Pesticides Downloaded from pubs.acs.org by 141.101.132.74 on 12/09/18. For personal use only.
Author Index Cardona, Raymond A., 14 de S e r r e s , F r e d e r i c k J . , 37 Dorough, H. Wyman, 106 H a r t , R o n a l d W., 141 Hock, W. K., 130 H o l l i n g w o r t h , R o b e r t M., 54 Kaufman, D o n a l d D., 174 L i n d s a y , Anne E . , 173 Madden, L . V., 77 Menzer, R o b e r t E . , 170
S c o t t , C a r o l N., 174 S e i b e r , James N., 88 S t e v e n s , J . T., 43 Sumner, D. D., 43 T u r t u r r o , A n g e l o , 141 V a l e n t i , JoAnn Myer, 151 V o r p a g e l , E r i c h R., 115 W i t t , James M., 175 Yang, Raymond S. H., 20 Young, A l v i n L . , 1
Affiliation Index C i b a - G e i g y C o r p o r a t i o n , 43 E. I . d u Pont de Nemours & Co., 115 M i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 106 N a t i o n a l Center f o r T o x i c o l o g i c a l R e s e a r c h , 141 National I n s t i t u t e o f Environmental H e a l t h S c i e n c e s , 20,37 O f f i c e o f S c i e n c e and T e c h n o l o g y Policy, 1 Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 77 Oregon S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 175
P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 130 Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , 54 U.S. Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 174 U.S. Department o f H e a l t h and Human S e r v i c e s , 174 U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency, 173 U n i r o y a l C h e m i c a l Company, 14 U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , 88 U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d , 170 U n i v e r s i t y o f Tampa, 151
Subject Index A
A c r y l o n i t r i l e , 38 A c u t e , d e f i n i t i o n , 132 A c u t e t o x i c i t y , 2,4-D, 24 d e f i n i t i o n , 20 d e t e r m i n a t i o n , 14-15 f o c u s , 172 h e x a c h l o r o b e n z e n e , 24-25 o r g a n o p h o s p h a t e s , 23 p y r e t h r o i d s , 26 t e s t i n g p u r p o s e , 15 t i s s u e s i n v o l v e d , 23 See a l s o T o x i c i t y ADAPT model f u n c t i o n , 4 6 t p a t t e r n r e c o g n i t i o n m o d e l i n g , 46 Advanced C o n t i n u o u s Simulation Language (ACSL), a p p l i c a t i o n , 30 Agenda s e t t i n g , mass media, 158 A g g r e g a t i o n , p e s t s , 80
Above-ground s o i l d i s p o s a l beds, p e s t i c i d e d i s p o s a l , 139-141 Acceptable d a i l y intake (ADI), p e s t i c i d e s , 17-18 Acetohydroxyacid synthase, i n h i b i t i o n i n p l a n t s , 66 A c e t o l a c t a t e synthase c a t a l y s i s mechanism, 116-118 i n h i b i t i o n , 121 i n h i b i t o r s , 118 p u r p o s e , 116 2-Acetylaminofluorine c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y , 108 use i n e v a l u a t i o n o f c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y , 39-40 A c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e , comparative i n h i b i t i o n , 61f,110
175
176
PESTICIDES: MINIMIZING THE RISKS
A g r i c u l t u r a l workers, r i s k s o f p e s t i c i d e s , 133 Agrochemicals a p p l i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , 135-136 d i s c o v e r y , 115 See a l s o P e s t i c i d e s A i r - a s s i s t s p r a y i n g , d e s c r i p t i o n , 136 A l d i c a r b , use on Long I s l a n d , 174 A m e r i c a n s , v o l u n t a r y r i s k s , 147 Ames t e s t complementary t e s t s , 38-39 d e s c r i p t i o n , 37 use o f 2 - a c e t y l a m i n o f l u o r i n e , 108 A p p l e g r o w e r s , i n s e c t i c i d e u s e , 80 Aryloxadiazolone anticholinesterases, inhibition in resistant s t r a i n s , 62 A s i p u , r i s k a s s e s s o r s , 143-144 Atmosphere, p e s t i c i d e e n t r y , 98 A t r a z i n e , rainwater concentration, A t t i t u d e o f a c c e p t a n c e , 157 A v e r m e c t i n s , t o x i c i t y , 55,56
