ketones.25 We decided to screen the catalysts 1a−c for the catalytic oxidative scission reactions under mild conditions in water, which will be especially useful for the late functionalization and synthesis of labile sugar-based compounds. Unfortunately, the transformation of styrene (5a) to benzaldehyde (6a, Table 2) in the presence of catalyst 1a was not successful in water (entry 1, Table 2) at ambient temperatures. The main difficulty we faced during the development of oxidative scission of olefin was that the extremely low solubility of the highly hydrophobic olefin substrates, such as olefins or alkynes in

■

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION First, we synthesized the designed Ar-tpy24 ligands possessing different functional groups on aromatic substituents (R = OMe, Me, and Cl) by coupling 2-acetylpyridine with corresponding 4-substituted benzaldehydes under alkaline conditions. (Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3 complexes (1a−c) were synthesized following the modified reported method11e (Scheme 1) and characterized thoroughly by NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV−vis, and fluorescence spectrosScheme 1. Synthesis and Structure of (Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3

8469


Article

The Journal of Organic Chemistry Table 1. Catalyst Screening for the Amidation Reactiona

entry

3 (1.1 mmol), catalyst

base (1.15 mmol)

solvent

temp (°C)b

time (h)

yield (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

NH2OH·HCl, 1a NH2OH·HCl, 1a NH2OH·HCl, 1b NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1cd NH2OH·HCl, 1ce NH2OH·HCl,f 1c NH2OH·HCl,g 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, 1c NH2OMe·HCl, 1c NH2OBn·HCl, 1c NH2NH2·2HCl, 1c PhNHNH2·HCl, 1c NH2OH·HCl, [(p-cymene)Ru(II)Cl2]2 NH2OH·HCl, RuCl3 NH2OH·HCl, Pd(OAc)2

NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAch NaOAci NaOH Cs2CO3 K2CO3 CaCO3 DABCO NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc NaOAc

water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water EDC EtOH PhMe THF ACN water water water water water water water

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 84 79 110 66 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

NRc 54 74 95 94 54 62 34 74 56 34 89 37 71 45 trace trace trace 30 0 20 73 trace 0 0 44 trace 0

2a (1 mmol), 3a (NH2OH·HCl, 1.1 mmol), catalyst (1.2 mol %), NaOAc (1.15 mmol), water (5 mL), 100 °C, and 12 h. bBath temperature. cNo reaction. d2.4 mol %. e0.6 mol %. f3a (NH2OH·HCl, 2 mmol). g3a (NH2OH·HCl, 0.6 mmol). h2 mmol. i0.6 mmol. a

(46−60%). The rest of the oxidants (entries 18−21) failed to furnish the product. After screening several experiments, we found the best result for styrene (5a) to benzaldehyde (6a) with 80% yield using catalyst 1c (1.0 mol %), sacrificial oxidant NaIO4 (2 mmol) in the presence of PTCs tetrabutylammonium iodide (10 mol %) in water at ambient temperature (entry 4). We proceeded to examine the substrate scope of the reaction under optimized conditions. The experimental data (Scheme 3) shows that the reaction is pretty general for terminal olefins possessing electron withdrawing and donating aromatic residues, which afforded 6b−d in high yield (80−85%, entries 2−4). 1,1′-Disubstituted (entries 5, 6), 1,2-disubstituted (entry 8), 1,1′,2-trisubstituted (entry 7), and 1,1′,2,2′ tetrasubstituted (entry 9) olefins were cleaved into respective ketones (6e−f) and/or aldehydes (6a) with excellent yield (80−90%). The cyclic substrates such as 5j and 5k also took part in the reaction providing the corresponding desired product 6g and 6h in 77 and 80% yield, respectively (entries 10, 11). Successful scission of aliphatic (entries 12, 13) and sugar derivatives (entries 14, 15) to the corresponding functionalized aldehyde (6i), terminal olefin-possessing aldehyde (6j), labile optically pure aldehyde formate (6k), and ribose derivative

water. Thus, we started looking for a suitable phase-transfer catalyst (PTC),26 surfactant,27 or β-cyclodextrin28 to build up a corresponding phase-transfer protocol or hydrophobic nanoreactor for smooth running of the oxidative cleavage of styrene (2a) in water to aldehyde (6a). The results of catalyst screening (1a−c) revealed that tetrabutylammonium iodide is a good PTC for the reaction using NaIO4 as the oxidant. The catalyst 1c (entry 4, 80%) is the best one to afford 6a with respect to 1a (entry 2, 70%) or 1b (entry 3, 69%) in 12 h at room temperature. The counter anion bromide, chloride, basic −OH, and acidic −HSO4 (entries 5−8) as well as a less lipophilic counter cation Et4N+ (entry 9) of the PTC were employed without any significant improvement (45−79%). Next, we started optimizing the reaction by changing the concentration of TBAI (entries 10, 11), which indicates that 10 mol % of TBAI (entry 4) used was the best to produce the desired product (6a, Table 2). β-CD (10 mol %), CTAB (10 mol %), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (10 mol %, entries 12−14) were all inferior to TBAI. No product was obtained using only NAIO4 without any catalyst (entry 15), which proved the important role of the catalyst in the oxo-scissoring of the olefin. Next, we screened an array of oxidants (entries 16−21) among which only PhI(OAc)2 (entry 16) and oxone (entry 17) furnished the desired product in a diminished yield 8470


Article

The Journal of Organic Chemistry Scheme 2. Synthesized Primary Amides

(6l) produced the generality, robustness, and usefulness of the catalytic strategy under mild conditions. Satisfied with the above results, we successfully established the oxidative transformation of an alkyne partner, diphenylacetylene (8a, entry 1, Scheme 4) to produce benzil (9a) in excellent yield (89%) under the same reaction conditions. Unsymmetrical aromatic alkynes carrying an electron donating (8b, entry 2) or withdrawing group (8c, entry 3) furnished 1,2diketones (9b, 9c) in excellent yield (93, 94%), respectively. Alkyne-containing labile ester functionality (8d) was converted to the corresponding diketo derivative (9d) in

85% yield (entry 4). Gratifyingly, 1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne (8e, entry 5) selectively installed 1,2-diketone to one alkyne moiety to achieve valuable 1,4-diphenyl-1,2-diketobutyne (9e) in 10 h. Aliphatic-substituted alkyne (8f) was also smoothly transformed into the desired 1,2-diketone (9f), in excellent yield (97%, entry 6). Exploration of reaction with terminal alkynes (8g,h, entries 7, 8) expectantly afforded benzoic acids (9g,h) in 10 h. The usefulness of the developed methodology was showcased by using ribose derivatives (8i and 8j, entries 9, 10), which furnished the corresponding acid (9i) and diketo derivative (9j) in excellent yield (73 and 69%, respectively). 8471


Article

The Journal of Organic Chemistry Table 2. Optimization Data of Oxo-Scissoring of Alkenesa

entry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PTC (mol %) TBAI (10) TBAI (10) TBAI (10) TBAB (10) TBAC (10) TMAOH (10) TBAHS (10) TEAB (10) TBAI (15) TBAI (5) β-CD (10) CTAB (10) SDS (10) TBAI TBAI TBAI TBAI TBAI TBAI

(10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10)

catalyst

catalyst (mol %)

time (h)

yield (%)

NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4

1a 1a 1b 1c 1c 1c 1c

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

12 12 12 12 12 12 12

70 69 80 77 72 45

NaIO4

1c

1.0

12

49

NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 NaIO4 PhI(OAc)2 oxone TBHP H2O2 O2 K2S2O8

1c 1c 1c 1c 1c 1c

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

79 79 51 75 67 60

1c 1c 1c 1c 1c 1c

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

oxidant

Scheme 3. Substrate Scope of Alkene-Scission Catalysis

60 46

a

5a (1 mmol), NaIO4 (2.0 mmol), catalyst (1.0 mol %), water (5 mL), 12 h.

