Bioinspired Polydopamine (PDA) Chemistry Meets Ordered

Subscriber access provided by University of Glasgow Library

Article

Bioinspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry meets ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs): a benign surface modification strategy for versatile functionalization Yang Song, Gang Ye, Fengcheng Wu, Zhe Wang, Siyuan Liu, Maciej Kopec, Zongyu Wang, Jing Chen, Jianchen Wang, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski Chem. Mater., Just Accepted Manuscript • Publication Date (Web): 07 Jul 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 13, 2016

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Chemistry of Materials is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Chemistry of Materials

Bioinspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry meets ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs): a benign surface modification strategy for versatile functionalization Yang Song†ǁ, Gang Ye*†‡, Fengcheng Wu†, Zhe Wang†, Siyuan Liu§, Maciej Kopećǁ, Zongyu Wangǁ, Jing Chen†‡, Jianchen Wang*†‡, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski*ǁ †

Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

‡

Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

§

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University,

ǁ

Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States ABSTRACT: Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry was employed for the surface modification of ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs), improving the hydrophilicity, binding ability toward uranium ions, as well as enriching chemical reactivity for diverse post-functionalization by either surface grafting or surface-initiated polymerization. Uniform PDA coating was deposited on the surface of CMK-3 type OMCs via self-polymerization of dopamine under mild conditions. Surface properties and morphology of the PDA-coated CMK-3 can be tailored by adjusting the dopamine concentration and coating time, without compromising the meso-structural regularity and the accessibility of the mesopores. Due to high density of –NH groups (4.7 µmol/m2 or 2.8 group/nm2) and –OH groups (9.3 µmol/m2 or 5.6 group/nm2) of the PDA coating, the modified CMK-3 showed improved hydrophilicity and superior adsorption ability toward uranyl ions (93.6 mg/g) in aqueous solution. Moreover, with the introduction of α-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB) initiator to the PDA-coated CMK-3, we demonstrated for the first time that activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) can be conducted for controlled growth of polymer brushes from the surface of OMCs. Thus, PDA chemistry paves a new way for surface modification of OMCs to create a versatile, multifunctional nano-platform, capable of further modifications towards various applications, such as environmental decontamination, catalysis and other areas.

INTRODUCTION Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) have spurred great research interest1-5 since the first report by Ryoo in 1999.6 Due to large specific surface area, high mesostructured regularity, uniform and tunable pore size, OMCs possess extraordinary potentials in various fields, such as surpercapacitors,7, 8 catalysis,9-11 adsorption,12, 13 etc. Robust carbon framework endows OMCs with favorable thermal conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability. However, their hydrophobic nature and chemically inert surface hinder more extensive applications, especially in the areas requiring wettability and specific functionalities on the surface. Over the past few years, tremendous efforts have been directed to the surface modification of OMCs,14 aiming at improving their hydrophilicity15 and chemical reactivity16 for more advanced applications. 17-19 Oxidative treatment is the most frequently used method to alter the surface chemistry of OMCs by generating large amounts of oxygen-containing groups.20-24 The presence of abundant carboxyl groups after oxidative treat-

ment enables further modification of OMCs by secondary reactions,25, 26 leading to more specific functionalization of OMCs. However, oxidants usually compromise the regularity of the meso-channels, or even cause structural collapse of OMCs. This is especially severe for the CMK-5 and CMK-3 type OMCs with less stable three-dimensional frameworks,21, 27 which consist of either carbon tubes with very thin walls or carbon nanoarrays connected by narrow nanopillars. Diazonium chemistry18, 28, 29 and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition30 are established techniques for surface modification of OMCs. High grafting densities of functional groups (~0.9-1.5 µmol/m2 or ~0.5-0.9 group/nm2) were obtained by chemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts under solvent-free conditions,28, 29 while relatively lower grafting density was reached by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.30 Compared to oxidative processes, diazonium chemistry and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition are not only capable of adjusting the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of OMCs but more readily controlling the grafting

ACS Paragon Plus Environment


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 15

Scheme 1. Illustration of surface modification of CMK-3 OMC by PDA chemistry leading to improved water dispersibility, uranium binding ability and potential for post-functionalization through secondary reactions.

densities of functional groups.14 Unfortunately, serious blockage of mesopores may limit accessibility of active sites. Moreover, surface coverage of functional groups is still not comparable to the silanol groups on silica surface (~6-9 µmol/m2 or ~3.6-5.4 group/nm2).31 Polymer surface coating is another effective approach to engineer carbonaceous surfaces by introducing functional groups with increased grafting density. However, complicated procedures are often required to retain the accessibility of mesopores.32-34 In addition, the polymer/nanocarbon composites usually have weak bonding between the filled polymers and chemically inert carbon surfaces.35 Therefore, the development of a benign and versatile strategy for surface modification of OMCs with significantly improved hydrophilicity, well-preserved meso-structure and high grafting density remains challenging. Polydopamine (PDA) chemistry, inspired by mussel adhesive proteins, has attracted extensive attention since Messersmith’s report in 2007.36 Dopamine molecules can easily self-polymerize under weak alkaline conditions, leading to a facile deposition of PDA coatings on various surfaces.37-39 This provides a convenient method to modify the surface chemistry of materials for improving their hydrophilicity,40 biocompatibility,41 adsorption ability,42 etc. More importantly, the PDA coatings, which contain high density of catechol and imine functional groups,43 can serve as a versatile platform for secondary reactions, stimulating further modification for specific applications.36, 44, 45 For instance, amine- and thiol-terminated molecules can be easily grafted to the PDA-coated surface by Schiff base reaction or Michael addition,46, 47 while acyl bromide- and acyl chloride- containing molecules can be introduced via nucleophilic substitution reactions.48-50 Nevertheless, the self-polymerization of dopamine for surface engineering of OMCs has been rarely reported. Herein, we report a strategy to impart multiple functional moieties to OMCs by using PDA chemistry under different scenarios. PDA coatings could be readily generated on the surface of OMCs with tunable thickness in ethanol/water system without compromising the

mesostructured regularity and accessibility of the mesopores. The modified OMCs contained a high concentration of catechol and imine groups on the surface, resulting in the materials with significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, excellent dispersibility and adsorption capacity toward actinide ions like U(VI). Moreover, αbromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB) moieties were introduced, and surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was conducted to demonstrate the versatility of the PDAmodified OMCs platform. (Scheme 1) CMK-3, as a typical OMC material, was chosen to conduct surface modification by the deposition of PDA. The coating process was comprehensively studied by varying dopamine concentration and coating time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the texture and morphology of PDA-coated CMK-3. Small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD) and N2 adsorption-desorption measurement were conducted to characterize structural properties. Elemental analysis was carried out to determine the elemental composition for evaluating the densities of the imine and hydroxyl groups. Besides, the surface hydrophilic properties and the adsorption behavior of U(VI) were studied. The effectiveness for post-functionalization by introducing organic functionalities and by SI-ATRP of MMA was proved.