101
B
B a c i l l u s t h u r i n g i e n s i s , 57,71 Benomyl, impact on the e n v i r o n m e n t , 6 Benzene, 38 Benzimidazole f u n g i c i d e s , binding s i t e , 68 B e n z o i n , 38 B h o p a l , media c o v e r a g e , 154-155 B i o a c c u m u l a t i o n , d e f i n i t i o n , 94 Bioconcentration factor, description and u s e , 94-95 Biodegradation, estimation t e c h n i q u e s , 96 B i o e v a l u a t i o n , improvement, 63-65 B i o m a g n i f i c a t i o n , d e f i n i t i o n , 94 B i o r a t i o n a l design s u l f o n y l u r e a s , 119-127 t a r g e t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , 119-121 u s e , 115
C
C a l i f o r n i a , groundwater c o n t a m i n a t i o n a c t , 97-98 Canavanine s t r u c t u r e , 72f t o x i c i t y , 71 C a p r o l a c t a m , 38 Carbamate e s t e r h y d r o l y s i s , r a t s , 112t Carbamate i n s e c t i c i d e s h y d r o l y s i s i n r a t s , 112 mode o f a c t i o n , 110
C a r b a r y l , t o x i c i t y , 110 Carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e , enhancement o f a c u t e t o x i c i t y by kepone, 28t Carcinogenicity c h e m i c a l s e v a l u a t e d as p o s i t i v e i n humans, 4 8 t e v a l u a t i o n scheme, 40-42 m a l a t h i o n , 23 m e t h y l p a r a t h i o n , 23-24 p y r e t h r o i d s , 27 t e t r a c h l o r v i n p h o s , 24 t r i c h l o r f o n , 23 C a r c i n o g e n s , g e n o t o x i c and e p i g e n e t i c e f f e c t s , 18 Chemical s t r u c t u r e activity relations, 8 r e l a t i o n s h i p to t o x i c o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e , 43-47 C h e m o r e c e p t i o n , u s e , 57 Chlordecone e f f e c t s on t o x i c i t y o f c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , 27 i n j u r i e s t o w o r k e r s , 55 C h l o r o b e n z e n e , p o l a r i t y , 91 C h l o r p y r i f o s , f o g water c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 Chlorsulfuron m e t a b o l i z e d form, 118 s e l e c t i v i t y as a h e r b i c i d e , 118 C h r o n i c e f f e c t s , d e f i n i t i o n , 132 C h r o n i c e x p o s u r e , p h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s , 21 C h r o n i c h i g h , d e f i n i t i o n , 132 C h r o n i c low, d e f i n i t i o n , 132 C h r o n i c t e s t s , r e q u i r e m e n t s , 16 Chronic t o x i c i t y comparison with acute t o x i c i t y , 21t d e f i n i t i o n , 20 1 , 3 - d i c h l o r o p r o p e n e , 25 f o c u s , 172 g r a y a r e a s , 24 n o n t a r g e t s p e c i e s , 72 o r g a n o p h o s p h a t e s , 23-24 p y r e t h r o i d s , 26-27 s e l f - p r o p a g a t i n g e f f e c t s , 23 See a l s o T o x i c i t y Cockroach, t o x i c response, 64f Computer-assisted synthesis planning (CASP), model f u n c t i o n , 4 6 t Computers, use i n b i o r a t i o n a l d e s i g n o f p e s t i c i d e s , 115-116 Constrained structure generation (CONGEN), model f u n c t i o n , 4 6 t C o o p e r a t i v e E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e , 174 C o t t o n , i n s e c t i c i d e u s e , 79 Crop p r o t e c t i o n c h e m i c a l s c r i t e r i a , 127 m o l e c u l a r m o d e l i n g use i n d e s i g n , 121-122 Crop s e l e c t i v i t y , a c e t o l a c t a t e s y n t h a s e , 118 C r o p s , p e s t d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p , 84
