Table I.
Results Secured with Male Weanling Rats in a 51-Day liver Vitamin A Storage Study with Two Diets and Two Dispersion Materials I.U.
Lof NO.
Control 1
Test Ration
Vit. A Daily
Carrier of Vif. A
... 1 2
None
+
Literature Cited ( 1 ) Anderson, H. S.. Lease, E. J.. Lease, J. G.. Malphrus. R . K.. J . A m . Diptr-t. Assoc. 43, 34 (1963).
3 3 1
1 1 1 2
Av. I.U. Vit. A. per Gram Liver
Av. Wt. livers, Grams
(Five rats started) 2.3 7 9.6 8 10.2 2 3 9 5 4 7 2 3 5 6 5 0 3 5’
...
ESP XIV C S Oil. 2 USPXIV 40 CS Oil 3b NFDM 1 2 cs 011 4 NFDM 40 cs 0 1 1 5. NFDM 1 2 DCAd 6b NFDM 40 DC4 7 NFDMe 40 011 57, Fat 8 NFDMe 440 DC 4 5% Fat ’ Cottonseed oil 1 Rat died 2 Rats died
influence on the utilization of vitamin A from S F D M . Further evidence that fat does not influence utilization of vitamin 4 from NFDM is apparent from lots 7 and 8, wherein inclusion of 5% cottonseed oil did not increase liver vitamin .A storage from vitamin A in oil or vitamin A desoxycholate over that secured without additional fat (lot 6). Therefore, vitamin A utilization from NFDM is unrelated to added fat content and appears, like vitamin D (d-6). to be absorbed in association with milk proteins. If fat is needed for effective utilization of vitamin .4 in NFDM b>- the rat! the 1.27, fat in S F D M is adequate. Absorption of vitamin A from the X F D M ration is superior to absorption from the stock diet containing 5% fat.
Av. Daily Gain, Grams
2 3
4 5
’ Dcsovccholic acid
1.U. Vit. A per liver
115.2 0 52 7 17 3 15’ 4 30 1
154 -, 135 1 1-6 1
I.U. Vit. A Increase per liver
265 0
i -265,
538 68 ’40 105 ”4 --0
273 -197) 475 (-160) 509 505
-92
527
I.U. Vif. A Stared per Day
.. ...
%
of Doily Dose Stored
... ..
5.4
13.2
9.3
23,2
10 0 9 9
25 0 24 8
10 3
25 8
\
55% Cottonseed oil added
(2) Ansbacher, S., Bender, R. C., Flanigan, G. E., Supplee, G. C.: J . Biol. Chem. 114, 95 (1936). 13) R . C.. Flanigan. G. E.. ~, Bender, Supplee,’G. C.. J . DoirYSci. 17, 483 (1934). (4) Bernhard, K., Ritzel. G., Steiner, K. U., Hela. Chim. Acta 37, 306 (1954). (5) Bird, 0. D.? Brown, R . A4., Emmett. A. D., Lemley, J. M.: J . *Vutr. 33, 53 (1947). (6) Birmingham, J., Bodansky, 0.. Cohlan, S.Q.: Lewis: J. hf.: J . Pediat. 31, 496 (1947). (7) Burns, M. J., Hauge: S. M., Quackenbush, F. W., Arch. Biochem. 30, 341 (1951). (8) Dodds, M . L., Pontzer, M. E., J . Am. Dietet. Assoc. 42, 128 (1963). (9) Flanigan, G. E., Hess, A. F., Kahlenberg. 0. J., Supplee, G. C., J . Biol. Chem. 91, 773 (1931). (10) Floody, Robert J., Knudson, A., 3’utrition 20, 31 7 (1940).