The developed procedure is extremely efficient as the synthesized catalyst (1c) was recovered and reused (Figure 1). The catalyst was recycled (Experimental Section) and reused 5 times successively during amidation of 2a with some variation in the yield. Similarly, the oxo-scissoring of alkene 5a was also performed without much loss of catalytic activity. The (Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3-catalyzed synthesis of amides from aldehydes is expected to proceed through the dehydration and hydration mechanism (Scheme 5).29 Herein, the amidation catalytic cycle (Scheme 5) is proposed through the formation of an oxime-1c complex (I), which is generated from the aldehyde (2), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3a), sodium acetate, and the catalyst (1c). The aldoxime undergoes Ru(II)-guided dehydration to yield the corresponding nitrile (II), which was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) monitoring. The coordinated water and nitrile molecule is expected to pass through a RuII-tuned hydration process (III). Moreover, conducting the reaction in nonaqueous media (EDC) furnished only the corresponding nitrile intermediate, which was isolated and characterized. The active catalyst (1c) is regenerated for the next cycle through the release of the product (4) and ligation. However, Williams et al. reported29 a mechanism in which oxime attacks the coordinated nitrile, instead of water. This pathway seems less probable for our case as the reaction also proceeds with the NH2OMe reagent (Table 1, entry 22), and the amidation reaction was arrested in the absence of water. Progress of oxidative scission of alkene is presumed to proceed through oxidation of Ru(II) to Ru(VI) (IV and V,

Scheme 6) in the presence of NaIO4, complexation with an olefin and formation of dioxo-Ru(IV)25 cycloadduct (VI) by a concerted [3 + 2] cycloaddition with olefin (5). The RuIV8472


Article

The Journal of Organic Chemistry Scheme 4. Experimental Data of Oxygenation to Alkynes

Scheme 5. Proposed Catalytic Cycle of the Amidation Reaction

Scheme 6. Proposed Mechanism for Olefin-Scission Catalysis

product (6) surrounded intermediate VII. The release of the aldehyde (4) or ketone and ligation of MeCN regenerates the active catalyst 1c for the next cycle. The reaction was run in the H2O18 medium, and the mass spectrometry of the ongoing reaction was performed in a regular interval. It revealed that

Figure 1. Catalytic efficiency of the recovered catalyst.

pinacol putative intermediate undergoes C−C bond cleavage with reduction of Ru(IV) to Ru(II) to achieve the desired 8473


Article

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

filtered and washed with water. Crude amide was crystallized from ethanol to get the pure amide 4a in 95% (128 mg, 0.95 mmol) yield. All primary amides were synthesized by the same procedure and characterized (4a−q) by recording NMR, IR, ESI-MS, and melting points (solid products), and also comparing the reported data of the known compounds. General Procedure for Oxo-Scissoring of Alkenes. Styrene (1 mmol, 104.15 mg, 0.11 mL), NaIO4 (2 mmol, 426 mg), TBAI (10 mol %,4 mg), and distilled water (1 mL) were sequentially added to a solution of the catalyst (1c, 1 mol %, 8 mg) under an inert atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, it was filtered in the case of solid compounds or extracted by EtOAc (3 × 15 mL) in the case of liquid compounds, dried over activated Na2SO4, and the solvent was evaporated under a reduced pressure. The catalyst was recovered from the water extract. The solid products were purified by crystallization. For oils, the residue obtained after evaporation was purified by column chromatography on silica (60−120 mesh), which yielded benzaldehyde (80%, 85 mg) as an oily compound. However, all solid products were filtered through a sintered glass funnel and crystallized in ethanol to get a pure product. All products were synthesized by the same procedure and characterized (6a−k) by recording NMR, IR, ESI-MS, and melting points (solid products), and also comparing the reported data of the known compounds. General Procedure for Oxygenation of Alkynes. All products (9a−i) were synthesized by the same procedure as described above and characterized by recording NMR, IR, ESI-MS, and melting points (solid products), and also comparing the reported data of the known compounds. Catalyst Recovery and Recycling. After the reaction is over the product was either filtered or extracted with ethyl acetate. Water was then removed and the residue was taken up in acetonitrile. The mixture was stirred for 1 h and filtered. The solvent was removed under a reduced pressure to obtain a solid which was dried under high vacuum before using it in the next catalytic reaction. This process was repeated four times (as depicted in Figure 1) without any significant loss in catalytic activity. Characterization Data of Synthesized Primary Amides (4). 4-Methylbenzamide (4a).30 The product was obtained in a yield of 95% (128 mg, 0.95 mmol); characteristics: light pink solid; mp: 162− 164 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.74 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.16 (2H, broad singlet), 2.43 (3H, s). 4-Fluorobenzamide (4b).31 The product was obtained in a yield of 77% (107 mg, 0.77 mmol); characteristic: brown solid; mp: 118−120 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6): δ 7.97−7.88 (2H, m), 7.39− 7.22 (2H, m). 4-Chlorobenzamide (4c).32 The product was obtained in a yield of 90% (140 mg, 0.90 mmol); characteristic: brown solid; mp: 173−175 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.75 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 5.89 (2H, broad singlet). 4-Bromobenzamide (4d).33 The product was obtained in a yield of 83% (166.0 mg, 0.83 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 191− 194 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.68 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.04 (1H, br s), 5.73 (1H, broad singlet). 4-Nitrobenzamide (4e).34 The product was obtained in a yield of 74% (123 mg, 0.74 mmol); characteristic: yellow solid; mp: 198−202 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6): δ 7.45 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.33 (2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 6.35 (2H, broad singlet). 2-Nitrobenzamide (4f).35 The product was obtained in a yield of 76% (126 mg, 0.76 mmol); characteristic: brown solid; mp: 178−180 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6): δ 8.14 (1H, broad singlet), 7.987 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.77−7.60 (4H, m). 4-Methoxybenzamide (4g).36 The product was obtained in a yield of 90% (136.0 mg, 0.90 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 163−166 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.78 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 6.94−6.3 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 5.80 (2H, broad singlet), 3.86 (3H, s). Cinnamamide (4h).37 The product was obtained in a yield of 79% (116 mg, 0.79 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 149−151

O18incorporation was minimal (Supporting Information). This labeling experiment indicates that the source of oxygen in the product is likely to be from NaIO4.

■

CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have demonstrated synthesis of a new watersoluble multifaceted catalyst, (4-Cl-C6H4-tpy)RuII(ACN)3, and its unprecedented catalytic activity with low catalyst loading for direct amidation of C−H with NH2OR (R = H, Me) to obtain primary amides in nonconventional aqueous media with excellent yield. Diverse reactivity of the catalyst was established through development of two general methods for oxidative cleavage of alkenes to aldehydes and/or ketones, and selective oxygen installation to alkynes to achieve 1,2-diketones or acids in the water at ambient temperature. This strategy may be utilized as a unique tool for late-stage oxygen transfer process in academia and the industries. We believe that the research delineated herein opens up a new window for design and synthesis of novel multifaceted catalysts, developing green and sustainable chemistry and their outstanding application to catalyze valuable organic transformation of academic, commercial, and industrial interests.

■

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

General Information. All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification, unless otherwise specified. Commercially supplied ethyl acetate and petroleum ether were distilled before use. CH2Cl2 was dried by distillation over P2O5. The petroleum ether used in our experiments was in the boiling range of 60−80 °C. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (60−120 mesh, 0.120−0.250 mm). Analytical TLC was performed on 0.25 mm extra hard silica gel plates with a UV254 fluorescent indicator. The reported melting points are uncorrected. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra (Bruker Advance 300 or Bruker Advance 400) were recorded at ambient temperature using either 300 MHz spectrometers (300 MHz for 1H and 75 MHz for 13 C) or 400 MHz spectrometers (400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13 C). Chemical shift is reported in ppm and coupling constant in Hz. Proton multiplicities are represented as s (singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), and m (multiplet). Infrared spectra were recorded on a FT-IR spectrometer (PerkinElmer Spectrum 100) in a thin film. HR-MS data were acquired by the electron spray ionization technique on a Q-Tof-micro quadruple mass spectrophotometer (Bruker). The optical rotation of the chiral compounds was measured in a polarimeter using a standard 10 cm quartz cell in the sodium-D lamp (589 nm) at ambient temperature. X-ray crystallographic data was taken in a charge-coupled device diffractometer. General Procedure for Catalyst (1a−c) Preparation. (Artpy)RuCl3 were prepared according to the reported literature procedure.11e To a clean, dry, aluminum foil-wrapped round bottom flask (Ar-tpy)RuCl3 (1.0 equiv) and AgNO3 (3.0 equiv) were added under an argon atmosphere. Dry MeOH and dry acetonitrile (1:1, v/ v, 0.002 M) were introduced and argon was bubbled in the solution for 1 h. After that, the solution was heated at a reflux for 24 h under Ar. The solution was filtered through a sintered glass funnel and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to furnish the crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (60−120 mesh silica gel) using ACN/water/saturated solution of KNO3 (30:1:1) to get a pure product. General Procedure for Amidation. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3a, 1.1 mmol, 76.44 mg), sodium acetate (1.15 mmol, 94.3 mg), and 1c (1.2 mol %, 9 mg) was stirred in water (5 mL), and 4-methyl benzaldehyde (2a, 1 mmol, 120 mg) was added dropwise to it. The solution was heated at 100 °C (bath temperature) under an argon atmosphere and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the postreaction mixture was 8474