177
INDEX
Cross-resistance n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d , 60 See a l s o R e s i s t a n c e
D
DDT b i r d p o p u l a t i o n e f f e c t , 55 r a i n w a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , p e s t i c i d e emphasis, 73 Department o f H e a l t h and Human S e r v i c e s , r e p o r t on r i s k assessment, 144 Dermal p e n e t r a t i o n s t u d y , r e q u i r e m e n t s needed f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n , 17 D i a z i n o n , 101 Dibromochloropropane, i n j u r i e s to w o r k e r s , 55 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a c u t e and c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y , 25-26 1,3-Dichloropropene acute and c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y , 25-26 u s e , 26 D i c h l o r v o s , n e u r o t o x i c i t y , 24-25 D i e l e c t r i c constant, measurement, 89-91 D i e t h y l h e x y l p h t h a l a t e , 38 D i e t h y l s t i l b e s t r o l , 38 D i p o l e moment, measurement, 89-91 Disulfiram i n f l u e n c e on the c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y o f e t h y l e n e d i b r o m i d e , 27-28 i n t e r a c t i o n with ethylene dibromide, 28t Dose-response assessment, d e f i n i t i o n , 145 Dose-response r e l a t i o n s h i p , c o n c e p t , 177 DRASTIC, groundwater contamination p o t e n t i a l , 97 D r i f t , p e s t i c i d e s p r a y s , 136
Environmental fate c o n c e r n s , 88 d e t e r m i n a t i o n u s i n g EXAMS, 99 m i n i m i z i n g r i s k s , 88-103 physicochemical properties i n v o l v e d , 89 E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency (EPA) a p p r o a c h e s t o p e s t i c i d e s a f e t y , 175 r o l e i n FIFRA, 14 t o x i c i t y s t u d i e s , 14 t o x i c o l o g y data requirements, 15,172 Environmental r i s k r e p o r t i n g , 156-157 See a l s o R i s k E n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t s , o p i n i o n s on r i s k c o v e r a g e , 161 Enzymes a s s a y s , 65 c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , 121 i n h i b i t o r d e s i g n , 121-127 E s t e r a s e i n h i b i t o r s , organophosphate r e s i s t a n c e p r e v e n t i o n , 60 E t h y l b e n z i m i d a z o l e , f o g water c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 Ethylene dibromide major h i s t o p a t h o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s i n r a t s , 29t m e d i a c o v e r a g e , 162-163 EXAMS, t o o l f o r e s t i m a t i n g v o l a t i l i z a t i o n , 101 E x p o s u r e assessment d e f i n i t i o n , 145 m o d e l i n g s y s t e m , 99
F
F e d e r a l I n s e c t i c i d e , F u n g i c i d e , and R o d e n t i c i d e A c t (FIFRA), r o l e o f the EPA, 14 Flux values, chemicals i n flooded r i c e fields,
E
Ecological magnification, d e f i n i t i o n , 94 Ecosystem p r o p e r use o f p e s t i c i d e s , 84 r o l e o f the p e s t , 77 E l e c t r o s t a t i c sprayers a p p l i c a t o r e x p o s u r e , 137t d e s c r i p t i o n , 136 E n v i r o n m e n t a l chemodynamics, d e f i n i t i o n , 103
lOOt
Fog water d i s t r i b u t i o n o f chemicals with i n t e r s t i t i a l a i r , 102t p e s t i c i d e s , 101-103 Food and Drug A d m i n i s t r a t i o n d e g r e e o f t e s t i n g r e q u i r e d , 45 presumptive t o x i c i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , 45t Fragment c o n s t a n t a p p r o a c h , c a l c u l a t i o n o f octanol-water p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , 93-94 Fungicides use i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a , 80 See a l s o P e s t i c i d e s