Experimental Materials. Ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) was purchased from Nanjing Jicang Nanotechnology Co. LLC. Dopamine hydrochloride (~98%) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris base, 99.5%) were supplied by J&K Scientific. Methyl methacrylate (MMA, 99%, Aldrich) was purified by passing through a basic alumina column to remove the inhibitor before use. Triethylamine (TEA, >99%, Aldrich), α-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB, 98%, Aldrich), ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%, Acros), copper(II) bromide (CuBr2, >99%, Acros Organics), tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(EH)2, ~95%,


Page 3 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Aldrich), anisole (99%, Aldrich Reagent Plus), N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF, >99.8%, Fisher) were used as received. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was purified and dried with a solvent purification system provided by JC Meyer Solvent Systems. Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) was synthesized referring to a published work.51 Preparation of PDA-coated CMK-3. 100 mg CMK-3 was dispersed in a 70 mL mixed solution of ethanol and water with the volume ratio of 4:3. After ultrasonic treatment for 10 min, a determined amount of dopamine hydrochloride (50, 100, 200 or 400 mg) was added under magnetic stirring. 5 min later, 20 mL 25 mM Tris buffer solution was added dropwise, followed by adjusting of the pH value to 8.5 using HCl and NaOH solutions. The coating process was maintained at 25 °C for a specific time (5, 10 or 24 h). Then, PDA-coated CMK-3 was separated by centrifugation and washed with ethanol several times. The resulting product was placed in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 24 h. In this paper, the PDA-coated CMK-3 is named as CMK-3-PDA-x-y, where “x” and “y” represent the dopamine concentration (0.6, 1.1, 2.2 and 4.4 g/L) and coating time (5, 10 and 24 h), respectively. Uranium adsorption. U(VI) solution with the initial concentration of 50 mg/L was prepared. The pH value was adjusted to 5 by the addition of HCl or NaOH solution and calibrated by a PHS-3C model meter. Adsorption experiments were performed at 301 K with 0.25 g/L phase ratio and contact time of 41 h. After the adsorption process, 0.45 µm micro-pore filters were used to separate the PDA-coated CMK-3 adsorbents from the aqueous phase and the residual concentration of U(VI) was determined by the arsenazo III method.52 Adsorption capacity Q and distribution coefficient Kd are defined as: Q=

(C 0 − C t ) × V M

Kd =

C0 − Ct V × Ct M

(1) (2)

where C0 and Ct are the initial and residual U(VI) concentrations in aqueous solutions, respectively. V is the volume of the initial solution and M is the dosage of the adsorbent. To evaluate the selectivity of the PDA-coated CMK-3 adsorbents toward U(VI) in multi-component solution, a simulated nuclear industry effluent containing a series of different metal ions was prepared (Table S1).53 Competitive adsorption experiments were then conducted with the concentration of the metal ions determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES). Besides, the reusability of the PDA-coated CMK-3 adsorbents was studied by three adsorption-desorption cycles. 10 mg CMK-3-PDA-4.4-24 was mixed with 20 mL U(VI) solution with initial concentration of 50 mg/L. After a contact time of 24 h, the supernatant was separated, and 0.1 mol/L HCl solution was used for stripping the adsorbed U(VI). Both the U(VI) concentrations in the supernatant and the eluent were measured for determin-

ing the adsorption and desorption efficiency during the cycle use. Immobilization of the ATRP initiator. CMK-3-PDA1.1-24 (10 mg) was added to 20 mL dry THF in a Schlenk flask, followed by ultrasonic dispersion for 10 min. Then, 1 mL TEA (7.2 mmol) was slowly added to the flask under N2 protection and magnetic stirring. After 5 min, a solution, containing 0.9 mL BiBB (7.2 mmol) and 10 mL dry THF, was added dropwise. The reaction was kept for 24 h at 25 °C. The product was washed several times with acetone, methanol and water. Then, the obtained CMK-3PDA-BiBB was placed in a vacuum oven at 30 °C for 24 h. SI-ATRP grafting of PMMA. First, 10 mL purified MMA was added into a 25 mL Schlenk flask, followed by the addition of 10 mg CMK-3-PDA-BiBB under magnetic stirring. After 10 min, 4 mL anisole, 1.5 mL DMF, 196 µL EBiB, 200 µL 5 g/L CuBr2/anisole solution and 18.9 mg TPMA were added sequentially. Then, the Schlenk flask was sealed and degassed by N2 purging for 30 min. Subsequently, 1.8 mL 5 g/ L Sn(EH)2/anisole solution was added via a syringe and the reaction was kept for 24 h at 25 °C. The molar ratio of the reagents was: MMA: EBiB: CuBr2: TPMA: Sn(EH)2 = 70: 1: 0.0035: 0.035: 0.0175. At last, CMK-3-PDA-PMMA was separated from the free poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by centrifugation and then washed with THF three times, accompanied by ultrasonic treatment for 10 min each time. Characterizations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (HT-7700, Hitachi Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) was conducted at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Surface morphology of the OMCs was characterized by Quanta 600 FEG scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mesostructured regularity was measured by small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD) (Rigaku D/max-2400 X-ray powder diffractometer) using Cu-Kα radiation. N2 adsorption measurements were conducted by using Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer (Nava 3200e) and all samples were treated at 80 °C under vacuum for 3 h before the measurement. Specific surface area was calculated by the Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET) method and pore size distribution was acquired by the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method. Elemental analysis was performed on Elementar Vario EL III. U(VI) concentration was measured by the arsenazo III method with a 721 type spectrophotometer at 650 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a TA Instrument TGA 2950, with the heating from 25 to 600 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere. Number-average molecular weight (Mn), weightaverage molecular weight (Mw) and molecular weight distribution of PMMA were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC was operated with a Waters 515 pump and Waters 410 differential refractometer using PSS columns (Styrogel 105, 103, 102 Å) in THF as an eluent at 35 °C and at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Linear PMMA standards were used for calibration.