Article


26.30; FT-IR (film) (solvent: acetonitrile) νmax (cm−1): 3415, 3216, 2936, 1641, 1380, 1217, 1085, 1025, 755; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M + Na]+ calcd for C15H19NO5Na, 316.1161; found, 316.1144. [α]20 D −33.7 [c 1.0, DCM]. 2-(((2R,5R)-3,4-Bis(benzyloxy)-5-methoxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)acetamide (4v). The product was obtained in a yield of 72% (289 mg, 0.72 mmol); purified by column chromatography using 90% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (Rf: 0.31); characteristic: light yellow oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.38−7.29 (10H, m), 6.89 (1H, br s), 6.53 (1H, br s), 4.90 (1H, s), 4.69−4.58 (3H, m), 4.41 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz), 4.28−4.26 (1H, m), 4.03−3.99 (1H, m), 3.93 (2H, d, J = 0.8 Hz), 3.87 (1H, d, J = 4.8 Hz), 3.67 (1H, dd, J1 = 2.8 Hz, J2 = 10.8 Hz), 3.49 (1H, dd, J1 = 5 Hz, J2 = 10.4 Hz), 3.32 (3H, S); 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 173.7, 137.6, 137.5, 128.5, 128.1, 128.0, 127.9, 106.8, 80.1, 79.4, 77.6, 72.5, 72.4, 72.2, 70.2, 55.4; FT-IR (neat) νmax (cm−1): 3459, 3340, 2922, 2855, 1688, 1450, 1365, 1262, 1135, 1058, 938, 743, 709, 607; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M + Na]+ calcd for C22H27NO6Na, 424.1736; found, 424.1735. [α]20 D +23.0 [c 1.25, CH2Cl2]. 2-(((3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)acetamide (4w). The product was obtained in a yield of 71% (186 mg, 0.71 mmol); purified by column chromatography using 80% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (Rf: 0.4); characteristic: light yellow oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.06 (1H, broad singlet), 5.81 (1H, broad singlet), 5.00 (1H, s), 4.70 (1H, d, J = 6 Hz), 4.59 (1H, d, J = 6 Hz), 4.38 (1H, t, J = 5.2 Hz), 4.03 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 3.93 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 3.61−3.59 (2H, m), 3.35 (3H, s), 1.49 (3H, s), 1.33 (3H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 172.4, 112.6, 110.3, 85.5, 85.2, 81.8, 72.6, 70.4, 55.2, 26.5, 24.9. FT-IR (neat) νmax (cm−1): 3463, 3320, 2900, 2855, 1688, 1450, 1365, 1262, 1135; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M + Na]+ calcd for C11H19NO6Na, 284.1110; found, 284.1109. [α]20 D −40.8 [c 0.25, CH2Cl2]. Characterization Data of Aldehydes or Ketones (6). Benzaldehyde (6a)43 from 5a. The product was obtained in a yield of 80% (85 mg, 0.80 mmol) (entry 1), 88% (187 mg, 1.76 mmol) (entry 8); characteristic: colorless oil; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.76 (1H, s), 7.62−7.59 (2H, m), 7.35−7.32 (1H, m), 7.26−7.24 (2H, m). 4-Bromobenzaldehyde (6b).44 The product was obtained in a yield of 81% (149 mg, 0.81 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 57−59 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.96 (1H, s), 7.75−7.65 (4H, m). 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde (6c).45 The product was obtained in a yield of 83% (117 mg, 0.83 mmol); characteristic: low melting solid; mp: 48−50 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.92 (1H, s), 7.78−7.74 (2H, m), 7.46−7.42 (2H, m). 4-Methoxybenzldehyde (6d).46 The product was obtained in a yield of 76% (103 mg, 0.76 mmol); characteristic: colorless oil; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.78 (1H, s), 7.75−7.72 (2H, m), 6.91− 6.89 (2H, m), 3.78 (3H, s). Acetophenone (6e).47 The product was obtained in a yield of 77% (93 mg, 0.77 mmol); characteristic: colorless liquid; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.98−7.95 (2H, m), 7.57−7.46 (3H, m), 2.61 (3H, s). Benzophenone (6f)48 from 5f. The product was obtained in a yield of 85% (156 mg, 0.85 mmol) (entry 6), 80% (146 mg, 0.80 mmol) (entry 7), 70% (255 mg, 1.4 mmol) (entry 9); characteristic: colorless solid; mp: 48−50 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.82−7.79 (2H, m), 7.61−7.55 (1H, m), 7.49−7.44 (2H, m); 13 C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 196.5, 137.4, 132.3, 129.9, 128.1. 2-(Formylmethyl)benzaldehyde (6g).49 The product was obtained in a yield of 77% (114 mg, 0.77 mmol); characteristic: oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 10.04 (1H, s), 9.79 (1H, s), 7.85−7.83 (1H, m), 7.61−7.52 (2H, m), 7.27−7.24 (2H, m), 4.15 (2H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 198.4, 193.4, 135.6, 134.1, 134.0, 132.8, 129.5, 128.2, 48.3. Biphenyl-2,2′-dicarbaldehyde (6h).48 The product was obtained in a yield of 80% (168 mg, 0.80 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 62−65 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.84 (2H, s), 8.08−

°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.65 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 7.53− 7.49 (2H, m), 7.38−7.36 (3H, m), 6.50 (1H, d, J = 15.9), 5.68 (2H, broad singlet). 4-Hydroxybenzamide (4i).34 The product was obtained in a yield of 85% (116 mg, 0.85 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 161−163 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.39 (1H, s), 7.66− 7.61 (2H, m), 6.78−6.75 (3H, m), 5.90 (1H, broad singlet). 2-Hydroxybenzamide (4j).14b The product was obtained in a yield of 75% (103 mg, 0.75 mmol); characteristics: pinkish solid; mp: 142− 145 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 12.16 (1H, broad singlet), 7.48−7.36 (2H, m), 6.99 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.85 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.10 (2H, broad singlet). 2-Carbamoylbenzoic Acid (4k).38 The product was obtained in a yield of 70% (116 mg, 0.70 mmol); characteristics: pinkish solid; mp: 142−145 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.85 (1H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.74−7.56 (3H, m), 6.76 (2H, broad singlet). Thiophene-2-carboxamide (4l).39 The product was obtained in a yield of 71% (90 mg, 0.71 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 182−184 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6): δ 7.95 (1H, broad singlet), 7.72 (2H, d, J = 4.5 Hz), 7.37 (1H, broad singlet), 7.10 (1H, t, J = 4.2 Hz). 4-Oxo-4H-chromene-3-arboxamide (4m).40 The product was obtained in a yield of 80% (151 mg, 0.80 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 166−169 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6): δ 9.97 (1H, s), 9.49 (2H, broad singlet), 7.91 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.64−7.59 (1H, m), 7.35−7.28 (2H, m). 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzamide (4n).41 The product was obtained in a yield of 56% (91 mg, 0.56 mmol); characteristic: dark grey solid; mp: 148−149 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 6.84 (2H, s), 6.05 (1H, broad singlet), 5.65 (1H, broad singlet), 2.36 (3H, s), 2.16 (6H, s). Ferrocenecarboxamide (4o).42 The product was obtained in a yield of 75% (194 mg, 0.75 mmol); characteristic: brown crystals; mp: 169−172 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.65 (2H, broad singlet), 4.69 (2H, s), 4.39 (2H, s), 4.24 (5H, s). 4-(Dimethylamino)benzamide (4p).33 The product was obtained in a yield of 95% (156 mg, 0.95 mmol); characteristic: grey solid; mp: 209−210 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.71 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 6.67 (2H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 6.12 (6H, s), 5.65 (2H, broad singlet), 3.04 (6H, s). 4-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzamide (4q).14b The product was obtained in a yield of 90% (185 mg, 0.90 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 152−154 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.88− 7.85 (2H, m), 7.30−7.26 (2H, m), 6.02 (2H, broad singlet). Furan-2-carboxamide (4r).14a The product was obtained in a yield of 77% (86 mg, 0.77 mmol); characteristic: light brown solid; mp: 139−141 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.48 (1H, s), 7.17 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 6.53−6.52 (1H, m), 6.31 (1H, broad singlet), 6.05 (1H, broad singlet). 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxamide (4s).14e The product was obtained in a yield of 74% (81 mg, 0.74 mmol); characteristic: brown solid; mp: 171−173 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.48 (1H, broad singlet), 6.96 (1H, s), 6.62 (1H, s), 6.27−6.23 (1H, m), 5.60 (2H, broad singlet). 2-(Prop-2-ynyloxy)benzamide (4t).21a The product was obtained in a yield of 70% (123 mg, 0.7 mmol); characteristic: white solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.23−8.21 (1H, m), 7.63 (1H, br s), 7.51−7.46 (1H, m), 7.15−7.11 (1H, m), 7.07 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.24 (1H, broad singlet), 4.85−4.84 (2H, m), 2.61 (1H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 166.7, 155.8, 133.2, 132.8, 122.2, 121.6, 112.8, 77.4, 76.8, 56.8. (3aR,5S,6R,6aR)-(−)-6-(Benzyloxy)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide (4u). The product was obtained in a yield of 70% (205 mg, 0.70 mmol); purified by column chromatography using 80% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (Rf: 0.6); characteristic: light brown crystals; mp: 150 °C (decomposition); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.36−7.28 (5H, m), 6.60 (1H, broad singlet), 6.17 (1H, broad singlet), 6.01 (1H, d, J = 3.3 Hz), 4.74 (1H, d, J = 3.3 Hz) 4.58−4.64 (3H, m), 4.35 (1H, d, J = 3.3 Hz), 1.49 (3H, s), 1.32 (3H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 170.7, 137.1, 128.4, 127.9, 127.7, 112.6, 105.5, 82.47, 82.40, 80.97, 73.13, 26.92, 8475


