6
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Vol. 13, No.
I
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE OF FRANCE’ ~~
I
By 0.P.Hopkins IS24 BELMONT ROAD,WASHINGTON, D. C
One result of the war has been the growth of a keen desire on the part of French manufacturers t o achieve independence of t h e German chemical industry. Along certain limited lines t h e French had made good progress before hostilities began, but probably in no country was German dominance in the markets for chemicals so pronounced as i t was in France, and i t is common knowledge t h a t in no other country to-day is t h e desire t o be free of German dominance in any line so freely expressed as i t is there. The war struck directly at t h e French chemical industry, as many of t h e factories were in t h e Nord and Nord-Est districts. The effect of t h e loss of these factories on t h e chemical industry can be judged from t h e following figures for t h e whoIe country: Number of Chemical Number of Establishments Workmen 78,892 Before the w a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,583 End of August 1914.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 35,470 End of August 1 9 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,410 93,667
I n brief, the number of factories and workmen engaged in manufacturing chemicals was reduced by half as a result of t h e German invasion, but within three years the number of workmen SO engaged was about 19 per cent greater t h a n normal. The chief effort, of course, was directed t o organizing chemical plants for t h e production of munitions and medicinal supplies for the army, and t o direct this effort there was organized t h e “Office des produits chimiques e t pharmaceutiques,” under Professor Bethal, t h e success of which has been demonstrated by actual results. The obstacles faced by t h e French a t t h e outset can be appreciated if we consider what our own plight would have been if half our chemical industries had been taken from us within a week or so of our entrance into t h e war. As in other countries, there is now a desire t o utilize t o t h e full in peace times t h e productive capacity created during t h e war, but, as in other countries, there is a growing realization t h a t similar development along exactly similar lines occurred in other countries, and t h a t much of t h e capacity so recently developed will have t o be adapted t o other products or allowed t o stand idle. It is understood t h a t this condition points t o spirited competition from t h e greatest industrial nations, including England, t h e United States, and Germany, and t h a t t h e way t o chemical independence will be a difficult and trying one. The chief development during t h e war occurred in t h e production of heavy chemicals, statistics of which are shown in t h e following table: 1 Facts and figures in this article are based upon publications of the French government, upon the semi-official “French Year Book,“ upon the German “Glbckauf,” and upon published material issued by the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
Sulfuric acid, 58’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,160,000 Sulfuric acid, 66’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,000 Oleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 20,000 Nitric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium salts, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 .OOO ‘300 Liquid chlorine, . . . . . . . . ..... Bromine. . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium carbide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 000 Cyanamide. . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 7:500 75,000 Ammonium salts, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrate of l i m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural phosphates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700,000 Superphosphates, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,965,000 Phosphorus. ........................ 300
2 500 000 1 :200:000
v
300,000 360,000 800.000 9O;OOO 500 200,000 300,000 200,000 250,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 3,600
The foregoing figures do not cover the newly acquired capacity for producing potash, which is discussed in t h e section devoted t o Alsace-Lorraine. The increased capacity for producing nitrogen products, so noticeable in these statistics, is referred t o under t h e heading “Fertilizers,” and further comment will be found under t h e heading “Heavy Chemicals.’’ Before t h e war France exported something like $30,000,000 worbh of chemicals, b u t t h e export trade has been slow in recovering. On t h e other hand, t h e import trade was brisk for a considerable period after t h e war, as stocks of certain essentials needed replenishing. During t h e last year French exports in general have increased, and i t is presumed t h a t chemicals have benefited along with other lines. NE A L s A cE - L o R R By t h e return of Alsace-Lorraine, France has come into possession of a district rich in agriculture, mineral resources, and manufacturing industries. Of these t h e most important in t h e building u p of a greater chemical industry are t h e minerals, t h e production of which under German control in 1913 was as follows (according t o t h e “Glucltauf”): Number of Establish- Production MINEKALS ments Metric Tons Iron ore.. . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 21 135 554 4 3:795 ’932 Coal ............................... 8 76:672 Table s a l t . . ........................ 355,341 Potash salts (crude), ................ 17 Petroleum.. ...................... 6 49 584 Asphaltum (crude). ................. 1 6:354