Results and discussion A series of PDA-coated CMK-3 type OMCs were synthesized by self-polymerization of dopamine in Tris buffer



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

solutions (pH=8.5). The conversion of dopamine into the corresponding quinone under alkaline conditions is a radical process and a rate-determining step of selfpolymerization.43 Thus, in order to realize the controllable deposition of PDA coatings, ethanol was added to the reaction system as a radical-trapping agent to slow down the growth rate of PDA. The volume ratio of ethanol and water was kept at 1: 1.25, which is appropriate for effectively controlling the formation of PDA coatings on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).54, 55 The effects of dopamine concentration and coating time were studied.

Figure 1. TEM and SEM images of CMK-3 (a, c) and CMK-3PDA-4.4-10 (b, d).

Fig. 1(a,b) show the TEM images of pristine CMK-3 and the PDA-coated product CMK-3-PDA-4.4-10. Apparently, the ordered pore channels were well-maintained after the deposition of PDA. No self-polymerized PDA microspheres were observed in the TEM images of all PDAcoated CMK-3, suggesting that the nucleation and growth rates of PDA were well-controlled with the addition of ethanol. In addition, the absence of large-sized PDA microspheres by self-nucleation implies that most of the dopamine molecules underwent a heterogeneous nucleation at the pore surfaces of the CMK-3 and thereby developed to be a coating layer. This can be explained by the strong π-π interaction between the dopamine molecules and the resulting PDA aggregates containing aromatic rings and the carbonaceous surface of the CMK-3. Previous researches have revealed that both dopamine and PDA exhibited strong affinity to the sidewalls of CNTs through π-π stacking. 56-58 Due to the similar carbonaceous surface structure, OMCs are expected to interact strongly with aromatic rings containing molecules.59, 60 This would facilitate the formation of a robust PDA coating on the surfaces and pore walls of the CMK-3. The morphology of the PDA-coated CMK-3 as well as the pristine counterpart were characterized by SEM. Compared with CMK-3 (Fig. 1(c)), a uniform layer of PDA was observed on the surface of modified product (Fig. 1(d)). In different dopamine solutions with the concentration vary-

Page 4 of 15

ing from 0.6 to 4.4 g/L, uniform PDA layers could be readily deposited on the surface of the CMK-3, suggesting the robustness of the PDA chemistry for surface modification of OMC materials. SAXRD and N2 adsorption-desorption measurement were employed to determine the structural property of CMK-3 and PDA-coated CMK-3. A strong (100) reflection peak and weak (110), (200) signals are visible in the SAXRD pattern of CMK-3 (Fig. 2A(a)), corresponding to the typical hexagonally ordered mesostructure. After PDA coating under different conditions, the mesostructured regularity of CMK-3 underwent interesting evolution. A remarkably stronger (100) peak was obtained for CMK-3PDA-0.6-10, while its intensity weakened with the increase of dopamine concentration. Since CMK-3 is a replica of SBA-15, the etching leads to the formation of threedimensional interconnected nanorods with significant microporosity in the mesopore walls. The preferential accumulation of organic molecules inside micropores results in an increase of apparent density of the mesopore wall, which is beneficial to improve the mesostructured regularity.32, 61 For CMK-3-PDA-0.6-10, the increased diffraction intensity of the (100) peak can be attributed to the low dopamine concentration, leading to the formation of small PDA aggregates which mainly filled the micropores rather than the mesopores, because of the reinforced π-π interaction by the enhancement of adsorption potential occurring between the narrower parallel pore walls of the CMK-3.59, 60 This phenomenon was further verified by N2 adsorption-desorption measurement. Compared to CMK-3, the pore size of CMK-PDA-0.6-10 was unchanged, implying that the majority of dopamine polymerized inside the micropores. With the enhancement of dopamine concentration, a thin PDA coating was gradually formed on the wall of the mesopores, leading to the decrease of both diffraction intensities (Fig. 2A (c-e)) and pore sizes (Table S2). The pore size distribution curves (Fig. 2B (inset)) show parallel shifts to smaller pore sizes, suggesting uniform growth of PDA coatings. Fig. 2B (a) shows a typical N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of mesoporous materials with a type IV curve and a pronounced hysteresis loop. Deposition of the PDA coatings caused the decreases of surface area and pore volume (Table S2), but the hysteresis loops were maintained for CMK-3-PDA-0.6-10 and CMK-3-PDA-1.1-10.This demonstrates that the deterioration of structural properties is mainly attributed to the blocking of micropores while the mesostructure can be retained. When the dopamine concentration reached 4.4 g/L, both surface area and pore volume experienced a significant decrease, suggesting that high dopamine concentration dramatically deteriorated the structure of CMK-3. Since the structural properties of CMK-3-PDA-1.1-10 were relatively well-retained, the effect of coating time at 1.1 g/L of dopamine concentration was further studied. The coating times were 5, 10 and 24 h. From SAXRD patterns (Fig. 2C), all PDA-coated CMK-3 retained strong 100 diffraction peaks, indicating prolonged coating time did


Page 5 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 2. SAXRD patterns (A,C), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (B,D) and the corresponding pore size distribution curves (insets) of (a) CMK-3; (b) CMK-3-PDA-0.6-10; (c) CMK-3-PDA-1.1-10; (d) CMK-3-PDA-2.2-10; (e) CMK-3-PDA-4.4-10; (f) CMK-3PDA-1.1-5; (g) CMK-3-PDA-1.1-24.

Figure 3. The evolution of grafting densities and U(VI) adsorption properties under different coating conditions: (A) dopamine concentration; (B) coating time.