Article


light yellow solid; mp: 118−120 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.21−8.19 (2H, m), 8.02 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.71−7.69 (2H, m), 7.66−7.63 (2H, m), 7.56−7.52 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 3.67 (3H, s); 13 C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 193.7, 189.0, 166.9, 138.8, 133.9, 133.1, 133.0, 131.6, 130.8, 130.1, 129.7, 129.6, 128.5, 52.7. 1,4-Diphenylbut-3-yne-1,2-dione (9e).58 The product was obtained in a yield of 68% (159 mg, 0.68 mmol); characteristic: oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.01 (2H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.62−7.57 (3H, m), 7.49−7.42 (3H, m), 7.36−7.32 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz); 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 188.4, 178.5, 135.0, 134.8, 133.6, 131.6, 130.4, 128.9, 128.7, 119.2, 99.1, 87.0. 1-Phenylpentane-1,2-dione (9f).59 The product was obtained in a yield of 97% (171 mg, 0.97 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 139−140 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.97−7.94 (2H, dt, J = 7.8, 2.1 Hz), 7.63−7.26 (3H, m), 2.85−2.80 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.77−1.65 (2H, sextet, J = 7.5 Hz), 1.00 (3H, t); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 203.3, 192.5, 134.5, 132.0, 130.1, 128.8, 40.6, 16.4, 13.6. Benzoic Acid (9g).60 The product was obtained in a yield of 82% (100 mg, 0.82 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 121−123 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 10.81 (1H, broad singlet), 8.15− 8.13 (2H, m), 7.67−7.60 (1H, m), 7.52−7.47 (2H, m). 4-Methylbenzoic Acid (9h).61 The product was obtained in a yield of 77% (105 mg, 0.77 mmol); characteristic: off white solid; mp: 179−181 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.01 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 2.41 (3H, s). 2-(((2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4-Bis(benzyloxy)-5-methoxytetrahydrofuran2-yl)methoxy)acetic Acid (9i). The product was obtained in a yield of 73% (294 mg, 0.73 mmol); purified by column chromatography using 60% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (Rf: 0.16); characteristic: light yellow oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.41−7.28 (10H, m), 4.93 (1H, s), 4.69−4.59 (4H, m), 4.50 (1H, d, J = 12 Hz), 4.34 (1H, m), 4.22 (2H, d, J = 1.6 Hz), 4.05−4.02 (1H, m), 3.86 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 3.72−3.69 (1H, m), 3.63−3.59 (1H, m), 3.36 (3H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 172.5, 137.5, 137.47, 128.43, 128.31, 128.26, 127.98, 127.91, 107.1, 80.2, 79.6, 77.7, 72.6, 72.4, 68.4, 55.7; FT-IR (neat) νmax (cm−1): 3442, 2922, 2863, 1730, 1466, 1381, 1262, 1211, 1143, 1101, 1041, 938, 743, 692; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M + Na]+ calcd for C22H26O7Na, 425.1576; found, 425.1576. [α]20 D +16.4 [c 2.1, CH2Cl2]. 3-(((3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione (9j). The product was obtained in a yield of 69% (242 mg, 0.69 mmol); purified by column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (Rf: 0.45); characteristic: light yellow oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.09−8.07 (1H, m), 7.65−7.49 (1H, m), 7.47−7.44 (2H, m), 7.42−7.29 (1H, m), 4.96 (1H, m), 4.83 (1H, d, J = 5.9 Hz), 4.71 (1H, d, J = 3.7 Hz), 4.61−4.54 (1H, m), 4.48−4.42 (2H, m), 3.71−3.60 (2H, m), 3.42 (3H, s), 3.33−3.30 (2H, m), 1.47 (3H, s), 1.29 (3H, s) α,β mixture; 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 172.6, 171.3, 133.6, 130.1, 129.4, 128.9, 128.4, 112.5, 110.5, 85.5, 85.1, 81.8, 73.8, 72.7, 68.3, 55.5, 26.5, 24.9; FT-IR (neat) νmax (cm−1): 3433, 2931, 1739, 1594, 1459, 1381, 1211, 1092, 871; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M + Na]+ calcd for C18H22O7Na, 373.1263; found, 373.1263. [α]20 D −33.4 [c 0.85, CH2Cl2]. Characterization Data of the Synthesized Arylterpyridines. 4′-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine.62 The product was obtained in a yield of 82% (281.9 mg, 0.82 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 168−171 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.73−8.65 (6H, m), 7.91−7.83 (4H, m), 7.49−7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.38− 7.34 (2H, m). 4′-(4-Methylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine.63 The product was obtained in a yield of 87% (281.4 mg, 0.87 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 169−171 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.66− 8.58 (6H, m), 7.82−7.74 (4H, m), 7.29−7.19 (4H, m), 2.35 (3H, s). 4′-(4-Methoxylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine.64 The product was obtained in a yield of 90% (305.4 mg, 0.90 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 170−173 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.74− 8.66 (6H, m), 7.90−7.85 (4H, m), 7.37−7.33 (2H, m), 7.03−7.02 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz).

8.07 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.69−7.66 (2H, m), 7.62−7.58 (2H, m), 7.37−7.35 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz). 5-(Benzyloxy)pentanal (6i).50 The product was obtained in a yield of 76% (146 mg, 0.76 mmol); characteristic: light yellow oil; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.76 (1H, t, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.36−7.29 (5H, m), 4.50 (2H, s), 3.52−3.48 (2H, m), 2.49−2.44 (2H, m), 1.78−1.66 (4H, m). Non-8-enal (6j).51 The product was obtained in a yield of 70% (98 mg, 0.70 mmol); characteristic: colorless oil; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.77 (1H, s), 5.76−5.69 (1H, m), 4.94−4.85 (2H, m), 2.45−2.39 (2H, m), 2.05−2.00 (2H, t, J = 7 Hz), 1.65−1.51 (2H, m), 0.92−0.83 (6H, m); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 202.5, 138.7, 114.2, 43.7, 33.5, 31.4, 28.8, 28.6, 28.5. (2R,3S,4S)-2-(Formyloxy)-5-oxopentane-1,3,4-triyltriacetate (6k).48 The product was obtained in a yield of 75% (228 mg, 0.75 mmol); characteristic: colorless oil; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.39 (1H, s), 7.98 (1H, s), 5.65−5.62 (1H, m), 5.39−5.29 (2H, m), 4.30−4.02 (2H, m), 2.14 (3H, s), 2.1−1.97 (6H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 193.7, 170.3, 169.6, 169.4, 159.1, 75.6, 67.6, 66.9, 61.2, 60.2, 20.3, 20.2, 20.0. 2-(((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)acetaldehyde (6l). The product was obtained in a yield of 79% (195 mg, 0.79 mmol); purified by column chromatography using 50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (Rf: 0.57); characteristic: light yellow oil; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.69 (1H, s), 5.27 (1H, s), 4.94 (1H, s), 4.69 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 4.55 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 4.33 (1H, m), 4.09 (2H, s), 3.56 (2H, m), 3.30 (3H, s), 1.45 (3H, s), 1.29 (3H, s); α/β = 4:1; 13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 200.6, 112.8, 109.6, 85.3, 85.1, 82.2, 76.7, 72.9, 55.2, 26.7, 25.2; FT-IR (neat) νmax (cm−1): 3450, 2940, 1739, 1475, 1381, 1211, 1110, 853; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M + Na]+ calcd for C11H18NaO6, 269.1001; found, 269.1001. [α]20 D −48.5 [c 0.75, CH2Cl2]. Characterization Data of the Synthesized Alkynes (8). 1Methoxy-4-(phenylethynyl)benzene (8b).52 The product was obtained in a yield of 85% (177.0 mg, 0.85 mmol); characteristic: white solid; mp: 70−73 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.52− 7.45 (4H, m), 7.35−7.31 (3H, m), 6.89−6.85 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s). 1-Nitro-4-(phenylethynyl)benzene (8c).53 The product was obtained in a yield of 72% (161 mg, 0.72 mmol); characteristic: yellowish solid; mp: 72−75 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.25−8.20 (2H, dt, J1 = 9 Hz, J2 = 2.1 Hz), 7.69−7.65 (2H, dt, J1 = 9 Hz, J2 = 2.1 Hz), 7.58−7.53 (2H, m), 7.41−7.37 (3H, m). 1,4-Diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne (8e).54 The product was obtained in a yield of 83% (168 mg, 0.83 mmol); characteristic: colorless solid; mp: 85−87 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.56−7.52 (2H, m), 7.40−7.31 (3H, m). Characterization Data of the 1,2-Dikitones or Acids (9). Benzil (9a).48 The product was obtained in a yield of 89% (187 mg, 0.89 mmol); characteristic: yellow solid; mp: 94−96 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.98−7.95 (2H, m), 7.68−7.62 (1H, m), 7.53−7.48 (2H, m); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 194.5, 134.8, 132.9, 129.8, 128.9. 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethane-1,2-dione (9b).55 The product was obtained in a yield of 93% (223 mg, 0.93 mmol); characteristic: yellow solid; mp: 138−141 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.96−7.91 (4H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.62−7.59 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.49−7.44 (2H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.96−6.93 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 194.8, 193.1, 164.9, 134.7, 133.2, 132.3, 129.8, 128.9, 126.0, 114.4, 55.8. 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-phenylethane-1,2-dione (9c).56 The product was obtained in a yield of 88% (225 mg, 0.88 mmol); characteristic: deep yellow solid; mp: 142−144 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.29 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 8.12−8.09 (2H, m), 7.93−7.90 (2H, m), 7.67−7.62 (1H, m), 7.51−7.46 (2H, m); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 192.8, 192.1, 151.2, 137.3, 135.4, 132.4, 130.9, 130.0, 129.2, 124.1. Methyl 2-(2-Oxo-2-phenylacetyl)benzoate (9d).57 The product was obtained in a yield of 85% (228 mg, 0.85 mmol); characteristic: 8476