178
PESTICIDES: MINIMIZING THE RISKS G
G e n o t o x i c i t y t e s t s , new a p p r o a c h e s , 37-42 G e n o t o x i n s , i n v i t r o , 40 G o g g l e s , p r o t e c t i v e items f o r p e s t i c i d e h a n d l e r s , 134 Groundwater measurement o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n p o t e n t i a l , 97 p e s t i c i d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , 6,107 G u i n e a p i g s , dermal s e n s i t i z a t i o n , 15
H
H a l o g e n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s , a c u t e and c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y , 25-26 Hansch r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n , 44 H e a l t h , r o l e i n r i s k d e c i s i o n , 151 H e l i o t h i s , p e s t i c i d e e f f i c i e n c y , 57 Henry's law c o n s t a n t , u s e , 95 H e p t a c h l o r , t o x i c i t y , 109-110 H e p t a c h l o r e p o x i d e , t o x i c i t y , 109-110 Herbicides l o n g - t e r m c o n s e q u e n c e s , 81 p h o t o s y n t h e s i s i n h i b i t i o n , 66 U.S. s a l e s , 78 use by U.S. f a r m e r s , 3 See a l s o P e s t i c i d e s Hexachlorobenzene p o r p h y r i a - i n d u c e d , 26 u s e , 25
I n s e c t s , defense response a g a i n s t p a t h o g e n s , 71 I n t e g r a t e d p e s t management, d e s c r i p t i o n , 80 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Agency f o r R e s e a r c h on C a n c e r , 23 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Program on C h e m i c a l S a f e t y ( I P C S ) , 38 I s o b u t y l a m i d e s , h o u s e f l y t o x i c i t y , 62
J
J o h n s o n g r a s s , l o c a t i o n , 79 Journalists i m p r o v i n g communication w i t h s c i e n t i s t s , 163 p r e c i s i o n , 155-156 view versus s c i e n t i s t ' s v i e w , 159-160
L
L a t e b l i g h t , l o c a t i o n , 79 L e a c h i n g , c u r r e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g , 103 L e p t o p h o s , n e u r o t o x i c i t y , 24-25 L i n e a r f r e e energy r e l a t i o n s h i p s , estimation of rate London f o r c e s , 91
constants,
95
Hexamethylphosphoramide, 38 H o s t r e s i s t a n c e , 81 Hydrolysis,
estimation
M t e c h n i q u e s , 96
I
I m i d a z o l i n o n e s , enzyme i n h i b i t i o n , 66 Immunotoxicology, r e s e a r c h n e e d s , 18 In v i t r o assay s u l f o n y l u r e a a c t i v i t y , 117 use i n p e s t i c i d e development, 65 See a l s o S h o r t - t e r m i n v i t r o t e s t s In v i v o t e s t s r o l e o f h y d r o l y s i s , 112 See a l s o S h o r t - t e r m i n v i v o t e s t s I n h i b i t o r s , design using molecular m o d e l i n g , 127 Insecticides d e g r a d a t i o n i n mammals, 71 r i s k to humans, 56 use by U.S. f a r m e r s , 3 yield benefits, 4 See a l s o P e s t i c i d e s
M a l a r i a , e f f e c t o f DDT, 5 Maiathion c a r c i n o g e n i c p o t e n t i a l , 23-24 r a i n w a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 Malaxon, c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y , 24 Mammalian m e t a b o l i s m m i n i m i z i n g p e s t i c i d e r i s k , 106-114 r e l a t i o n s h i p to p e s t i c i d e r i s k , 107-109 understanding versus knowledge, 107-108 Manduca l a r v a e , p r o d u c t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c p e p t i d e s , 72 Mass media e f f e c t on p u b l i c p e r c e p t i o n s o f p e s t i c i d e r i s k , 153-168 f l o w i n s c i e n c e c o v e r a g e , 155 p r o c e s s , 161-162 r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h s c i e n c e , 156 r o l e i n r e p o r t i n g r i s k s , 157-159,175 s c i e n c e l i t e r a c y , 159 s c i e n c e s o u r c e s , 153-168