5 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

not dramatically destroy the mesostructured regularity of CMK-3. When the coating time was only 5 h, the obtained CMK-3-PDA-1.1-5 showed the same pore size as that of CMK-3-PDA-0.6-10, implying that the initial polymerization of dopamine took place inside the micropores, while longer coating time led to the formation of uniform PDA coatings on the wall of the mesopores and slightly reduced the pore size (Table S2 and Fig. 2D (inset)). Similarly, the structure of CMK-3 was deteriorated with the increase of coating time (Table S2), but all N2 adsorptiondesorption isotherms of PDA-coated CMK-3 in Fig. 2D present type IV curves with clear hysteresis loops ranging from 0.35-0.95 of relative pressure. Overall, by simply adjusting the dopamine concentration and coating time, we could realize a controlled growth of PDA coatings on the surface of CMK-3. Thus, PDA-coated CMK-3 with well-maintained mesoporous structure were acquired. The elemental composition and grafting densities of functional groups were characterized by elemental analysis. With the increase of dopamine concentration or coating time, the nitrogen content correspondingly increased, suggesting that higher dopamine concentrations or prolonged coating time resulted in more PDA deposited to the surface of CMK-3 (Table S3). In addition, grafting densities of functional groups showed a similar evolution with the change of coating conditions (Fig. 3). Grafting densities of both –NH and –OH groups with the values of 4.7 µmol/m2 or 2.8 group/nm2 and 9.3 µmol/m2 or 5.6 group/nm2 were obtained when 4.4 g/L of dopamine concentration and 10 h of coating time were used. They are significantly higher than the OMCs modified by diazonium chemistry28 and comparable to the concentration of silanol groups on silica surface (~6-9 µmol/m2 or ~3.6-5.4 group/nm2).31 More importantly, grating density can be easily controlled by simply adjusting the coating conditions. As mentioned above, the catechol and imine can easily react with acyl bromide- or acyl chlorideterminated molecules. And, amine- and thiol-terminated molecules can be readily attached to the PDA-coated surfaces via Schiff base reaction or Michael addition reaction. Hence, the highly reactive PDA coating provides massive opportunities for further surface modification of OMCs. High grafting densities of –NH and –OH groups can dramatically alter the hydrophobic nature of CMK-3. Pristine and PDA-coated CMK-3 were dispersed in water, resulting in a significantly improved dispersibility for all PDA-coated samples (Fig. S1). The enhancement of hydrophilicity could further broaden the application range of CMK-3. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of PDA-coated CMK-3 for enrichment of uranyl ions. As a valuable source of nuclear power plants and a hazardous radionuclide, the removal and recycling of uranium have attracted increasing attention, and therefore, potential adsorbents for U(VI) are continuously explored.62-65 Due to the high surface area and chemical stability in weakly acidic solutions, OMC materials modified with organic functional groups have been already utilized for the removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions. Previously, complicated processes were re-

Page 6 of 15

quired to realize surface modification of OMCs in order to improve their adsorption capacities.53, 66 In this study, by facile deposition of PDA coating on the surface of CMK-3, high densities of –NH and –OH functional groups were introduced, which imparted the CMK-3 with significantly increased U(VI) adsorption capacities (Fig. 3). The largest adsorption capacity of U(VI) was obtained by CMK-3-PDA-4.4-10, with the Q value of 93.6 mg U(VI)/g adsorbent and the Kd value of 3286 cm3/g (Table S3), which were significantly larger than that of the typical oxime-grafted CMK-5 adsorbent.53 The blue curve in Fig. 3 shows that the U(VI) adsorption capacity of the PDAcoated CMK-3 well correlates with the dopamine concentration and coating time. Competitive adsorptions were performed in a simulated nuclear industry effluent (Table S1) to evaluate the selectivity of the PDA-coated CMK-3 toward U(VI).53 It can be seen in Fig. S2 that all the PDA-coated CMK-3 samples show selective binding ability to U(VI) against most of the coexistent metal ions, such as La(III), Ce(III), Sr(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), K(I), etc. It is noteworthy to mention that Cr(III) with a moderate adsorption capacity may be a potential interfering ion in the effluent. Reusability of the PDA-coated CMK-3 was studied in three adsorption-desorption cycles. Fig. S3 shows that the recycled adsorbent still possess effective adsorption ability to U(VI). But, due to the incomplete desorption of the adsorbed U(VI) by using 0.1 mol/L HCl for elution, the adsorption efficiency shows about 10% decrease after each cycle. Overall, it can be concluded that the PDA-coated OMCs have potential in removing U(VI) from aqueous solutions, but efforts are still needed to seek out a more efficient desorption method for cycle use. Furthermore, the PDA modified OMCs with abundant–NH and –OH groups on the surface can also become good candidates for enrichment of other metal ions, which may further elevate the applicability of OMCs in various fields, for example, as an advanced catalyst support. To verify the effectiveness of PDA-coated CMK-3 as a versatile platform for secondary reactions, SI-ATRP was employed for the surface modification of OMCs, which could alter the physical and chemical properties to an even larger extent. ATRP is a controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) technique, used to synthesize polymers with pre-determined molecular weight and low dispersities.67-74 SI-ATRP has been broadly applied to functionalize various nanomaterials, by efficiently controlling the growth of polymer chains from surfaces 75-87 In this study, activators regenerated by electron transfer ATRP (ARGET ATRP) technique was used to graft PMMA brushes from the surface of CMK-3. Compared to traditional ATRP, ARGET ATRP technique requires more relaxed oxygen-free conditions and lower concentration of Cu catalyst.88-90 Before grafting, ATRP initiator (BiBB) was immobilized to the CMK-3 through the nucleophilic substitution reaction with the catechol and/or the amine groups in the PDA coating. The TGA measurement (Fig.4 (a, b)) showed 12.0 wt % of weight loss for CMK-3-PDA1.1-24 in the temperature range from 120 ºC to 600 ºC. 6 This is 10.4 wt % higher than that of pristine CMK-3.


Page 7 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Moreover, the TGA curve of CMK-3-PDA-1.1-24 still has a decreasing tendency over 600 ºC. This suggests that at least 10.4 wt % of PDA was coated on the surface of CMK3. Compared to the TGA curve of PDA-coated CMK-3 in the temperature range of 150-350 ºC, 10.1 wt % more weight loss was found for CMK-3-PDA-BiBB (Fig. 4(c)), indicating that initiator was successfully attached on the surface of a PDA-coated CMK-3.

confirms that the surface-initiated polymerization of MMA from the surface of the CMK-3 was wellcontrolled.90 Furthermore, the grafting density of PMMA was calculated as 0.02 group/nm2, which is reasonable for large surface area and limited pore channels of PDAcoated CMK-3. Overall, the PDA-coated CMK-3 can act as an effective platform to accommodate other functional molecules, and to conduct secondary reactions or surfaceinitiated polymer grafting, which opens new possibilities for surface modification of OMCs.

Conclusion

Figure 4. TGA curves of (a) CMK-3; (b) CMK-3-PDA-1.1-24; (c) CMK-3-PDA-BiBB; (d) CMK-3-PDA-PMMA.