The Journal of Organic Chemistry Characterization Data of the Catalysts (1a−c). Triacetonitrile 4′-(4-Methoxypheny)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridineruthenium(II) Nitrate (1a). The product was obtained in a yield of 52% (357.6 mg, 0.52 mmol); characteristic: dark red solid; mp: decomposes at 204 °C; Rf: 0.35 (30:1:1, ACN, water, saturated solution of KNO3); 1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O): δ 8.78 (2H, d, J = 5.4 Hz), 8.24 (4H, m, J = 5.1, 8.1 Hz), 7.97 (2H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.66 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.54 (2H, m, J = 5.1, 7.2 Hz), 6.87 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 3.55 (3H, s), 2.60 (3H, s), 1.81 (6H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, D2O): δ 160.8, 158.4, 154.3, 149.0, 138.9, 138.7, 128.8, 127.8, 127.0, 123.6, 123.3, 119.6, 114.8, 55.4, 3.4, 2.5; FT-IR νmax (KBr, cm−1): 3455.5, 3043, 2964.1, 2630.1, 2421.3, 2302, 2262.2, 2073.2, 1650.6, 1446.7, 1049.5, 922; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M]2+ calcd for C28H26N6ORu, 282.0606; found, 282.0607. Triacetonitrile 4′-(4-Methylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine Ruthenium(II) Nitrate (1b). The product was obtained in a yield of 63% (423.1 mg, 0.63 mmol); characteristic: red solid; mp: decomposes at 198 °C; Rf: 0.30 (30:1:1, ACN, water, saturated solution of KNO3); 1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O): δ 8.86 (2H, d, J = 5.4 Hz), 8.45 (2H, s), 8.33 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 8.05 (2H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.73 (2H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.63 (2H, t, J = 6 Hz), 7.34 (2H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.69 (3H, s), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.89 (6H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, D2O): δ 158.6, 158.4, 154.3, 149.6, 141.3, 138.7, 130.1, 127.8, 127.2, 127.1, 123.7, 123.2, 120.1, 30.2, 3.4, 2.5; FT-IR νmax (KBr, cm−1): 3684.3, 3013, 2953.3, 2630.1, 2416.3, 2302, 2242.3, 2073.2, 1615.7, 1461.6, 1044, 919.6; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M]2+ calcd for C28H26N6Ru, 274.0631; found, 274.0766. Triacetonitrile 4′-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine Ruthenium(II) Nitrate (1c). The product was obtained in a yield of 54% (373.7 mg, 0.54 mmol); characteristic: orange red solid; mp: decomposes at 210 °C; Rf: 0.35 (30:1:1, ACN, water, saturated solution of KNO3); 1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O): δ 8.79 (2H, d, J = 5.1 Hz), 8.38 (2H, s), 8.30 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 8.03−7.96 (2H, m, J = 8.1, 6.3 Hz), 7.70 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.57 (2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 2.62 (3H, s), 1.82 (6H, s); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, D2O): δ 158.8, 158.3, 154.3, 148.6, 138.9, 135.9, 135.0, 129.4, 128.9, 127.8, 127.2, 123.8, 123.2, 120.3, 3.4, 2.5; FT-IR (film) (solvent: acetonitrile) νmax (cm−1): 3465.8, 3006.6, 2948.5, 2634.3, 2412, 2300.8, 2257.3, 2078.4, 1638.5, 1450, 1043.9, 923; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: for [M]2+ calcd for C27H23N6ClRu, 284.0358; found, 284.0357. Characterization Data of the Isolated Intermediates. 2Nitrobenzaldehyde O-Methyl Oxime (10).65 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.52 (1H, s), 7.97−7.88 (2H, m), 7.58−7.42 (2H, m), 3.94 (3H, s), 7.38−7.34 (2H, m); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 147.8, 144.9, 133.4, 130.1, 128.7, 127.3, 124.8, 62.5, 60.4. 2-Nitrobenzonitrile (11).66 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.30− 8.26 (1H, m), 7.88−7.84 (1H, m), 7.80−7.75 (2H, m); 13C{1H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 135.6, 135.4, 134.2, 133.6, 125.6, 114.9, 108.2.

■

■

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

■

REFERENCES

Financial support of SERB project (no. EMR/2017/005028), D. S. Kothari, UGC (D.D.J.) (no. F.4-2/2006 (BSR)/CH/1516/0133), Govt. of India, are gratefully acknowledged. S.G. acknowledges SVMCM scholarship, Govt. of WB, India.

(1) (a) Umile, T. P.; Cann, M. C. Catalysis for Sustainability: Goals, Challenges, and Impacts; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015; p 23. (b) Davies, H. M. L.; Manning, J. R. Catalytic C-H functionalization by metal carbenoid and nitrenoid insertion. Nature 2008, 451, 417−424. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Carbon-heteroatom bond formation catalysed by organometallic complexes. Nature 2008, 455, 314−322. (d) Peplow, M. Catalysis: The accelerator. Nature 2013, 495, S10−S11. (e) Shugrue, C. R.; Miller, S. J. Applications of nonenzymatic catalysts to the alteration of natural products. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 11894−11951. (f) Sauermann, N.; Mei, R.; Ackermann, L. Electrochemical C−H Amination by Cobalt Catalysis in a Renewable Solvent. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 5090−5094. (2) (a) Sheldon, R. A.; Arends, I.; Hanefeld, U. Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Wiley-VCH, 2007; p 27. (b) Klijn, J. E.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Fast reactions ‘on water’. Nature 2005, 435, 746−747. (c) Chanda, A.; Fokin, V. V. Organic synthesis “on water”. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 725−748. (d) Sanderson, K. Chemistry: It’s not easy being green. Nature 2011, 469, 18−20. (e) Butler, R. N.; Coyne, A. G.; Cunningham, W. J.; Moloney, E. M. Water and Organic Synthesis: A Focus on the In-Water and On-Water Border. Reversal of the inwater Breslow hydrophobic enhancement of the normal endo-effect on crossing to on-water conditions for Huisgen cycloadditions with increasingly insoluble organic liquid and solid 2π-dipolarophiles. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 3276−3291. (f) Lipshutz, B. H.; Ghorai, S.; Cortes-Clerget, M. The Hydrophobic Effect Applied to Organic Synthesis: Recent Synthetic Chemistry ″in Water″. Chem.Eur. J. 2018, 24, 6672−6695. (g) Kitanosono, T.; Masuda, K.; Xu, P.; Kobayashi, S. Catalytic organic reactions in water toward sustainable society. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 679−746. (3) (a) Trost, B. M.; Frederiksen, M. U.; Rudd, M. T. RutheniumCatalyzed Reactions-A Treasure Trove of Atom-Economic Transformations. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6630−6666. (b) Hirano, M.; Hiroi, Y.; Murakami, T.; Ogawa, H.; Kiyota, S.; Komine, N.; Komiya, S. Ru(0)-catalyzed C3-selective cross-dimerization of 2,5dihydrofuran with conjugated dienes. Organometallics 2016, 35, 1343−1346. (c) Piskun, A. S.; Ftouni, J.; Tang, Z.; Weckhuysen, B. M.; Bruijnincx, P. C. A.; Heeres, H. J. Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone over anatase-supported Ru catalysts: Effect of catalyst synthesis protocols on activity. Appl. Catal., A 2018, 549, 197−206. (d) Sato, H.; Turnbull, B. W. H.; Fukaya, K.; Krische, M. J. Ruthenium(0)-catalyzed cycloaddition of 1,2-diols, ketols, or diones via alcohol-mediated hydrogen transfer. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 3012−3021. (4) (a) Sundararaju, B.; Achard, M.; Sharma, G. V. M.; Bruneau, C. sp3 C−H bond activation with ruthenium(II) catalysts and C(3)alkylation of cyclic amines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 10340− 10343. (b) Arockiam, P. B.; Bruneau, C.; Dixneuf, P. H. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation and Functionalization. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 5879−5918. (c) Rouquet, G.; Chatani, N. Catalytic functionalization of C(sp2)H and C(sp3)H bonds by using bidentate directing groups. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 11726−11743. (d) Li, B.; Darcel, C.; Dixneuf, P. H. sp3C−H bond alkylation of ketones with alkenes via ruthenium(II) catalysed dehydrogenation of alcohols. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 5970−5972. (e) Li, J.; Korvorapun, K.; De Sarkar, S.; Rogge, T.; Burns, D. J.; Warratz, S.; Ackermann, L. Ruthenium(II)-catalysed remote C-H alkylations as a versatile platform to meta-decorated arenes. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15430. (f) Yuan, C.; Zhu, L.; Chen, C.; Chen, X.; Yang, Y.; Lan, Y.; Zhao, Y. Ruthenium(II)-enabled para-selective C−H difluoromethylation of anilides and their derivatives. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1189.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00487. X-ray crystallography data of the synthesized compounds (CIF) NMR, ESI-MS, UV−vis, and fluorescence spectra of the synthesized compounds (PDF)