The acquisition of t h e iron-ore resources of Lorraine will make i t possible for France t o produce 40,000,000 tons of ore annually, and place her a good second after t h e United States in this respect. Before t h e war she was third, between Germany and England. The loss of these deposits is a very serious matter for Germany, as she formerly depended upon them for three-fourths of t h e ore she needed. The manufacture of iron and steel in t h e Lorraine district is very highly developed. I n 1913 France consumed 63,000,000 tons of coal, of which 23,000,000 tons were imported. T h e bulk of t h e domestic supply came from mines in t h e Nord and Pas-de-Calais regions which were destroyed or damaged during t h e war. T h e production of t h e Lorraine mines was approximately 4,000,000 tons under German control, and t h e production of t h e mines in t h a t portion
Jan.,
1921
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
of t h e Saare basin t o be held by France until t h e plebiscite 1 5 years hence was 12,000,000tons. The acquisition of this total of 16,000,000tons will not make France independent of other coal-producing countries, especially not until t h e Nord and Pas-deCalais mines have been repaired, b u t French engineers believe t h a t t h e annexed fields can be developed t o a point t h a t will insure eventual independence. The future will depend upon French initiative and organization. The potash resources of t h e annexed territory are estimated a t from one and a half t o two billion tons of raw salt (say, 300,000 tons of KzO), and it is considered possible t h a t within a few years t h e annual production will amount t o 4,000,000 tons. The present output is far from t h a t , although it is nearly four times what i t was under German control. For the last eight years t h e amount of crude salts mined has been as follows: Ysar 1913
Metric Tons 355,341 1914 325 886 1915 114 358 1916 204,474 1917 320,131 1918 333,499 1919 592 000 1920 1,200 0001 Average d.iily production for August multiplied by 300
Alsatian potash production before the war was admittedly low, and t h e explanation generally offered is t h a t t h e mines were all new and t h a t t h e output was limited by t h e Kali-Syndicat t o prevent overproduction. During t h e war, production fell off for a number of reasons. One mine was bombed, and others suffered from neglect and flooding. I t is said t h a t some of t h e mines farthest from t h e front were badly opera.ted in a n effort t o speed up production. Not all t h e damage done during t h e war has been repaired, b u t i t is evident t h a t t h e mines in operation are producing more effectively t h a n they did under German control. For t h e present they can be divided into two groups, those under control of t h e Sequestration Office and those independent of t h a t official organization. There is considerable agitation for removing all t h e mines from such control. Daily production of all mines i n August was 4000 tons of crude salts, while t h e capacity was p u t a t 8500 tons (7000 tons for t h e mines under sequestration and 1500 tons for the others). It is calculated t h a t with all t h e mines in operation t h e production four years hence should reach 14,000 tons a day. Perhaps a third of t h e present production is going t o t h e United States. H E A V Y CHEMICALS
France has been able t o supply its own needs for many of the heavy chemicals, as t h e table of imports will prove. Before t h e war sulfuric acid was produced t o t h e extent of more t h a n I,OOO,OOO tons, nitric acid t o t h e extent of about 20,000 tons, and hydrochloric acid t o t h e extent of some 130,000 tons. Comparatively small quantities were imported and exported. The war about doubled t h e capacity for producing sulfuric acid, and t h e output of nitric and hydrochloric acids was also greatly stimulated, so t h a t after t h e armistice there was an excess for export
7
with but few buyers, as a number of other countries were in the same predicament. Soda products were also manufactured t o a sufficient extent t o meet domestic demands before t h e war, with a surplus for export, and doubtless t h e same will be true as t o potash products as soon as t h e chemical industry has grown up t o t h e possibilities of t h e newly acquired Alsatian resources. FERTILIZERS
The war has opened t h e way t o complete independence for French agriculture so far as foreign fertilizers are concerned. The need of nitric acid in t h e manufacture of munitions led t o a great development of t h e nitrogen industry, just as i t did in many other countries, and efforts are now being concentrated on keeping these new plants in operation on such products as cyanamide and calcium nitrate. Cyanamide is now manufactured t o t h e extent of more t h a n I O O , O O O tons annually, as contrasted with 7500 tons before the war, and French authorities have high hopes of getting along without t h e 300,000 tons of sodium nitrate formerly brought from Chile, although they appreciate t h e fact t h a t other countries have ambitions along t h e same line, especially Germany with its Haber process. The acquisition of Alsace-Lorraine assures independence of t h e Kali-Syndicat, and some export business in addition. The production of superphosphates now amounts t o nearly 2,000,000 tons a year, which is sufficient t o meet t h e domestic demand. This industry operates on phosphates from Morocco and Algeria. COAL-TAR DYES