Subsequently, grafting of PMMA was conducted via ARGET ATRP using 50 ppm of CuBr2/TPMA as catalyst in the presence of sacrificial initiators. The resulting product, CMK-3-PDA-PMMA, showed a more significant drop (43.1 wt %) in the TGA curve from 150 to 400 ºC (Fig. 4(d)) due to the decomposition of PMMA brushes grafted from the surface of CMK-3. The successful grafting of PMMA brushes proved the accessibility of active sites distributed in the mesopores even after immobilization of BiBB.

The mussel-inspired PDA chemistry is a new tool for the surface modification of OMCs, which could activate the inert surfaces and mesoporous channels of OMCs with improved hydrophilicity, enriched functional groups, adsorption ability toward metal ions, as well as chemical reactivity for diverse post functionalization. Uniform PDA coating was firstly deposited on the surface of CMK-3 under mild conditions without compromising the meso-structural regularity while maintaining the accessibility of mesopores. The surface properties and morphology of the PDA-coated CMK-3 could be tailored by adjusting the dopamine concentration and coating time. Grafting densities of –NH groups (4.7 µmol/m2 or 2.8 group/nm2) and –OH groups (9.3 µmol/m2 or 5.6 group/nm2) generated on the surface of CMK-3 were significantly higher than previously reported. The enhanced hydrophilicity of the PDA-coated CMK-3 and the superior adsorption capacity of U(VI) showed great promise in the field of environmental decontamination and even as a potential catalyst support. Moreover, the immobilization of BiBB initiators on the PDA coating demonstrated, for the first time, that SI-ATRP could be employed for further functionalization of OMCs. Controlled growth of PMMA brushes (Mn = 11,000, Mw/Mn=1.14) from the initiatormodified surface of CMK-3 was realized. In conclusion, the mussel-inspired PDA chemistry is expected to open new avenues for surface modification and/or functionalization of carbon materials.

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Figure 5. (a) TEM and (b) SEM images of PMMA-grafted CMK-3.

Additional evidence for successful grafting of PMMA was obtained by TEM and SEM characterization (Fig. 5). The TEM image of PMMA grafted CMK-3 shows that a highly uniform PMMA layer with the thickness of ~9 nm was formed on the surface of PDA-coated CMK-3, while increased claddings were observed for the nanoarrays of CMK-3 by SEM, suggesting efficient grafting of PMMA brushes from the initiator-immobilized CMK-3. Furthermore, molecular weight of the free PMMA obtained from the sacrificial initiator was Mn= 11,000 with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.14) (Fig. S4). This

This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. The data about structural parameters, elemental composition, functional group densities, U(VI) adsorption capacity, selectivity and reusability of the PDA-coated CMK-3. Digital image showing the water dispersibility of the PDA-coated CMK-3. Molecular weight distribution of PMMA. (.doc)

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Authors *E-mail: [email protected]. (G. Ye) *E-mail: [email protected]. (J. Wang) *E-mail: [email protected]. (K. Matyjaszewski)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The study was supported by the Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT13026), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars


7


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 8 of 15

(51425403), National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 51473087, 91226110, 51425403 and U1430234 as well as the National Science Foundation (DMR 1501324). MK thanks Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (“Mobilnosc Plus” grant no. 1055/MOB/2013/0) for financial support.


Page 9 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Chemistry of Materials (9) Gao, P.; Wang, A.; Wang, X.; Zhang, T. Synthesis of

REFERENCES (1) Jun, S.; Joo, S. H.; Ryoo, R.; Kruk, M.; Jaroniec, M.; Liu, Z.; Ohsuna, T.; Terasaki, O. Synthesis of New, Nanoporous Carbon with Hexagonally Ordered Mesostructure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10712-10713. (2) Lee, J.; Kim, J.; Hyeon, T. Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Porous Carbon Materials. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2073-2094.

Highly Ordered Ir-Containing Mesoporous Carbon Materials by Organic-Organic Self-Assembly. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 1881-1888. (10) Wan, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Q.; Klingstedt, M.; Terasaki, O.; Zhao, D. Ordered Mesoporous Pd/Silica-Carbon as a Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Coupling Reaction of Chlorobenzene in Aqueous Media. J. Am. Chem.

(3) Meng, Y.; Gu, D.; Zhang, F.; Shi, Y.; Cheng, L.; Feng, D.; Wu, Z.; Chen, Z.; Wan, Y.; Stein, A.; Zhao, D. A Family of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Polymer Resin and Carbon Structures From Organic-Organic Self-Assembly. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 4447-4464.

Soc. 2009, 131, 4541-4550. (11) Su, D. S.; Perathoner, S.; Centi, G. Nanocarbons for the Development of Advanced Catalysts. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 5782-5816. (12) Hwang, C.; Jin, Z.; Lu, W.; Sun, Z.; Alemany, L. B.;

(4) Liang, C.; Li, Z.; Dai, S. Mesoporous Carbon Materials: Synthesis and Modification. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3696-3717.

Lomeda, J. R.; Tour, J. M. In Situ Synthesis of PolymerModified Mesoporous Carbon Cmk-3 Composites for Co2 Sequestration. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2011, 3, 4782-

(5) Ma, T.; Liu, L.; Yuan, Z. Direct Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Carbons. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 39774003.

4786. (13) Parsons-Moss, T.; Wang, J.; Jones, S.; May, E.; Olive, D.; Dai, Z.; Zavarin, M.; Kersting, A. B.; Zhao, D.; Nitsche,

(6) Ryoo, R.; Joo, S. H.; Jun, S. Synthesis of Highly Ordered Carbon Molecular Sieves via Template-Mediated Structural Transformation. J. Phys. Chem. B. 1999, 103, 7743-7746.

H. Sorption Interactions of Plutonium and Europium with Ordered Mesoporous Carbon. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2014, 2, 11209-11221. (14) Stein, A.; Wang, Z.; Fierke, M. A. Functionalization

(7) Wang, Y. G.; Li, H. Q.; Xia, Y. Y. Ordered Whiskerlike Polyaniline Grown on the Surface of Mesoporous Carbon and its Electrochemical Capacitance Performance. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2619-2623.

of Porous Carbon Materials with Designed Pore Architecture. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 265-293. (15) Wu, Z.; Webley, P. A.; Zhao, D. Comprehensive Study of Pore Evolution, Mesostructural Stability, and

(8) Wei, J.; Zhou, D.; Sun, Z.; Deng, Y.; Xia, Y.; Zhao, D. A Controllable Synthesis of Rich Nitrogen-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for CO2 Capture and Superca-

Simultaneous Surface Functionalization of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon (Fdu-15) by Wet Oxidation as a Promising Adsorbent. Langmuir. 2010, 26, 10277-10286.

pacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 2322-2328.