■

Article

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Dilip K. Maiti: 0000-0001-8743-2620 Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest. 8477


Article


(terpyridine) Ligands and Their Ruthenium(II)-Bis(terpyridine) Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 3640−3644. (12) (a) Concepcion, J. J.; Jurss, J. W.; Norris, M. R.; Chen, Z.; Templeton, J. L.; Meyer, T. J. Catalytic Water Oxidation by SingleSite Ruthenium Catalysts. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 1277−1279. (b) Delgado, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, B.; Epstein, I. R. Terpyridine- and Bipyridine-Based Ruthenium Complexes as Catalysts for the Belousov−Zhabotinsky Reaction. J. Phys. Chem. A 2011, 115, 2208−2215. (c) Kamata, K.; Suzuki, A.; Nakai, Y.; Nakazawa, H. Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Alkenes by Iron Complexes Containing Terpyridine Derivatives as Ancillary Ligands. Organometallics 2012, 31, 3825−3828. (d) Amini, M. M.; Feiz, A.; Dabiri, M.; Bazgir, A. Silica-supported terpyridine palladium(II) complex as an efficient and reusable catalyst for Heck and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2014, 28, 86−90. (13) (a) Gnanamgari, D.; Crabtree, R. H. Terpyridine rutheniumcatalyzed one-pot conversion of aldehydes into amides. Organometallics 2009, 28, 922−924. (b) Gnanamgari, D.; Leung, C. H.; Schley, N. D.; Hilton, S. T.; Crabtree, R. H. Alcohol cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by Ru and Ir terpyridine complexes. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 4442−4445. (14) (a) Fujiwara, H.; Ogasawara, Y.; Yamaguchi, K.; Mizuno, N. A One-Pot Synthesis of Primary Amides from Aldoximes or Aldehydes in Water in the Presence of a Supported Rhodium Catalyst. Angew. Chem. 2007, 119, 5294−5297. (b) Owston, N. A.; Parker, A. J.; Williams, J. M. J. Highly efficient Ruthenium-catalyzed oxime to amide rearrangement. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3599−3601. (c) Cao, L.; Ding, J.; Gao, M.; Wang, Z.; Li, J.; Wu, A. Novel and direct transformation of methyl ketones or carbinols to primary amides by employing aqueous ammonia. Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 3810−3813. (d) Song, Q.; Feng, Q.; Yang, K. Synthesis of primary amides via copper-catalyzed aerobic decarboxylative Ammoxidation of phenylacetic acids and α-hydroxyphenylacetic acids with ammonia in water. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 624−627. (e) Battilocchio, C.; Hawkins, J. M.; Ley, S. V. Mild and Selective Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydration of Nitriles to Amides by Flowing through Manganese Dioxide. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 1060−1063. (f) Chaskar, A.; Vadagaonkar, K.; Kalmode, H.; Prakash, S. Iodine-Mediated Domino Protocol for the Synthesis of Benzamides from Ethylarenes via sp3 C−H Functionalization. Synlett 2015, 26, 1677−1682. (g) Midya, G. C.; Kapat, A.; Maiti, S.; Dash, J. Transition-Metal-Free Hydration of Nitriles Using Potassium tertButoxide under Anhydrous Conditions. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 4148−4151. (h) Zhao, Z.; Wang, T.; Yuan, L.; Hu, X.; Xiong, F.; Zhao, J. Oxidative Coupling between Methylarenes and Ammonia: A Direct Approach to Aromatic Primary Amides. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015, 357, 2566−2570. (i) Dighe, S. U.; Batra, S. Visible LightInduced Iodine-Catalyzed Transformation of Terminal Alkynes to Primary Amides via C−C Bond Cleavage under Aqueous Conditions. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2016, 358, 500−505. (j) Xie, Z.; Chen, R.; Du, Z.; Kong, L.; Li, Z.; Li, Z.; Wang, N.; Liu, J. Iodine-Catalyzed Formation of Amide Bond: Efficient Strategy for the Synthesis of Aromatic Primary Amides. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2017, 6, 157−160. (15) (a) Martinelli, J. R.; Clark, T. P.; Watson, D. A.; Munday, R. H.; Buchwald, S. L. Palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl chlorides at atmospheric pressure: the dual role of sodium phenoxide. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 8460−8463. (b) Yadav, L. D. S.; Patel, R.; Srivastava, V. P. Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide-ZnCl2: A Mild and Efficient Catalytic System for Beckmann Rearrangement. Synthesis 2010, 1771−1776. (c) Allen, C. L.; Davulcu, S.; Williams, J. M. J. Catalytic Acylation of Amines with Aldehydes or Aldoximes. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5096−5099. (d) Gnanaprakasam, B.; Milstein, D. Synthesis of Amides from Esters and Amines with Liberation of H2 under Neutral Conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 1682−1685. (e) Atkinson, B. N.; Chhatwal, A. R.; Lomax, H. V.; Walton, J. W.; Williams, J. M. J. Transamidation of primary amides with amines catalyzed by zirconocene dichloride. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 11626−11628. (f) Dang, T. T.; Zhu, Y.; Ghosh, S. C.; Chen, A.; Chai, C. L. L.; Seayad, A. M. Atmospheric pressure aminocarbonylation of

(5) (a) Nishibayashi, Y.; Inada, Y.; Hidai, M.; Uemura, S. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation between Propargylic Alcohols and Alkenes via the Allenylidene-Ene Reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6060−6061. (b) Wei, W.; Dai, X.-J.; Wang, H.; Li, C.; Yang, X.; Li, C.-J. Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed olefination via carbonyl reductive cross-coupling. Chem. Sci. 2017, 8, 8193−8197. (c) Chen, S.; Zheng, Y.; Cui, T.; Meggers, E.; Houk, K. N. Arylketone π-Conjugation Controls Enantioselectivity in Asymmetric Alkynylations Catalyzed by Centrochiral Ruthenium Complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 5146−5152. (6) (a) Scholl, M.; Ding, S.; Lee, C. W.; Grubbs, R. H. Synthesis and Activity of a New Generation of Ruthenium-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Coordinated with 1,3-Dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2ylidene Ligands§. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 953−956. (b) Bailey, G. A.; Foscato, M.; Higman, C. S.; Day, C. S.; Jensen, V. R.; Fogg, D. E. Bimolecular coupling as a vector for decomposition of fast-Initiating olefin metathesis catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 6931−6944. (7) (a) Bertoli, M.; Choualeb, A.; Lough, A. J.; Moore, B.; Spasyuk, D.; Gusev, D. G. Osmium and Ruthenium catalysts for dehydrogenation of alcohols. Organometallics 2011, 30, 3479−3482. (b) Wang, D.; Astruc, D. The golden age of transfer hydrogenation. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 6621−6686. (c) Guthertz, A.; Leutzsch, M.; Wolf, L. M.; Gupta, P.; Rummelt, S. M.; Goddard, R.; Farès, C.; Thiel, W.; Fürstner, A. Half-sandwich Ruthenium carbene complexes link transhydrogenation and gem-hydrogenation of internal alkynes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 3156−3169. (8) (a) Groves, J. T.; Bonchio, M.; Carofiglio, T.; Shalyaev, K. Rapid Catalytic Oxygenation of Hydrocarbons by Ruthenium Pentafluorophenylporphyrin Complexes: Evidence for the Involvement of a Ru(III) Intermediate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8961−8962. (b) Wehlin, S. A. M.; Troian-Gautier, L.; Li, G.; Meyer, G. J. Chloride oxidation by Ruthenium excited-states in solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 12903−12906. (9) (a) Naota, T.; Takaya, H.; Murahashi, S.-I. Ruthenium-catalyzed reactions for organic synthesis. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 2599−2660. (b) Patman, R. L.; Williams, V. M.; Bower, J. F.; Krische, M. J. Carbonyl Propargylation from the Alcohol or Aldehyde Oxidation Level Employing 1,3-Enynes as Surrogates to Preformed Allenylmetal Reagents: A Ruthenium-Catalyzed C−C Bond-Forming Transfer Hydrogenation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 120, 5298−5301. (c) Lou, K.; Lovell, J. F. A quenched binuclear ruthenium(II) dimer activated by another photosensitizer. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 3231−3233. (d) Padala, K.; Jeganmohan, M. ortho-Benzoxylation ofN-Alkyl Benzamides with Aromatic Acids Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Complex. Chem.Eur. J. 2014, 20, 4092−4097. (e) Ogata, O.; Nara, H.; Fujiwhara, M.; Matsumura, K.; Kayaki, Y. N-Monomethylation of aromatic amines with methanol via PNHP-Pincer Ru catalysts. Org. Lett. 2018, 20, 3866−3870. (10) Gunanathan, C.; Milstein, D. Metal-Ligand Cooperation by Aromatization-Dearomatization: A New Paradigm in Bond Activation and ″Green″ Catalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 588−602. (11) (a) Sarkar, R.; Guo, K.; Moorefield, C. N.; Saunders, M. J.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Newkome, G. R. One-Step Multicomponent SelfAssembly of a First-Generation Sierpiński Triangle: From Fractal Design to Chemical Reality. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 12182− 12185. (b) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. From 1→3 dendritic designs to fractal supramacromolecular constructs: understanding the pathway to the Sierpiński gasket. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 3954− 3967. (c) Chakraborty, S.; Sarkar, R.; Endres, K.; Xie, T.-Z.; Ghosh, M.; Moorefield, C. N.; Saunders, M. J.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Newkome, G. R. Programmed Molecular Engineering: Stepwise, Multicomponent Assembly of a Dimetallic Metallotriangulane. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 5091−5095. (d) Xie, T.-Z.; Wu, X.; Endres, K. J.; Guo, Z.; Lu, X.; Li, J.; Manandhar, E.; Ludlow, J. M., III; Moorefield, C. N.; Saunders, M. J.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Newkome, G. R. Supercharged, precise, megametallodendrimers via a single-step, quantitative, assembly process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 15652−15655. (e) El-Batal, H.; Guo, K.; Li, X.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Moorefield, C. N.; Newkome, G. R. Perylene-Based Bis-, Tetrakis-, and Hexakis8478