INDEX
179
Mass m e d i a — C o n t i n u e d type o f s c i e n c e c o v e r e d , 160 view o f p u b l i c , 154-155 v i e w o f s c i e n t i s t s , 154 Maximum t o l e r a t e d dose (MTD), c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y s t u d i e s , 17 M e d i a c o v e r a g e , recommendations, 167 Median l e t h a l d o s e , d e f i n i t i o n , 15 Merphos, n e u r o t o x i c i t y , 24-25 Metabolic processes p e s t i c i d e p e r s i s t e n c e , e f f e c t , 111 r e l a t i o n s h i p to t o x i c i t y , 111-113 Methyl parathion c a r c i n o g e n i c p o t e n t i a l , 23-24 p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t v a l u e , 93 The Miami H e r a l d , e t h y l e n e d i b r o m i d e s t o r y , 163 M i r e x , m i n i m i z i n g e x p o s u r e , 56 M i t o c h o n d r i a l p o i s o n s , u s e , 60 M o d e l s , use i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l fate s t u d i e s , 89 M o l e c u l a r d e s c r i p t o r s , used i n s t rue t u r e-ac t i v i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s , 46t Molecular modeling designing crop p r o t e c t i o n c h e m i c a l s , 115-127 u s e , 122 Molinate f l u x c a l c u l a t i o n w i t h EXAMS, 100 t o x i c i t y to c a r p , 57 v o l a t i l i z a t i o n r a t e , 100 Monooxygenases, p o t e n t i a l t a r g e t s i t e , 68 M o r t a l i t y , rats i n ethylene dibromide-sulfiram interaction s t u d y , 29t Mouse bone marrow m i c r o n u c l e u s test, i n v i t r o , 40 Mutagenicity s t u d i e s , requirements needed f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n , 17
N
1-Naphthol, t o x i c i t y , 110 National I n s t i t u t e of Occupational S a f e t y and H e a l t h , 28 National P e s t i c i d e Information R e t r i e v a l System (NPIRS) description, 8 p u r p o s e , 175 N a t i o n a l T o x i c o l o g y Program, 24 New J e r s e y , e n v i r o n m e n t a l risk r e p o r t i n g , 156-157 N i t r o b e n z e n e , p o l a r i t y , 91 Nitromethylene h e t e r o c y c l i c i n s e c t i c i d e s , housefly t o x i c i t y , 63
£ - N i t r o p h e n o l , f o g water c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 N-Nitrosamine groups, a s s o c i a t i o n with a n i m a l tumors, 44 N i t r o s o compounds, c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y , 108 No o b s e r v e d e f f e c t l e v e l (NOEL) d e f i n i t i o n , 18 d e s c r i p t i o n , 45 p u r p o s e , 17
0 Octanol-water p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t d e s c r i p t i o n , 92-94 estimation of bioconcentration f a c t o r , 95 See a l s o P a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t O n c o g e n i c i t y s t u d i e s , p u r p o s e , 16 Organic chemicals, b i o c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r r a n g e , 94 Organophosphate p o i s o n i n g , humans, 23 Organophosphates a c u t e and c h r o n i c t o x i c i t y , 23-25 a n t i c h o l i n e s t e r a s e p r o p e r t y , 23 myopathy, 25 n e u r o t o x i c i t y , 24
P