9


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 10 of 15

(16) Almeida, R. K. S.; Melo, J. C. P.; Airoldi, C. A New

Alonso, A.; Tascon, J. M. D. Surface Modification of

Approach for Mesoporous Carbon Organofunctionaliza-

Nanocast Ordered Mesoporous Carbons through a Wet

tion with Maleic Anhydride. Microporous Mesoporous

Oxidation Method. Carbon. 2013, 62, 193-203.

Mater. 2013, 165, 168-176.

(24) Song, Y.; Ye, G.; Chen, J.; Lv, D.; Wang, J. Wet Oxi-

(17) Vinu, A.; Hossian, K. Z.; Srinivasu, P.; Miyahara, M.;

dation of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon FDU-15 by Using

Anandan, S.; Gokulakrishnan, N.; Mori, T.; Ariga, K.; Bal-

(NH4)2S2O8 for Fast Adsorption of Sr(II): An Investigation

asubramanian, V. V. Carboxy-Mesoporous Carbon and its

on Surface Chemistry and Adsorption Mechanism. Appl.

Excellent Adsorption Capability for Proteins. J. Mater.

Surf. Sci. 2015, 357, 1578-1586.

Chem. 2007, 17, 1819-1825.

(25) Jun, S.; Choi, M.; Ryu, S.; Lee, H. Y.; Ryoo, R. Or-

(18) Wang, X.; Liu, R.; Waje, M. M.; Chen, Z.; Yan, Y.;

dered Mesoporous Carbon Molecular Sieves with Func-

Bozhilov, K. N.; Feng, P. Sulfonated Ordered Mesoporous

tionalized Surfaces. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 2003, 146, 37-40.

Carbon as a Stable and Highly Active Protonic Acid Cata-

(26) Tamai, H.; Shiraki, K.; Shiono, T.; Yasuda, H. Surface

lyst. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 2395-2397.

Functionalization of Mesoporous and Microporous Acti-

(19) Choi, Y. S.; Joo, S. H.; Lee, S.; You, D. J.; Kim, H.; Pak, C.; Chang, H.; Seung, D. Surface Selective Polymerization

vated Carbons by Immobilization of Diamine. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 295, 299-302.

of Polypyrrole On Ordered Mesoporous Carbon: Enhanc-

(27) Bazuła, P. A.; Lu, A.; Nitz, J.; Schüth, F. Surface and

ing Interfacial Conductivity for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Pore Structure Modification of Ordered Mesoporous Car-

Application. Macromolecules. 2006, 39, 3275-3282.

bons via a Chemical Oxidation Approach. Microporous

(20) Chen, X.; Farber, M.; Gao, Y.; Kulaots, I.; Suuberg, E.

Mesoporous Mater. 2008, 108, 266-275.

M.; Hurt, R. H. Mechanisms of Surfactant Adsorption on

(28) Li, Z.; Dai, S. Surface Functionalization and Pore

Non-Polar, Air-Oxidized and Ozone-Treated Carbon Sur-

Size Manipulation for Carbons of Ordered Structure.

faces. Carbon. 2003, 41, 1489-1500.

Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 1717-1721.

(21) Lu, A. H.; Li, W. C.; Muratova, N.; Spliethoff, B.;

(29) Li, Z.; Yan, W.; Dai, S. Surface Functionalization of

Schuth, F. Evidence for C-C Bond Cleavage by H2O2 in a

Ordered Mesoporous Carbons: A Comparative Study.

Mesoporous CMK-5 Type Carbon at Room Temperature.

Langmuir. 2005, 21, 11999-12006.

Chem. Commun. 2005, 5184-5186.

(30) Wang, X.; Jiang, D.; Dai, S. Surface Modification of

(22) Li, H.; Xi, H. A.; Zhu, S.; Wen, Z.; Wang, R. Prepara-

Ordered Mesoporous Carbons via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddi-

tion, Structural Characterization, and Electrochemical

tion of Azomethine Ylides. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 4800-

Properties of Chemically Modified Mesoporous Carbon.

4802.

Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2006, 96, 357-362.

(31) Berthod, A. Silica-Backbone Material of Liquid-

(23) Sanchez-Sanchez, A.; Suarez-Garcia, F.; Martinez-


10

Page 11 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Chromatographic Column Packings. J. Chromatogr. 1991,

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6799-6802. (40) Kang, S. M.; You, I.; Cho, W. K.; Shon, H. K.; Lee, T.

549, 1-28. (32) Choi, M.; Ryoo, R. Ordered Nanoporous PolymerCarbon Composites. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 473-476.

G.; Choi, I. S.; Karp, J. M.; Lee, H. One-Step Modification of Superhydrophobic Surfaces by a Mussel-Inspired Pol-

(33) Lee, H. I.; Jung, Y.; Kim, S.; Yoon, J. A.; Kim, J. H.;

ymer Coating. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 9401-9404.

Hwang, J. S.; Yun, M. H.; Yeon, J.; Hong, C. S.; Kim, J. M.

(41) Yang, K.; Lee, J. S.; Kim, J.; Lee, Y. B.; Shin, H.; Um, S.

Preparation and Application of Chelating Polymer-

H.; Kim, J. B.; Park, K. I.; Lee, H.; Cho, S. Polydopamine-

Mesoporous Carbon Composite for Copper-Ion Adsorp-

Mediated Surface Modification of Scaffold Materials for

tion. Carbon. 2009, 47, 1043-1049.

Human Neural Stem Cell Engineering. Biomaterials. 2012,

(34) Jung, Y.; Lee, H. I.; Kim, J. H.; Yun, M.; Hwang, J.;

33, 6952-6964.

Ahn, D.; Park, J.; Boo, J.; Choi, K.; Kim, J. M. Preparation

(42) Yang, Y.; Qi, P.; Ding, Y.; Maitz, M. F.; Yang, Z.; Tu,

of Polypyrrole-Incorporated Mesoporous Carbon-Based

Q.; Xiong, K.; Leng, Y.; Huang, N. A Biocompatible and

Composites for Confinement of Eu(III) within Mesopores.

Functional Adhesive Amine-Rich Coating Based on Do-

J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 4663-4668.

pamine Polymerization. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2015, 3, 72-81.