Article


124, 3824−3825. (e) Nielsen, T. E.; Meldal, M. Highly Efficient Solid-Phase Oxidative Cleavage of Olefins by OsO4−NaIO4 in the Intramolecular N-Acyliminium Pictet−Spengler Reaction. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 2695−2698. (f) Yip, W.-P.; Yu, W.-Y.; Zhu, N.; Che, C.-M. Alkenecis-Dihydroxylation by [(Me3tacn)(CF3CO2)RuVIO2]ClO4 (Me3tacn = 1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane): Structural Characterization of [3 + 2] Cycloadducts and Kinetic Studies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14239−14249. (g) Das, A.; Ghosh, T. K.; Dutta Chowdhury, A.; Mobin, S. M.; Lahiri, G. K. Electronic structure and catalytic aspects of [(trpy)(Cl)Ru(L)]n incorporating potential non-innocent ligands, L−: 9-Oxidophenalenone and trpy: 2,2′:6′,2″terpyridine. Polyhedron 2013, 52, 1130−1137. (24) Hu, Z.-J.; Yang, J.-X.; Tian, Y.-P.; Tao, X.-T.; Tain, L.; Zhou, H.-P.; Xu, G.-B.; Yu, W.-T.; Yan, Y.-X.; Sun, Y.-H.; Wang, C.-K.; Yu, X.-Q.; Jiang, M.-H. Synthesis, Structures, and Optical Properties of Two Novel Two-Photon Initiators Derived from 2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 80, 986−993. (25) Daw, P.; Petakamsetty, R.; Sarbajna, A.; Laha, S.; Ramapanicker, R.; Bera, J. K. A Highly Efficient Catalyst for Selective Oxidative Scission of Olefins to Aldehydes: Abnormal-NHC-Ru(II) Complex in Oxidation Chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 13987−13990. (26) (a) Starks, C. M. Phase-transfer catalysis. I. Heterogeneous reactions involving anion transfer by quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 195−199. (b) Makosza, M.; Fedorynski, M. Phase Transfer Catalysis. Catal. Rev. 2003, 45, 321−367. (c) Takagi, R.; Fujii, E.; Kondo, H. Enantioselective Michael Reaction of Cyclic β-Ketoesters with Morita-Baylis-Hillman Derivatives Using a Phase-Transfer Catalyst. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 11191−11203. (27) (a) O’Rear, E. A., III Review of An Introduction to Surfactants. J. Chem. Educ. 2015, 92, 1779−1780. (b) Kitanosono, T.; Miyo, M.; Kobayashi, S. Surfactant-Aided Chiral Palladium(II) Catalysis Exerted Exclusively in Water for the C-H Functionalization of Indoles. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 6101−6106. (28) Bai, C.; Tian, B.; Zhao, T.; Huang, Q.; Wang, Z. CyclodextrinCatalyzed Organic Synthesis: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Applications. Molecules 2017, 22, 1475. (29) Allen, C. L.; Lawrence, R.; Emmett, L.; Williams, J. M. J. Mechanistic Studies into Metal-Catalyzed Aldoxime to Amide Rearrangements. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 3262−3268. (30) Gangarajula, Y.; Gopal, B. Spinel Cobalt Oxide Catalyzed Controlled Hydration of Aromatic Nitriles. Chem. Lett. 2012, 41, 101−103. (31) Agwada, V. C. Potential central nervous system active agents. 3. Synthesis of some substituted benzamides and phenylacetamides. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1984, 29, 231−235. (32) Goto, A.; Endo, K.; Saito, S. RhI-Catalyzed Hydration of Organonitriles under Ambient Conditions. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3607−3609. (33) Nie, R.; Shi, J.; Xia, S.; Shen, L.; Chen, P.; Hou, Z.; Xiao, F.-S. MnO2/graphene oxide: a highly active catalyst for amide synthesis from alcohols and ammonia in aqueous media. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 18115−18118. (34) Kim, M.; Lee, J.; Lee, H.-Y.; Chang, S. Significant SelfAcceleration Effects of Nitrile Additives in the Rhodium-Catalyzed Conversion of Aldoximes to Amides: A New Mechanistic Aspect. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 1807−1812. (35) Ramón, R. S.; Marion, N.; Nolan, S. P. Gold Activation of Nitriles: Catalytic Hydration to Amides. Chem.Eur. J. 2009, 15, 8695−8697. (36) Harvey, D. F.; Sigano, D. M. Synthesis of Cyclopropylpyrrolidines via Reaction ofN-Allyl-N-propargylamides with a Molybdenum Carbene Complex. Effect of Substituents and Reaction Conditions. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 2268−2272. (37) Sawaki, Y.; Ogata, Y. Mechanism of the reaction of nitriles with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Reactivity of peroxycarboximidic acid and application to superoxide ion reaction. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1981, 54, 793−799.

aryl iodides using palladium nanoparticles supported on MOF-5. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 1805−1807. (g) Vanjari, R.; Guntreddi, T.; Singh, K. N. MnO2 Promoted Sequential C−O and C−N Bond Formation via C−H Activation of Methylarenes: A New Approach to Amides. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4908−4911. (h) Goodreid, J. D.; Duspara, P. A.; Bosch, C.; Batey, R. A. Amidation Reactions from the Direct Coupling of Metal Carboxylate Salts with Amines. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 943−954. (i) Dine, T. M. E.; Erb, W.; Berhault, Y.; Rouden, J.; Blanchet, J. Catalytic Chemical Amide Synthesis at Room Temperature: One More Step Toward Peptide Synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 4532−4544. (j) Ghosh, S.; Debnath, S.; Das, U. K.; Maiti, D. K. Fabrication and Diverse Ring-Expansion Nanocatalysis of Functionalized Pt-Nanoparticles to a General Synthesis of Pyrrolines: A 3D-Mid-IR Study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2017, 56, 12056−12069. (16) (a) Caron, S.; Dugger, R. W.; Ruggeri, S. G.; Ragan, J. A.; Ripin, D. H. B. Large-Scale Oxidations in the Pharmaceutical Industry†. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2943−2989. (b) Reddy, L. V. R.; Kumar, V.; Sagar, R.; Shaw, A. K. Glycal-Derived δ-Hydroxy α,βUnsaturated Aldehydes (Perlin Aldehydes): Versatile Building Blocks in Organic Synthesis. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 3605−3631. (c) Kiss, L.; Fülöp, F. Synthesis of Carbocyclic and Heterocyclic β-Aminocarboxylic Acids. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 1116−1169. (17) Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Falque, V. Amide bond formation and peptide coupling. Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 10827−10852. (18) Schnyder, A.; Beller, M.; Mehltretter, G.; Nsenda, T.; Studer, M.; Indolese, A. F. Synthesis of Primary Aromatic Amides by Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Formamide as an Ammonia Synthon. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 4311−4315. (19) Ghosh, S. C.; Ngiam, J. S. Y.; Seayad, A. M.; Tuan, D. T.; Chai, C. L. L.; Chen, A. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Amine Salts: Synthesis of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amides. J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 8007−8015. (20) Yamaguchi, K.; Kobayashi, H.; Oishi, T.; Mizuno, N. Heterogeneously Catalyzed Synthesis of Primary Amides Directly from Primary Alcohols and Aqueous Ammonia. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 544−547. (21) (a) Gayen, K. S.; Sengupta, T.; Saima, Y.; Das, A.; Maiti, D. K.; Mitra, A. Cu(0) nanoparticle catalyzed efficient reductive cleavage of isoxazoline, carbonyl azide and domino cyclization in water medium. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 1589−1592. (b) García-Á lvarez, R.; DíazÁ lvarez, A. E.; Crochet, P.; Cadierno, V. Ruthenium-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of primary amides from aldehydes in water. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 5889−5894. (c) García-Á lvarez, R.; Zablocka, M.; Crochet, P.; Duhayon, C.; Majoral, J.-P.; Cadierno, V. Thiazolyl-phosphine hydrochloride salts: effective auxiliary ligands for ruthenium-catalyzed nitrile hydration reactions and related amide bond forming processes in water. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 2447−2456. (d) Rezaei, M.; Amani, K.; Darvishi, K. One−pot green catalytic synthesis of primary amides in aqueous medium by CuII−immobilized silica−based magnetic retrievable nanocatalyst. Catal. Commun. 2017, 91, 38−42. (22) (a) Bailey, P. S. The Reactions Of Ozone With Organic Compounds. Chem. Rev. 1958, 58, 925−1010. (b) van Ornum, S. G.; Champeau, R. M.; Pariza, R. Ozonolysis Applications in Drug Synthesis. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2990−3001. (c) Ruekberg, B. A Mnemonic for Ozonolysis. J. Chem. Educ. 2011, 88, 843−844. (23) (a) Milas, N. A.; Trepagnier, J. H.; Nolan, J. T.; Iliopulos, M. I. A Study of the Hydroxylation of Olefins and the Reaction of Osmium Tetroxide with 1,2-Glycols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 4730−4733. (b) Carlsen, P. H. J.; Katsuki, T.; Martin, V. S.; Sharpless, K. B. A greatly improved procedure for ruthenium tetroxide catalyzed oxidations of organic compounds. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 3936− 3938. (c) Che, C.-M.; Yu, W.-Y.; Chan, P.-M.; Cheng, W.-C.; Peng, S.-M.; Lau, K.-C.; Li, W.-K. Alkyne Oxidations by cisDioxoruthenium(VI) Complexes. A Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Alkynes with cis-[(Cn*)(CF3CO2)RuVIO2]ClO4 (Cn* = 1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11380−11392. (d) Travis, B. R.; Narayan, R. S.; Borhan, B. Osmium Tetroxide-Promoted Catalytic Oxidative Cleavage of Olefins: An Organometallic Ozonolysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 8479