France is one of t h e half-dozen countries (i. e., France, England, Switzerland, Italy, Japan, and t h e United States) avowedly seeking t o establish dyestuff industries t h a t will make them independent of t h e German manufacturers who formerly dominated t h e world markets. I n some respects t h e obstacles she has t o overcome are more serious t h a n those confronting t h e United States and England. The home market is not extensive (imports of German dyes did not exceed $3,000,000 before t h e war), and i t requires less in t h e way of staples and much more in t h e way of specialties, since t h e product of t h e silk, wool, and cotton industries consists largely of t h e most highly finished fabrics. And the fact t h a t so many other countries are in t h e dye-making business will make i t difficult t o find markets abroad for French dyes. On t h e other hand, t h e value of a dye industry t o t h e national defense is more generally recognized and conceded t h a n in some other countries, notably t h e United States, a n d t h e government has already armed itself with t h e power t o regulate t h e importation of German dyes. (See t h e section headed “Government Assistance.”) Authoritative figures on t h e present production of artificial dyes are apparently not t o be had and no attempt will be made in this artiole t o estimate t h e output, b u t it is certain t h a t no success comparable t o t h a t of t h e American industry has been attained
’
8
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
up t o this time; in fact, American dyes and dyestuffs have been marketed in France in fairly large quantities. P E R F U M E R Y A N D COSMETICS
Among the highly finished luxury goods for which France is famous are included perfumery and cosmetics, by which are meant perfumes, essential oils, scented soaps, grease paints, beauty creams, etc. The production of these articles totaled in value some $30,000,000 before the war, and they were exported t o all corners of the earth. This was an industry naturally hit very hard by the war, but just as naturally i t made a very quick recovery as soon as the armistice was signed and the period of luxury-buying set in. I t is the only important French chemical industry t h a t fared better in t h e export trade in 1919 than in 1913.
For some time before the war the French manufacturers of natural perfumes were somewhat worried by the competition from German artificial scents, but t h e French themselves are now manufacturing these synthetic perfumes on a n increasing scale, coincident with the production of artificial dyes, and i t seems logical t o assume t h a t the long-established supremacy in the natural products will assure the success of t h e new industry. Not only have the new artificial scents been favorably received, b u t considerable success has been attained in blending the natural and artificial products. OILS APiD S O A P
Marseille was a commanding figure in the vegetableoil and soap business before the war, the product of its crushers amounting t o some 1000 tons a day, while the output of soap reached a very high figure. Oil-bearing materials were brought t o this port from points in the Mediterranean and especially from t h e Indian Ocean and the Far East by way of the Suez Canal, and considerable quantities of more or less cr2de oils were brought in for refining. The total value of the products of the oil industries was $86,000,000, of which Marseille was credited with $70,000,000, Nice with $IO,OOO,OOO, and Bordeaux with less t h a n $3,000,000. The war interfered greatly with t h e importation of oil-bearing materials, and a fat famine lasted until long after the armistice. Even in 1919 the imports of oil-bearing materials were less t h a n half what they were in 1913. Peanuts, the principal raw material crushed a t Marseille, were imported t o the extent of nearly joo,ooo tons in 1913, but in 1919 the total quantity was only 225,000 tons. The falling off in receipts of linseed and copra, t h e next most important materials, is equally striking. Imports of oils in 1919 were much greater t h a n in 1913, whereas t h e exports dropped from about 58,000 tons t o less t h a n 8,000. Eventually Marseille will recover much of its former business, but the development of t h e oil industries in England and t h e United States, t o say nothing of the tendency t o crush near the source of supply of t h e raw materials, are factors t h a t are receiving serious consideration in France. The production of common soap was affected by the
Vol. 13, No. I
scarcity of fats during the war and is slow to return t o normal. Exports, which totaled nearly 78,000,000 Ibs. in 1913, were 43 per cent below t h a t figure in 1919. I n striking contrast t o the decline in sales of common soap is t h e increase in exports of scented soap from a little over 3,000,000 lbs. in 1913 t o nearly 7,000,000 lbs. in 1919. GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE
Protection b y t h e government is a most important factor in t h e development of a self-contained and independent chemical industry in any country, or of any branch of the chemical industry, and t h e chances of ultimate success in the numerous countries t h a t have announced their intention of going their own way since the war started can be appraised with some measure of accuracy by a study of the steps taken t o restrain outside competition, especially German, until the home industry can establish itself on a sound basis. I n France, as in t h e United States, England, Italy, and Japan, there have been more or less wholehearted and intelligent efforts t o foster a number of chemical industries (coal-tar dyestuffs and medicinals in particular) in t h e hope of ending the former German monopoly, and the French government has t o date placed its reliance on high tariffs plus control of German imports. There was a tariff on intermediates and finished dyestuffs before the war, but it was unscientific in t h a t the d u t y on the finished dyes was much higher t h a n t h a t on t h e intermediates and was the same for an intermediate t h a t required little finishing as for one t h a t required a great deal of manufacturing t o finish. The result was t h a t the Germans established finishing plants in France and defeated both t h e revenue and protective objects of t h e tariff. T h e new tariff is frankly protective and t h e rates are not only higher b u t so adjusted t h a t intermediates requiring little labor t o finish are only slightly lower t h a n t h e finished dyes, t h u s making i t unlikely t h a t foreign manufacturers will be tempted t o establish mere “assembling” plants in France. As against Swiss, British, and American competition t h e tariff is a t present t h e only protection afforded t h e French dye-maker, and there is a disposition t o complain of t h e extent t o which non-German foreign dyes have entered t h e market, Against dyes of German origin there is a licensing provision in addition t o the tariff, although the reparation allotments come in free of duty. The decree upon which the French licensing program is based may be continued indefinitely, differing in t h a t respect from our own war-time power t o license imports. I n brief, the French dye-maker is apparently assured of adequate protection against t h e German dye industry, and thus better prepared for eventualities t h a n our own manufacturers. T H E M A R K E T FOR IMPORTED CHENICALS
A study of the following compilation from official French statistics shows how t h ? war has affected t h e French market for foreign chemicals, and incidentally reveals the fact t h a t t h e United States did not figure prominently in t h e pre-war trade. Statistics are n o t available t o show t h e origin of 1919 imports.
Jan.,
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L . AIVD E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
1921
IMPORTS OF
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS: Acetate of copper, crude..
ALLIED PRODUCTS 1913 1916 Pounds Pounds
AND
.....
Acetone. ..................... Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boric. ..................... Carbonic, liquid, . , , . . , , . Citric, crystallized. , . . , . . , , , . Citric? liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formic .................... Gallic, crystallized, . . , , , . , . , , Hydrochloric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrofluoric. . . . . . .... H ydrofluosilicic . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactic, ..................... Witric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oleic, of animal origin Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . Spain.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphoric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stearic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . , . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric. . . . . . . Belgium. ... Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Tannic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Tartaric. ...... Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. . ............ -&lcohol, a m ............ .Alum, ammonia or potash. , , . , . Aluminium: Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrate. .... Oxide, anhyd Sulfate, Ammonia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ammoniuml: Sulfate refined.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Unithd Kingdom,. . . . . . . . . Salts, other, crude. Salts other refined Girman;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. , , . . , . . , Antimony oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenic sulfide Ashes, vegetab Ashes, beet-root. . . . . . . . . . . Barium dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromides. .................... Bromine, liquid. Germany United St Calcium : Borate..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloride. Sulfide and b ,Chemicals n e. s.: With aldoholic base: Taxed by weight., Taxed by value.. . . . . . . . . . Other: Taxed by weight Taxed by value. ChIorine, liquefied. ............ Chloroform. .................. United Kingdom.. .......... United States
440 452,160 354,940
;
4 , 4 4 i iio 2,709,040 845,910 107,810 s.. 5 1 0,
653,670 147,490 268,740 63,270 250,440 141,320 14,550 6,399,800 34.390 4; 850 561,520 1,822,560 5,851,730 4,786,450
.....
1,8?8:340 1 ,303,590 447,760
.....
...
........
.
.. ..
...................... ............... . ..............
Italy. Cobalt: Oxide. p u r e . . Zaffer, siliceous oxide, vitrified oxides, smalt, and azure.. Salts, a. e . s . . Cocaine, crude. ............... Germany. .................. Copper: Oxide. Sulfate.. Belgium. , United Kingdom.. United States.. Ether acetic and sulfuric.. ..... :Eluorides. .-. 3 See also Fertilizers.
..................... ................... ................ ........ ........... ............ ......
171,960 788,810
.....
420,640
3,090 767,870
..... .....