(35) Sahoo, N. G.; Rana, S.; Cho, J. W.; Li, L.; Chan, S. H.

(43) Hong, S.; Na, Y. S.; Choi, S.; Song, I. T.; Kim, W. Y.;

Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Functionalized Car-

Lee, H. Non-Covalent Self-Assembly and Covalent

bon Nanotubes. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 837-867.

Polymerization Co-Contribute to Polydopamine For-

(36) Lee, H.; Dellatore, S. M.; Miller, W. M.; Messersmith, P. B. Mussel-Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings. Science. 2007, 318, 426-430.

mation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 4711-4717. (44) Sung, M. K.; Hwang, N. S.; Jihyeon, Y.; Sung, Y. P.; Messersmith, P. B.; Choi, I. S.; Langer, R.; Anderson, D.

(37) Liu, Y.; Ai, K.; Lu, L. Polydopamine and its Deriva-

G.; Haeshin, L. One-Step Multipurpose Surface Function-

tive Materials: Synthesis and Promising Applications in

alization by Adhesive Catecholamine. Adv. Funct. Mater.

Energy, Environmental, and Biomedical Fields. Chem.

2012, 22, 2949-2955. (45) Zhou, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, P.; Messersmith, P. B.;

Rev. 2014, 114, 5057-5115. (38) Zhu, B.; Edmondson, S. Polydopamine-Melanin Ini-

Duan, H. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanochains: Exploit-

tiators for Surface-Initiated ATRP. Polymer. 2011, 52, 2141-

ing Self-Polymerization and Versatile Reactivity of Mus-

2149.

sel-Inspired Polydopamine. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 3071-

(39) Liu, R.; Mahurin, S. M.; Li, C.; Unocic, R. R.; Idrobo, J. C.; Gao, H.; Pennycook, S. J.; Dai, S. Dopamine as a Carbon Source: The Controlled Synthesis of Hollow Carbon

3076. (46) Lee, H.; Rho, J.; Messersmith, P. B. Facile Conjugation of Biomolecules onto Surfaces via Mussel Adhe-

Spheres and Yolk-Structured Carbon Nanocomposites.


11


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 12 of 15

sive Protein Inspired Coatings. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 431-

Polymerization of Dopamine for Efficient Surface Modifi-

434.

cation and the Construction of Functional Core-Shell

(47) Xu, L. Q.; Yang, W. J.; Neoh, K.; Kang, E.; Fu, G. D.

Nanostructures. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2013, 1, 6085-6093.

Dopamine-Induced Reduction and Functionalization of

(55) Song, Y.; Ye, G.; Lu, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, J.;

Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. Macromolecules. 2010, 43,

Matyjaszewski, K. Surface-Initiated ARGET ATRP of

8336-8339.

Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) From Carbon Nanotubes via

(48) Li, C. Y.; Wang, W. C.; Xu, F. J.; Zhang, L. Q.; Yang, W. T. Preparation of pH-Sensitive Membranes via Dopamine-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J.

Bioinspired Catechol Chemistry for Efficient Adsorption of Uranium Ions. ACS Macro Letters. 2016, 382-386. (56) Fei, B.; Qian, B.; Yang, Z.; Wang, R.; Liu, W. C.; Mak, C. L.; Xin, J. H. Coating Carbon Nanotubes by Spontane-

Membrane Sci. 2011, 367, 7-13. (49) Yang, W. J.; Cai, T.; Neoh, K.; Kang, E.; Dickinson, G. H.; Teo, S. L.; Rittschof, D. Biomimetic Anchors for Antifouling and Antibacterial Polymer Brushes on Stain-

ous Oxidative Polymerization of Dopamine. Carbon. 2008, 46, 1795-1797. (57) Lin, D.; Xing, B. Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds by Carbon Nanotubes: Role of Aromaticity and Substitu-

less Steel. Langmuir. 2011, 27, 7065-7076. (50) Hu, M.; Mi, B. Enabling Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Water Separation Membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol.

tion of Hydroxyl Groups. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7254-7259. (58) Sedo, J.; Saiz-Poseu, J.; Busque, F.; Ruiz-Molina, D.

2013, 47, 3715-3723. (51) Xia, J.; Matyjaszewski, K. Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Catalyzed by Copper(I) and Picolylamine Complexes.

Catechol-Based Biomimetic Functional Materials. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 653-701. (59) Terzyk, A. P. Further Insights into the Role of Carbon Surface Functionalities in the Mechanism of Phenol

Macromolecules. 1999, 32, 2434-2437. (52) Savvin, S. B. Analytical Use of Arsenazo Iii: Determination of Thorium, Zirconium, Uranium and Rare Earth

Adsorption. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2003, 268, 301-329. (60) Fierro, V.; Torné-Fernández, V.; Montané, D.; Celzard, A. Adsorption of Phenol onto Activated Carbons

Elements. Talanta. 1961, 8, 673-685. (53) Tian, G.; Geng, J.; Jin, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, S.; Chen, Z.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Li, S. Sorption of Uranium(VI) Using Oxime-Grafted Ordered Mesoporous Carbon CMK-5. J.

Having Different Textural and Surface Properties. Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 2008, 111, 276-284. (61) Dubey, A.; Choi, M.; Ryoo, R. Mesoporous PolymerSilica Catalysts for Selective Hydroxylation of Phenol.

Hazard. Mater. 2011, 190, 442-450. (54) Yue, Q.; Wang, M.; Sun, Z.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.; Deng, Y.; Zhao, D. A Versatile Ethanol-Mediated

Green Chem. 2006, 8, 144. (62) Lebed, P. J.; Savoie, J.; Florek, J.; Bilodeau, F.;


Page 13 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Larivière, D.; Kleitz, F. Large Pore Mesostructured Orga-

Transfer Radical Polymerization: from Process Design to

nosilica-Phosphonate Hybrids as Highly Efficient and

Preparation of Well-Defined Environmentally Friendly

Regenerable Sorbents for Uranium Sequestration. Chem.

Polymeric Materials. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2270-2299. (71)

Mater. 2012, 24, 4166-4176.

Braunecker,

W.

A.;

Matyjaszewski,

K.

Con-

(63) Yue, Y.; Mayes, R. T.; Kim, J.; Fulvio, P. F.; Sun, X.;

trolled/Living Radical Polymerization: Features, Devel-

Tsouris, C.; Chen, J.; Brown, S.; Dai, S. Seawater Uranium

opments, and Perspectives. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 93-

Sorbents: Preparation from a Mesoporous Copolymer

146.