Paraoxon f o g water c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 s o l u b i l i t y , 92 t o x i c i t y , 110 P a r a q u a t , h a z a r d , 58 Parathion c a r c i n o g e n i c p o t e n t i a l , 23-24 f o g water c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 r a i n w a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 t o x i c i t y , 110 Partition coefficient measurement, 93 See a l s o O c t a n o l - w a t e r partition coefficient P a t t e r n r e c o g n i t i o n modeling, ADAPT, 46 P e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e equipment, p e s t i c i d e s , 134-135 Pest density c r o p y i e l d r e l a t i o n s h i p , 84 t h r e s h o l d l e v e l , 83 v a r i a t i o n , 79 P e s t r e s i s t a n c e , p e s t i c i d e s , 173 P e s t v u l n e r a b i l i t y , d i s c o v e r y , 68-72 Pesticide metabolites r e l a t i o n s h i p to i n v i v o t o x i c i t y , 107
180 Pe 81 ic ide me tab o l i te 8—Continued t o x i c i t y , 109-110 toxicology testing, 107-108 Pesticide r e g i s t r a t i o n balanced approach, 176-177 role of s c i e n t i f i c review panel, 113-114 toxicology requirements, 14-19 Pesticide research federal and state expenditures, 9t funding, 9 i n d u s t r i a l expenditures, 9t Pesticide residues development of a national p o l i c y , 8 in food, 55 Pesticide r i s k s , knowledge used on new materials, 109 Pesticides acute and chronic t o x i c i t y , 23-27 air-water d i s t r i b u t i o n s , 98-103 applicators, measuring exposure, 141 benefits, 4-5 chronic adverse e f f e c t s , 133 controversy, 54 cost of development, 62 defining adequate levels, 177 definition, 3 disposal, innovative technology, 141 educational task of industry, 158 e f f e c t i v e use, 177 EPA's role i n safety, 175-176 focus of controversy, 1 fog water, 101-103 future, 72-74 hazards, 174 health threats, 132 human f a t a l i t i e s , 54-55 identifying metabolites, 107 in the United States, 133 interactions i n the environment, 173 media coverage, 154,161 metabolic processes and t o x i c i t y , 111-113,174 minimizing exposure, 56-57 minimizing r i s k , 172-178 necessity, 55 need for proper protection, 132-141 new and safer, 62-72 personal protective equipment, 134-135 pest resistance, 173 populations at r i s k , 133 potency of new compounds, 55 public information, 156 regulation based on physicochemical properties, 103 resistance, strategies to overcome, 58-62 rinse water, recycling, 139 risk communication, 177 description, 6-7,56
PESTICIDES: MINIMIZING THE RISKS Pesticides—Continued minimization, 106-114 reporting, 161 safety record, 30 sources for media coverage, 156 spray tank transfer, 139 sprayable formulations, 136 synergism, 57-58 systemic poisoning, 133 topical e f f e c t s , 133 t o x i c i t y modification, 57-58 toxicology federal expenditures for research, lOt interactions, 27 use in the United States, 2t,78 on major food crops, 79t minimizing the r i s k , 1-10 v o l a t i l i z a t i o n from flooded f i e l d s , 98 waste disposal, 138-141 world market, 3 See also Agrochemicals, Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides Pests aggregation, 80 associated produce losses, 781 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 83 d e f i n i t i o n , 77 effect on crop y i e l d s , 83-84 impact, 77-78 interaction with the environment, 81,173 modes of action, 66 part of the ecosystem, 77-84 population dynamics, 81-83 response-stimulus relationships, 81 targeting pesticides, 6 v u l n e r a b i l i t y , 54-73 worldwide food losses due to, 4 Pharmacokine t i c s chemicals between two species, 30 physiologically based, 30 Phenobarbitone, 38 N-Phenylcarbamates, fungi t o x i c i t y , 62 Pheromones, use, 56,177 Philippines, pesticide-related deaths, 55 Phorate sulfoxide, s o l u b i l i t y , 92 Photolysis, estimation techniques, 96 N-Phthalyl-L-valine a n i l i d e , Zea mays t o x i c i t y , 67f Physicochemical properties environmental relevance, 96-98 measurement, 89 Plague, effect of DDT, 5 Polarity d e f i n i t i o n , 89 role i n environmental fate, 89-91 Potatoes, diseases, 79 Predictive toxicology, p r i n c i p l e s , 47