(11) Gottfried, S. P., Kramer, B.. Sobel. A . E.! .4m. J . Diseases Children 73, 543 (1947). (12) Greaves, E.D., Schmidt, C. L. .4., J . Biol. Chem. 105,X X X i (1934). (13) Henrotein, E., Kowalewski. K., \:an Feertruyden, J., Acta Gastro-mterol. Brlg. 14, 7 (1951). (14) .Vatl. Acad. Sci., 2Vatl. RPS.Council, Publ. 990 (1962). (15) “Official Methods of Analysis.” Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 9th ed., p. 652: Washington, D. C. (16) Polskin, L. J., Russell. \V. C., Taylor, M. W., Walker, H . .4.. J . Biol. Chem. 140, C I X (1941). (17) Scrimshaw, N. S.,J . Am Diptrt. Assoc. 42, 203 (1963). (18) Titus, H. W., “The Scientific Feeding of Chickens,“ 2nd ed., p. 258, Table 18, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, Ill., 1955. Received for review Nooember 27, 196.3. rppfpd Fpbruary 17, 1964.
.ic-
CATTLE A S FALLOUT MONITORS
CLIFTON BLINCOE Department of Agricultural Biochemistry and Soil Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nev.
Iodine-131 in Bovine Thyroid Glands from 1957 through 1961
V. R. BOHMAN Division of Animal Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nev.
E. 1. FOUNTAIN’ U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Las Vegas, Nev.
I
O D I N E - ~ ~ accumulation ~
by cattle thyroids has been studied under a variety of circumstances. Van Middlesworth (76, 77, 79, 20). Wolff (22). and Blincoe and Bohman (2) reported on Ii31 concentrations subsequent to nuclear weapons tests. Iodine-131 accumulation by the thyroid glands of domestic ruminants was also reported 1 Present address: U. S. Army Medical Service Veterinary School, Chicago. I11
414
AGRICULTURAL AND
after a nuclear reactor accident by \’an Middlesworth (78) and Robertson and Falconer (73). Because of the short half-life of (8.08 days), its presence indicates recent releases of fission products and is uncomplicated by older fallout. This paper reports on thyroid concentrations of cattle maintained in desert environments under a variety of fallout conditions. FOOD CHEMISTRY
Methods Two general categories of cattle were used for these studies: cattle maintained on desert range areas in Nevada. and cattle slaughtered by a packing plant in Reno, Nev. Figure 1 indicates the locations of the three test herds of range cattle used in this study. All animals were grade or purebred Herefords. Cattle a t the two southern locations (DV and NTS) sub-
The thyroid 1'3' concentrations in Nevada range cattle at three locations and in Reno slaughter cattle were studied from late 1957 to the resumption of nuclear weapons tests in September 1961. Local and distant nuclear weapons tests of low and high yield and reactor tests were detected. A constant, small (1 pc. per gram) concentration of to the was observed in bovine thyroid glands in the absence of reported releases of atmosphere. Range cattle are efficient monitors of the iodine131in the biosphere.
sisted on desert range alone except for occasional concentrate feedings during the Lvinter if the range was insufficient for rheir maintenance. The KC herd was on the range during the summer and was fed locally produced native grass hay during the \vinter. Considerable differences exist between the environments of the grazing areas. The KC location is representativle of the sagebrush-grass range of the northern great basin. The DV and N T S locations \Yere both salt desert shrub ranges typical of 3outhern great basin and southwestern Cnited States range conditions. The K C cattle \rere a t 5400 feet elevation (datum mean sea level), whereas the N T S and DV herds were a t about 3500 feet elevation. .4t all three locations the cattle ranged in and out of mountain areas depending on the condition of the range. availability of water. etc. The S'I'S and DV cattle werc approximately 300 miles south of the KC herd. The X I ' S herd grazed areas of the Nevada 'I'est Site of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission usually east of those areas used for nuclear research. The DV herd was approximately 30 miles east of the Nevada Test Site boundary. 24ir movement in this part of YTevada when atmosphrric nuclear wea.pons tests are
Table 1.