Initiator by Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. An-

(72) He, Y.; He, W.; Liu, D.; Gu, T.; Wei, R.; Wang, X. Synthesis of Block Copolymers via the Combination of

gew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2013, 52, 13458-13462. (64) Das, S.; Oyola, Y.; Mayes, R. T.; Janke, C. J.; Kuo, L. J.; Gill, G.; Wood, J. R.; Dai, S. Extracting Uranium from Seawater: Promising AF Series Adsorbents. Ind. Eng.

RAFT and a Macromolecular Azo Coupling Reaction. Polym. Chem. 2013, 4, 402-406. (73) Wang, J.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, X.; He, Y. Synthesis of YShaped Amphiphilic Copolymers by Macromolecular Azo

Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 4110-4117. (65) Sun, X.; Pier, L. Z.; Plinio, D. B.; Zhang, Z.; Rao, L.

Coupling Reaction. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 9476-9481.

Sorption of Uranium and Other Metal Ions on Amine-

(74) Wei, R.; Wang, X.; He, Y. Synthesis of Side-on Liq-

Functionalized Silica Materials. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2015,

uid Crystalline Diblock Copolymers through Macromo-

50, 2769-2775.

lecular Azo Coupling Reaction. Eur. Polym. J. 2015, 69,

(66) Gorka, J.; Mayes, R. T.; Baggetto, L.; Veith, G. M.;

584-591.

Dai, S. Sonochemical Functionalization of Mesoporous

(75) Kong, H.; Gao, C.; Yan, D. Y. Controlled Functionali-

Carbon for Uranium Extraction from Seawater. J. Mater.

zation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by in Situ Atom

Chem. A. 2013, 1, 3016-3026.

Transfer Radical Polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004,

(67) Wang, J.; Matyjaszewski, K. Controlled Living Radi-

126, 412-413.

Radical

(76) Wu, W.; Tsarevsky, N. V.; Hudson, J. L.; Tour, J. M.;

Polymerization Promoted by a Cu(I)-Cu(II) Redox Pro-

Matyjaszewski, K.; Kowalewski, T. “ Hairy ” Single-

cess. Macromolecules. 1995, 28, 7901-7910.

Walled Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Atom Transfer

cal

Polymerization-Halogen

Atom-Transfer

(68) Matyjaszewski, K.; Xia, J. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2921-2990.

Radical Polymerization. Small. 2007, 3, 1803-1810. (77) Barbey, R.; Lavanant, L.; Paripovic, D.; Schüwer, N.;

(69) Coessens, V.; Pintauer, T.; Matyjaszewski, K. Func-

Sugnaux, C.; Tugulu, S.; Klok, H. Polymer Brushes Via

tional Polymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymeriza-

Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: Syn-

tion. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2001, 26, 337-377.

thesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications.

(70) Tsarevsky, N. V.; Matyjaszewski, K. “Green” Atom


13


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 14 of 15

(85) Mai, W.; Sun, B.; Chen, L.; Xu, F.; Liu, H.; Liang, Y.;

Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5437-5527. (78) Hui, C. M.; Pietrasik, J.; Schmitt, M.; Mahoney, C.;

Fu, R.; Wu, D.; Matyjaszewski, K. Water-Dispersible, Re-

Choi, J.; Bockstaller, M. R.; Matyjaszewski, K. Surface-

sponsive, and Carbonizable Hairy Microporous Polymeric

Initiated Polymerization as an Enabling Tool for Multi-

Nanospheres. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 13256-13259.

functional (Nano-)Engineered Hybrid Materials. Chem.

(86) Tang, C.; Bombalski, L.; Kruk, M.; Jaroniec, M.; Matyjaszewski, K.; Kowalewski, T. Nanoporous Carbon

Mater. 2014, 26, 745-762. (79) Matyjaszewski, K.; Tsarevsky, N. V. Macromolecular Engineering by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J.

Films from “Hairy” Polyacrylonitrile-Grafted Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1516-1522. (87) Tsujii, Y.; Ohno, K.; Yamamoto, S.; Goto, A.; Fukuda,

Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 6513-6533. (80) Wu, D.; Xu, F.; Sun, B.; Fu, R.; He, H.;

T. Structure and Properties of High-Density Polymer

Matyjaszewski, K. Design and Preparation of Porous Pol-

Brushes Prepared by Surface-Initiated Living Radical

ymers. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 3959-4015.

Polymerization. Adv. Polym. Sci. 2006, 197, 1-45.

(81) Liu, T.; Jia, S.; Kowalewski, T.; Matyjaszewski, K.;

(88) Jakubowski, W.; Matyjaszewski, K. Activators Re-

-

generated by Electron Transfer for Atom-Transfer Radical

Butyl Acrylate) from a Functionalized Carbon Black Sur-

Polymerization of (Meth)acrylates and Related Block Co-

face by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Langmuir.

polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 118, 4594-4598.

Casado-Portilla, R.; Belmont, J. Grafting Poly(N

(89) Hansson, S.; Ostmark, E.; Carlmark, A.; Malmstrom,

2003, 19, 6342-6345. (82) Liu, T.; Jia, S.; Kowalewski, T.; Matyjaszewski, K.;

E. ARGET ATRP for Versatile Grafting of Cellulose Using

Casado-Portilla, R.; Belmont, J. Water-Dispersible Carbon

Various Monomers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2009, 1,

Black Nanocomposites Prepared by Surface-Initiated At-

2651-2659.

om Transfer Radical Polymerization in Protic Media. Macromolecules. 2006, 39, 548-556.

(90) Cao, L.; Kruk, M. Grafting of Polymer Brushes From Nanopore Surface Via Atom Transfer Radical Polymeriza-

(83) Kruk, M.; Dufour, B.; Celer, E. B.; Kowalewski, T.; Jaroniec, M.; Matyjaszewski, K. Grafting Monodisperse

tion with Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer. Polym. Chem. 2010, 1, 97-101.

Polymer Chains from Concave Surfaces of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas. Macromolecules. 2008, 41, 8584-8591. (84) Li, Z.; Wu, D.; Liang, Y.; Fu, R.; Matyjaszewski, K. Synthesis of Well-Defined Microporous Carbons by Molecular-Scale Templating with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Moieties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136,

14

4805-4808.


Page 15 of 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Insert Table of Contents artwork here


Bioinspired Polydopamine (PDA) Chemistry Meets Ordered

Recommend Documents