..... ..... .....
~
..... .....
.....
195,550 403,220 336,430
160,060 87,520 3 ,776,520
87,080 500,670
... ..... 731.,710 ..... .....
..... 118,170 .....
178,790 18,960 95,680 4,594,210
...
.....
115,080 5,867,600
.... ...
....
;
2,926 640
.....
...... .._ .
$245 i496
.....
.....
330,030
.....
150,130 2,626,810
880 7,500 220 183,420 303,350
6,830 12,130 2,430 6,090,270 2,047,430
479,500 8,928,060 457,020 8,878,450 118,830 37,071,170 1,896,190 53,247,580 229,060 934,540 30.368 230 513,680 1,661,180 203,050 246,250 ..... 67,240 130,950 236,770 2,200 9,480 536,820 660 616,850 333,560 436,290 7 929,950 218,700 412,700 156,530 20,720 1,980 169,750 169,750 1,980
2,973,590
;
~
.....
14,332: %O 4,853.480
..... .....
4ij:hiO
.... .....
106,040
:
262'350 809 540 17,640 222,890
.....
6,291,710 8,157,680 24,910 50,050
35,594: 560 6,250,320 12,790
132,060 $55,071
26,230 $295,498
36,160 $3 12,853
198,420 $3,200,490 7,425,830 77,600 72,750 4,850 1,9?8:630 2,113,130 1,974,880 2,080,500
558 870 $5,887:272 164,910 46,740
30 860 $2,4381390 572,320 440 440
1, O ! i i ; 9 ~ 0
.....
5,730
440
25,570
245,150 2,650 2,430 2,430
57,540 4,190 3,970
660 3,090 3,970
24,470 40,630,300
76,500 38,811,090
.....
47,840 168.880
.....
.............
.....
..
39,6661450 908,300 44,970
....
..... .....
116,180 3,530
.....
.....
.....
Iron:
.....
.....
....
504,200
125,660 2,661,420 1,276,920 ..... 1,214,750 302,470 2,114,010 13,890 1,619,960 3,750 21,827,300 139.634.170 14,559,100 6,894,070 . . . . . 63,75? : h i 0 6 697 200 $1001736 sii4:984 $105,139 $26;896 671,970 i,ioS;iso 624,350 ..... 373,460 653,890 32.630 3,530 1,855,190 246;920 3,530 728,410 5,730 337,970 614,650
.....
.....
~
CHEXICALS AND ALLIEDP R O D U C T S (Conlinucd) 1913 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Pounds CHEMICALS ( C o n f i n u e d ): Formaldehyde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 ,400 1,406,990 755,750 Germany. .................. 680,780 United States.. . . . . . 1,089;960 ..... Formates. .................... 3,090 880 Glycerol. ..................... 1,045,870 108,250 1,3031 i i a Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.950 252,210 31,970 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,740 Iodides and iodoform. . . . . . . . . . 2,650 220 44 0 Iodine, crude or refined. . . . . . . . 139,330 50,050 74,520 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 46,740 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,050 I M P O R T S OF
1919 Pounds
660 393,750
~
9
Lactate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate of iron and copper.. . . Lactates, n. e. s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactarine (casein). . . . . . . . . . . . . beaa: Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salts n. e. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magneiia, calcined. . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium: Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . , . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate.. Germany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British I n d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mercuric sulfide: I n lumps natural or artificial. Pulverizid (vermilion). . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Methanol. Canada. Germany. United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milk sugar (lactose). . . . Nicotine salts. Germany. United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphorus : Red. ....... White. . . . . . . . ....... Potassium :I Acetate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate and crude potash., Belgium. ................. Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromate and sodiu Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . Nitrate. Oxalate, ..... Permanganate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. ................ Switzerland, Prussiate. .... Sulfite, bisulfite., .... Pyrolignites of: Calcium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron ....................... Lead. ...................... Quinine, sulfate, and other salts. Silver salts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium: Acetate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bicarbonate ....... Carbonate : Crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refined. ................. Chlorates of sodium, barium, etc. Hydroxide (caustic soda), .., . United Kingdom.. United States. Hyposulfite. Silicate of sodium and potassium. Sulfate. Sulfite, bisulfite. Tetraborate (borax) : Crude. ................... Chile. United States.. Refined or semi-refined.. Salts, n. e. 9 . . Tartrates : Cream of tartar. Crude tartar. Crystals of t a r t a r . . 1 See also Fertilizers.