INDEX
181
Produce losses, 78 Professional societies, aid i n risk management decisions, 150 N-Propylcarbamates, leafhopper t o x i c i t y , 60-62 Public, role i n risk assessment, 151 Public education t o x i c i t y r i s k s , 143-152 understanding r i s k , 147-148 Public perceptions conclusions, 147 issues of b e l i e f , 157 Pyrethroids acute and chronic t o x i c i t y , 26-27 resistance mechanism, 59 t o x i c i t y , 55 t o x i c i t y s i t e , 56 See also Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides Pyruvate, condensation with thiamin pyrophosphate, 117
Q
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)—See Structure-activity relationships
R
Rainwater, chemicals contained i n , 101 Rate constants a v a i l a b i l i t y of data, 96t environmental fate use, 95 Research benefits, 84 pesticide interactions i n the environment, 173 pesticide-related, 73 public's use of mass media, 156 risk management, 152 Resistance a l l e v i a t i o n strategies, 59-60 mechanisms for monitoring, 59 o r i g i n , 59 problem, 7 tests for enzymological markers, 59 See also Cross-resistance Resistance management, c r i t i c a l areas, 58-59 Respirator, protective items for pesticide handlers, 134 Rice, cause of crop loss, 78 Risk acceptability, 145-146 assumptions, 146 considerations, 146-147
Ri sk—Continued d e f i n i t i o n , 145 estimation, 146-147 factors i n understanding, 145-148 minimization v i a chemical understanding, 173-174 v i a metabolism studies, 113-114 v i a pest studies, 173 v i a pesticide hazard understanding, 174-175 perception, 147 pesticides, 6-7,56 population, 146 prediction by animal experimentation, 18 by metabolite knowledge, 108-109 public education, 143-152 reduction by technological means, 150 research approaches to minimize, 7-9 uncontrollable, 146 understanding, 147-148 voluntary aspects, 147 See also Environmental risk Risk assessment analysis, 149 basis, 149 comparison importance, 149 d e f i n i t i o n , 145 problem-solving approach, 144 purpose, 176 responsible media coverage, 163-168 Risk characterization, d e f i n i t i o n , 145 Risk communication media role, 166 pesticides, 177 useful guidelines, 165 Risk management d e f i n i t i o n , 145 problem-solving approach, 148-151 research, 150 results i n the public arena, 176 Risk management decision analysis of possible options, 149-151 basis, 149 four sections, 14G evaluation of options, 151 information dissemination, 151 promotion of acceptance, 151 range of options to be considered, 150
S Safety, environmental tests, 88 Safrole, 38 Salmonella, use i n carcinogenic tests, 37,39
182
PESTICIDES: MINIMIZING THE RISKS
S c i e n c e news, p o p u l a r i t y , 165-166 Science r e p o r t i n g , science l i t e r a c y , 159 S c i e n t i f i c r e v i e w , p e s t i c i d e s , 113-114 Scientists media p r e f e r e n c e , 166 r e s p e c t f o r r e p o r t e r s , 154 Sesamex, s y n e r g i s m , 63 Short-term i n v i t r o t e s t s e f f e c t i v e deployment, 40-42 e v a l u a t i o n , 3C-39 p r o p o s e d t e s t i n g scheme, 4 1 f See a l s o I n v i t r o a s s a y Short-term i n v i v o t e s t s e f f e c t i v e deployment, 40-42 e v a l u a t i o n , 39 p r o p o s e d t e s t i n g scheme, 4 1 f See a l s o I n v i v o t e s t s S i m a z i n e , r a i n w a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 101 S i m u l a t i o n m o d e l i n g , t o x i c o l o g y , 43-48 Soil c h e m i c a