conducted is generally from southwest to northeast. Twice yearly, from the fall of 1957 through the spring of 1961. representative cattle Lvere slaughtered from the three herds. At each sampling period after the first fell, a calf. a yearling, a 2-year-old, a 3-year old: and a n older adult animal lvere sacrificed from each herd and their thyroid glands removed. The detailed slaughter program is given in Table I and the slaughter dates in Table 11. Concomitant ivith the fall 1960 and spring 1961 samplings of the NTS herd. three mature cows from near St. George, Utah, were also slaughtered. Table I11 lists the knoivn releases of II3l relative to these samplings. From 1959 through 1961. thyroid samples Jvere collected from cattle slaughtered in a Reno. Nev., packing plant. T h e only selection practiced was that glands \cere not taken from very young animals. The greater rate of iodine metabolism ( 7 ) and the different diet of calves would have negated comparison of such data with those from older animals. Individual histories were not available on most animals. It is estimated that at least 90y0 of the animals slaughtered spent the 60 days prior to slaughter within 100 miles of Reno and
Experiment Design-Sampling for Each Herd
Procedures Total
Period
Calves
Yearlings
2 Yr.
3 Yr.
Older Adulf
Period
Fall 1957 Spring 1958 Fall 1958 Spring 1959 Fall 1959 SprinE 1960 Fall 1-960 Spring 1961
Experiment Design-Slaughter N TS
11 1'27-12/12!57 ' 612-3158 11/21/58 4/24/59 11/12/59 4/29/60 11/8/60 5/23/61
I
.ELKS
I
Figure 1 . Locations of test herds of range cattle
within the rain shadow of rhr Sierra Nevada Mountain range. In all cases, the thyroid glands were removed immediately following slaughter of the animals. LVith the exception of the Reno packing plant samples. the thyroid glands were placed in plastic bags containing paraformaldehyde and were transported to Reno for radiation measurements. The glands removed in
Per Sample Period
Fall 1957" 2 2 1(2)* 11 Spring 1958 1 1 1' 1 10 Fall 1958 1 1 1 1 12 Spring. 1959 1 1 1 1 12 Fall 1959 1 1 1 1 1 15 Spring 1960 1 1 1 1 1 15 Fall 1960 1 1 1 1 1 15 Spring 1961 1 1 1 1 1 15 a XTS and DV herds only. Two adults slaughtered from DV herd only. Two-year-old from NTS herd only.
Table II.
I
Dotes
DV
KC
12/i-9/57 . Wiley, New York, 1962. (9) Jones, H. B., c‘.S.At. Energy Comm. UCRL-2689 (declassified 8/16/55). (10) Long, C., Ed., “Biochemists’ Handbook,” p. 743, Van Nostrand, New York, 1961. Brit. J . Radiol. 22, (11) Oddie. T. H.! ‘ 261 (1949). 112) Patterson. R. L., Jr.. Lockhart, ‘ L. B., Science’l32, 474(1960). (13) Robertson. H. A., Falconer, I. R., IVature 184, 1699 (1959). (14) Schreiber. R. E., iVucleonics 19, No. 4: 77 (1961). (15) Underivood, E. J., “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition.” p. 270, Academic Press. New York, 1956. (16) \.an Middlesworth, L., .Vucieonics 12, No. 9. 56 (1954). 117) Van Middlesworth. L.. Science 123, 982 (1956). (18) \-an Rliddlesworth, L.. -Vaturt 181, 256 (1958). (19) \’an ?rliddles\vorth, L., c’. S. ,4t. Energy Comm. TID-7578, 1959. (20) Van Middlesworth, L., Recent Progr. Hormone RPS.10, 405 (1960). (21) IVeather Bureau, C . S. Dept. of Commerce, “Climatological DataNevada.” Vol. 73, 1958. (22) \l‘olff. A. H., Public Health Rept. U S . 7 2 , 1121 (1957). (23) Youden, W.M., “Statistical Methods for Chemists.” \%ley, New York, 1951. Received f a r review September 73, 1963. Accepted .4pril 75, 7964. ,Ver?ada Agricultural Experiment Station: Journal Serips Number 1.
1 2 : NO. 5 , S E P T . - O C T .
1964
419