....
.... .........
........
......... ..................
........
...
...................
.......
.............. .......
.....................
........ ............ ................
.................... ....................
............ ................. .........
... .............. ............ ............... ..........
.....
1,320 6,685,670 3,232,600
220 675,270
13,230 28,880 55,340
440 12,350
880 1,363,120 561,520 2,200 1,100 29,320
6,827,350
10,325,130
1,330:050 108,250 1,204,830
38,360 6,568,230
724,000 261,690
506,400 248,900
3,208,830 324,960 1,895,750 1,676,170
4,035,340
8,463,240 5,712,340 1 ,296,080
.....
98,990 1,765,230 505,740 1 , 113,540 324,080 76,500 1,330,480 753,750 294,320 6,149,960 6,092,640 s7,810,020 ,iio:Soo
.....
51,590 37,700 5,ooi:Joo 1,715,630 2,026,710 306,000 33,290 46,960 22,490 12,130
..... .....
440 19,840 16,256,220 7,720 1,328,720 11,105,900 2,750,240
.....
..... .....
..... .....
.....
.....
..... .....
.....
.....
1 ,zi3:3io
.....
133,160 1,639,350
2,458 ; 3 j O
1 , o o j ; 350
.....
.....
1,760 13,230
15,870
.....
4,630 3,752,270
.....
2 , sjo ; S i 0 355,380 3,300
.....
..... .....
1
..... ,siO: i i o ..... ..... .....
288,810 440
..... ..... .
.
I
. I
40,780
323,860
1 5 , 4 5 j :i90 7 16,500
5,070 1,800,960
.....
6,610
.....
.....
.....
.....
8,197,000
8,056,790
6 , 7 4 ji o i o 6,605,050 11,900 143,080
6,149:5?0 32,630 63,050
81,570 37,480 30,640
41,670 50,040
1,740,330 12,350
892,870 220
2.420
68.780
486,780 18,740 338,190
12,120 23,150 5,825,930
18,300 345,020 2,144,660
2,474,250 135,800
79,590 87,740
3,839,570 12,143,940
11,020 47,377,780 1,177,930 30,084,050 1,060,640 1,123,700 . . . . . 28,961,240 131,400 97,000
2,908,120 3,397,760
505,740 212,520 1,032,640
168,210 2,870 328,270
397,270 1,104,960 1,686,540
29,862,200 16,526,130
14,297.860 81 1465 102 :530 970
8,779,030
195,990 12,140
46,960 670,420
2,zOi;iio 10,169,040
3,122,850 30,860
96,340 1,954,840 44,750
37,040 603,630 14.990
6,438,980 3,581,370 2,421,310 157,410 108,470 506,840 459,220 11.900 45,420 288,140 395,510 15,650 22,710 880
.....
.....
..... ....
.....
.....
1,100
.....
251.100
.....
368:
i5o
.....
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
IO
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued) 1913 ~. 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Pounds CHEMICALS (Concluded): Tartrates (Concluded) : Wine lees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,578,850 11,062,350 9,000,370 Other, ..................... 71,210 145,730 6,390 Thorium and cerium salts, . , , 3.530 440 .... Tin: Chlorides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,030,450 1,760,610 297,620 1,853,850 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 171,740 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . i , 7 5 i ;i90 Oxide, ..................... 103,620 17,860 2:S;5;0 Uranium oxide., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,290 8,820 4,190 9,040 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... 91,490 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 1,100 4,190 ..... Zinc: Oxi'de. ..................... 12,888,760 6,420,960 14,955,940 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,146,190 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,515,460 2,060:iiO United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . 3,864,670 1,662,730 ..... 141,980 Sulfate. .................... 421,080 285,940 219,800 Sulfide. .................... 59,740 COAL-TARPRODUCTS: Products obtained directly by distillation of coal t a r . . 37,628,840 65,206,100 Belgium, Germanv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Spain., .................... ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . ..... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Products derived from products obtained by 'distillation of coal t a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,422,240 6,598,650 11,383,130 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,790,620 ..... 237,220 Switzerland. . . 862,670 ..... 150,350 United Kingdom.. . . . 1 ,388,030 ..... United States.. . . . . . . ..... ..... 4,335,390 Dyes derived from coal t a r : 771,170 Alizarin, artificial 71,650 .... Germany. . . . . . . . i62,570 8,600 United Kingdom. . . . . 660 8 , 2 i 5 1300 2 1 ,389 250 Picric acid. .. 660 ..... United State 7,988: 230 3,843 :ZSo 1,078,280 5,453;570 3,263,250 ..... 410,280 Switzerland. 802,920 87,080 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . 170,200 44,530 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . DYEINGAND TANNING MATERIALS: Extracts of woods, barks, nuts, and berries used for dyeing: Black or violet extracts.. . . . . 27 1,390 533,960 5,409,040 British America. . . . . . . . . . . ..... 349,210 ..... United S ....... 169,320 173,720 ..... Garancine. ....... 220 2,200 440 United S ....... ..... 2,200 ..... Indigo, natura .............. 88,180 336,200 144,620 British I n d i a . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 76,280 9,920 144,620 Orchil, prepared: 15,430 1,760 Dried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 220 440 Moist, in paste.. ...... 74.080 48,060 1,487 :240 Red or yellow extracts.. . . . . . Extracts of woods, barks, nuts, and berries used for tanning: 2,190,730 3,140,480 Chestnut and other.. . . . . . . . . 867,740
.....