l m o b i l i t y , 96 l e a c h i n g i n d e x , 97 S o i l d e g r a d a t i o n , s u l f o n y l u r e a s , 119 S o i l m o b i l i t y , r e l a t i o n s h i p t o water s o l u b i l i t y , 97t S r i Lanka, p e s t i c i d e - r e l a t e d d e a t h s , 55 Structure-activity r e l a t i o n s h i p s , 43-48 S u b c h r o n i c t e s t s , d u r a t i o n , 15-16 S u i c i d e s u b s t r a t e s , d e s i g n , 121 Sulfonylureas a c t i v i t y i n i n v i t r o a s s a y , 117-118 b i o r a t i o n a l d e s i g n , 119-127 b i o s y n t h e s i s i n h i b i t i o n , 119 d e s c r i p t i o n , 116 enzyme i n h i b i t i o n , 66 s o i l degradation, 119,120f S u p e r c o o l e d l i q u i d , water s o l u b i l i t y , 92 Synthetic pyrethroid i n s e c t i c i d e s mode o f a c t i o n , 109 See a l s o P y r e t h r o i d s
T
Tampa T r i b u n e , e t h y l e n e d i b r o m i d e s t o r y , 162 T e l e v i s i o n , s c i e n c e c o v e r a g e , 160 T e r a t o g e n e s i s , r e s e a r c h needs, 18 T e r a t o g e n i c i t y , e f f e c t on r e p r o d u c t i o n , 16 T e t r a c h l o r v i n p h o s , 24 T h i o b e n c a r b , v o l a t i l i z a t i o n r a t e , 100 T h i o c a r b a m a t e s , 57,92 Thiophosphates c o n v e r s i o n to phosphates, i n h i b i t o r s of acetylcholinesterase,
111-112 112
T h y r o x i n , computer r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , 122 Thyroxin-prealbumin binding c r o s s s e c t i o n o f the p e s t and nonpest b i n d i n g s i t e s , 125f-126f s u r f a c e , 123f T o l u e n e , p o l a r i t y , 91 O - T o l u i d i n e , 38 Toxicity a v e r m e c t i n s , 55 c a n a v a n i n e , 71 c a r b a r y l , 110 m o d i f i c a t i o n , 57-58 p a r a o x o n , 110 p a r a t h i o n , 110 p e s t i c i d e m e t a b o l i t e s , 109-110 p y r e t h r o i d s , 55 r e l a t i o n s h i p to metabolic p r o c e s s e s , 111-113 See a l s o A c u t e t o x i c i t y , C h r o n i c toxicity T o x i c i t y d a t a , e x t r a p o l a t i o n , 32 Toxicological interactions, e v a l u a t i o n , 30 Toxicology computer-assisted research models, 4 6 t m i n i m i z i n g r i s k by u n d e r s t a n d i n g , 172-173 p e s t i c i d e s , 13 r e s e a r c h n e e d s , 7-0 s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l i n g , 43-48 Trichlorfon c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y , 24 n e u r o t o x i c i t y , 24-25 Tumor, i n c r e a s e a f t e r d i s u l f i r a m e t h y l e n e d i b r o m i d e e x p o s u r e , 29 Typhus, e f f e c t o f DDT, 5
V
V e g e t a b l e o i l s , c a r r i e r use i n p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n s , 138 Volatilization e s t i m a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , 96 importance as a f a t e p r o c e s s , 100 measurement, 95,98-99
W
Waste d i s p o s a l p e s t i c i d e s , 138-141 s o u r c e s o f p o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m s , 139 Water s o l u b i l i t y c r i t e r i o n f o r s o i l movement, 97 d e s c r i p t i o n , 91-92 determination of octanol-water p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , 93
183
INDEX
Waterproof items, for pesticide handlers, 134 Weibull model, 18 —f% . ' , Wheat, cause of crop loss, 78
_ Yellow fever, effect of DDT, 5 ' £
£
£
X
Xenobiotics, performance of mechanistic studies, 43
Production by Paula M. Berard Indexing by Keith B. Belton Jacket design by Amy Hayes Elements typeset by Hot Type Ltd, Washington, DC Printed and bound by Maple Press Co., York, PA
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