Article


(55) Jain, S. L.; Sharma, V. B.; Sain, B. Ruthenium Catalyzed Oxidation of 1,2-Diols to 1,2-Diketones Using Bromamine-T as an Oxidizing Agent. Synth. Commun. 2005, 35, 465−469. (56) Xu, Y.; Wan, X. Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of alkynes to 1,2-diketones under room temperature and one-pot synthesis of quinoxalines. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 642−645. (57) Liu, Y.; Chen, X.; Zhang, J.; Xu, Z. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Diketonization of Alkynes and Its Application for the One-Pot Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives. Synlett 2013, 24, 1371−1376. (58) Whittaker, R. E.; Dong, G. Controlled Rh-Catalyzed Monoand Double-decarbonylation of Alkynyl α-Diones To Form Conjugated Ynones and Disubstituted Alkynes. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 5504−5507. (59) Santi, C.; Santoro, S.; Battistelli, B.; Gjoka, B.; Si, C. W. S.; Testaferri, L.; Tiecco, M. Oxidation of Alkynes in Aqueous Media Catalyzed by DiphenylDiselenide. Synlett 2010, 1402−1406. (60) Verma, S. K.; Ghorpade, R.; Pratap, A.; Kaushik, M. P. Solvent free, N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) mediated amidation. Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 2373−2376. (61) Giurg, M.; Said, S. B.; Syper, L.; Młochowski, J. One-pot Oxidation of Azomethine Compounds into Arenecarboxylic Acids. Synth. Commun. 2001, 31, 3151−3159. (62) Tu, S.; Jia, R.; Jiang, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yao, C.; Ji, S. Kröhnke reaction in aqueous media: one-pot clean synthesis of 4′aryl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines. Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 381−388. (63) Das, P.; Ghosh, A.; Kesharwani, M. K.; Ramu, V.; Ganguly, B.; Das, A. ZnII-2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine-Based Complex as Fluorescent Chemosensor for PPi, AMP and ADP. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 3050−3058. (64) Anthonysamy, A.; Balasubramanian, S.; Chinnakali, K.; Fun, H. K. 4′-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Struct. Rep. Online 2007, 63, o1148−o1150. (65) Navas, F.; Bishop, M. J.; Garrison, D. T.; Hodson, S. J.; Speake, J. D.; Bigham, E. C.; Drewry, D. H.; Saussy, D. L.; Liacos, J. H.; Irving, P. E.; Gobel, M. J. 2-(Anilinomethyl)imidazolines as α1A Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: 2′-Heteroaryl and 2′-Oxime Ether Series. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 575−579. (66) Dornan, L. M.; Cao, Q.; Flanagan, J. C. A.; Crawford, J. J.; Cook, M. J.; Muldoon, M. J. Copper/TEMPO catalysed synthesis of nitriles from aldehydes or alcohols using aqueous ammonia and with air as the oxidant. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 6030−6032.

(38) Iley, J.; Calheiros, T.; Moreira, R. Phthalimidomethyl as a drug Pro-moiety. Probing its reactivity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 955−958. (39) Fujiwara, H.; Ogasawara, Y.; Kotani, M.; Yamaguchi, K.; Mizuno, N. A Supported Rhodium Hydroxide Catalyst: Preparation, Characterization, and Scope of the Synthesis of Primary Amides from Aldoximes or Aldehydes. Chem.Asian J. 2008, 3, 1715−1721. (40) Sosnovskikh, V. Y.; Moshkin, V. S.; Kodess, M. I. Reactions of 3-(polyfluoroacyl)chromones with hydroxylamine: synthesis of novel RF-containing isoxazole and chromone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 7877−7889. (41) Moorthy, J. N.; Singhal, N. Facile and Highly Selective Conversion of Nitriles to Amides via Indirect Acid-Catalyzed Hydration Using TFA or AcOH−H2SO4. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 1926−1929. (42) Little, W. F.; Eisenthal, R. Amides of Ferrocenemonocarboxylic Acid. A Convenient Method for Preparing Ferrocenemonocarboxylic Acid and Heteroannular Substituted Derivatives1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 1577−1580. (43) Choi, J.; Kang, D.; Lee, K. H.; Lee, B.; Kim, K. J.; Hur, N. H. Evidence for light-induced oxygen exchange in the oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons on oxygen 18-labelled titanium dioxide. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 9402−9407. (44) Tamami, B.; Ghasemi, S. Modified crosslinked polyacrylamide anchored Schiff base-cobalt complex: A novel nano-sized heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of olefins and alkyl halides with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous media. Appl. Catal., A 2011, 393, 242− 250. (45) Javaheri, M.; Naimi-Jamal, M. R.; Dekamin, M. G.; Kaupp, G. Gaseous Nitrogen Dioxide for Sustainable Oxidative Deprotection of Trimethylsilyl Ethers. Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem. 2012, 187, 142−148. (46) Yamaguchi, K.; Wang, Y.; Mizuno, N. Manganese Oxidecatalyzed Additive- and Solvent-free Aerobic Oxidative Synthesis of Primary Amides from Primary Amines. Chem. Lett. 2012, 41, 633− 635. (47) Montheard, J.-P.; Camps, M.; Benzaid, A.; Pascal, J.-L. Reaction de l’acide perchlorique sur les phenylacetylenes substitues. Mise en evidence d’un mecanisme ionique et radicalaire. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 3483−3486. (48) Daw, P.; Petakamsetty, R.; Sarbajna, A.; Laha, S.; Ramapanicker, R.; Bera, J. K. A Highly Efficient Catalyst for Selective Oxidative Scission of Olefins to Aldehydes: Abnormal-NHC-Ru(II) Complex in Oxidation Chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 13987−13990. (49) Atmaca, U.; Usanmaz, H. K.; Ç elik, M. Oxidations of alkenes with hypervalent iodine reagents: an alternative ozonolysis of phenyl substituted alkenes and allylic oxidation of unsubstituted cyclic alkenes. Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 2230−2232. (50) Arnott, G.; Hunter, R.; Mbeki, L.; Mohamed, E. New methodology for 2-alkylation of 3-furoic acids: application to the synthesis of tethered UC-781/d4T bifunctional HIV reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4023−4026. (51) Farquhar, D.; Cherif, A.; Bakina, E.; Nelson, J. A. Intensely Potent Doxorubicin Analogues: Structure−Activity Relationship. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 965−972. (52) Ogawa, D.; Li, J.; Suetsugu, M.; Jiao, J.; Iwasaki, M.; Nishihara, Y. Palladium-free synthesis of unsymmetrical diarylethynes by crosscoupling reaction of alkynylboronates with aryl iodides catalyzed by CuCl. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 518−521. (53) Dell’Anna, M. M.; Lofu, A.; Mastrorilli, P.; Mucciante, V.; Nobile, C. F. Stille coupling reactions catalysed by a polymer supported palladium complex. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 691, 131− 137. (54) Cheng, G.; Zhang, H.; Cui, X. Copper(I)-catalyzed homocoupling of terminal alkynes at room temperature under solvent and base free conditions using O2 as an oxidant. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 1849− 1852. 8480


(Ar-tpy)RuII(ACN)3: A Water-Soluble Catalyst for ... - ACS Publications

Recommend Documents