....
...................
.....
;
.
..... .....
.....
754,420
774,040 601,200 l!,!O!.S!O
Quebrachp . . . . . . .
19
65,106; OiO
.....
.....
.....
430,120 71,870 390,220 ..... 6,610 20,280 15,210 13,654,550 139,550 12,668,860 Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons FERTILIZERS : 19,121 Ammonium sulfate, crude. 20,696 20,709 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,110 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,237 ..... United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 8,123 19,121 ..... Calcium nitrate and cyanamide. 10.010 7,986 6,389 1 Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,378 Sweden .................... 232 ..... ..... Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 7,985 ..... 223,217 7,100 Fertilizers, chemical, n. e. s . . . . . 5,055 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,860 ..... ..... ..... Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,107 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 31,709 4,395 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Potash: Muriate (chloride). 46,138 357 1,048 43,704 Germanv. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... 304 Italy. ............. 14.520 28 Sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 Germanv . . . . . . . . . . 13;088 ..... Tunis.. y . . . . . . 27 ..... 828 Slag, basic. . . . . . . . 1,498 ' ' 540 700 Sodium nitrate. .... ........... 322,115 156,169 322,014 Chile. . . . . . . . . . ............ 540:694 118,255 100,822 Superphosphate.. , . ........... 4,122 12,956 83,983 Belgptm ......... Tunis. 3,100 United Kingdom. 1 6,130 MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS: Distilled waters: Gallons Gallons Gallons Alcoholic. 132 53 264 1 Included under "Fertilizers, chemical, n. e. s.," in 1913. Spain.. .................... Fireworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gunpowder. ............. United States.. . . . . . . . .
.....
... ...
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
........... ...........
........... ..................... ........... ..................
..... .....
MEDICINAL PREPNS.(Concluded) : Distilled waters (Concluded) : Nonalcoholic. Other, taxed by weight.. ....... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other taxed by value..
...............
OILS, FI'XED
VEGETABLE:
........
.........
1913 Pounds
1916 Pounds
52,030 152,780 76,940 21 380 $8:472
27,120 341,060 61,950 80,690 $18,690
$36;091
2,557,140
13,687,620
:
Castor and pulghere.. 459 660 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 780 United Kingdom.. 430,120 United States., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coconut, touloucouna, illipe, palm n u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,821,120 Belgium. 968 710 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 922'260 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 1:726:220 Colza. 59,520 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Unlted Kingdom.. 28,880 Corn: For manufacture of soap. . . , 93,260 Other,. 19,180 Cottonseed: For manufacture of soap or edible fats.. . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . United States. . . . . . . .
..........
.....
..
.....
2,26i:iio 123,460
.....
.....
3,123,730
...................
;
....................... ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
........................
Rose geranium and ylang-ylang. Algeria. .................... RCunion Other. British I n d i a . . Germany. Indo-China Italy. United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . PAINTS. PIGMENTS,VARNISHES: Blacks: For engraving. .............. Ivory.. Lampblac United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral, in lumps.. . . . . . . . . . Mineral, ground Blue, Prussian, Carmines : Common. Fine. Colors: Ground in oil I n paste.. Other. Green mountain, Brunswick, and' other greens resulting from a mixture of chromate of lead and Prussian blue.. Green, Schweinfurth, mitis green mountain blue and green ashe;
.................... ....................... .............. .................. ................. ......................
..
... .... ........ ... .....................
.....
.....
.....
:
..... .....
3,530
1 21,606,300
68,140;470 51,073,170 52,273,140
.....
..... .....
15,430
4,209,160 1,076,080 2,192,940 2,521,427 1,538,830 363,100 8.160
11,020 73,410
302,910 45,190
401,460 14,550 145,280
939,390 800,940 117,250
1,722,250 6,751 268,080 $80
23 1 22
3,375
206 523 105'919 94:351 1,462 320 148: 150
52,651
39,240
..... .....
.....
..
.....
5,017,060 3,049 i i o
.....
For manufacture of soap. . . . . Other. ..................... Other oils. OILS, VOLATILE. Rose.
.....
5,850,560
28,440
.....
21,484,050
3,453;;biJ 4,535,790
Palm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China, .....................
Other..
..... .... .....
106,920. 440
.............. ..............
.........
.....
88,400 41,450
..........
Rape. Sesame:
142,860 127,650
3 , 5 0 9 ; 760
Linseed. .......... China. United Kingdom. Mustard .....................
............
1919 Pounds
2 , s S i iio 6,166,990 1,757,300 2,933,030
.
3,750 2,147 337
.....4 7
.....
179,776 61,488 92,987 1,308 119 :930 880
5,950 11,240 2,411,630 1,589,750 219,800 840,400 222,890 660 880
4,485,300
.....
3,144 ;230
..... .....
4.630
9;260 ~
.....
.....
2 , 4 i. 8. :.9. i.o
.....
154,980 269,400 184,300 88,630
185,630 258,600 223,770
.
.....
53, I30 115,080 2,698,680
.....
35,490 276,680 243,170
.....
220 660
9,700 1,858,500 1,574,980 660 190,700
.....
216,050 25,790 $173,683
1,372,380
208,780
35,490
37,260
1,980 10,868,130
16,310,900 15,210
$8;
;0;6
5,145,370 2,650 $280,622
.....
ili'
.....
E
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
~~
. .
Vol. 13, No.
3,581,410 10,140
.....
Varnishes : Spirit.. Turpentine, oil, or mixed.. Germany. United Kingdom.. United States.. Zinc yellow, or chromate of zinc.
.................... ... ................
........ ..........
237,660 69.890
.....
304,240 99,870
572,100
16,090 1,806,690
8,160 3,943,850
910 950 622: 800 21,600
2,200
.....
..... ..... .....
Jan.,
1921 IMPORTS OF
T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING-CHEMISTRY CHEMICALS
AND
PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS: Alcoholic, gal, . . . . . . . . . . . Nonalcoholic, lbs . . . . . . . . . Oils, fixed, scented, . . . . . . . Svnthetic uerfumes . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toilet soan: Transparent, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Other, scented.. . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS PRODWCTS: Albumin...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . Blacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Candles : Tallow.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wax and other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom., . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Dextrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gelatin, in powder, sheets, e t c . . Italy. ...................... Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glucose. , . . , , , . , . , . . , . , . , . , , United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glue ........................ Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . Inks, Drawing, in tablets. . . . . . . . . . Writing or printing.. . . . . . . . . Germany. ... United Kingd United States Isinglass. .................... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pap
ALLIED PRODUCTS (Cortcluded) 1913 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Pounds
-266,760 6,973
408 254,190 178,570 48,500
~.
.
69,890 46,740
..... i
3,044,580 2,880,340 65.040
..
819 169,310 99 108,030
2,140 157,410 86 459,440
..... .....
.....
68,560 40,570 37,700 2,830 826,290 760,590
169,760
.....
785,500
.....
220 3,632,340 874 130 2,693 :830 33,730 140,650 285,940 118,390 124,340
405,650 2,057,350
497,800 523,820
.....
23,150 386,690
..... 4 , l si ;400
1,222,020 199,520 1,195,570
..... .....
10,360
................. ........
Hydrofluoric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrotluosilicic . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactic. ....................
..
28,026:040
...........
i,sii;Sio ..... .....
690,270 135,360
.....
United States. . . . . . . .
...........
11,020 197,090
....
.... .....
255,740 Metrik‘Tohs 161,168
..... ..... ..... ..... .....
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden. . . . . . . Pulp, chemical., . Austria-Hungar Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland.. ... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alcohol, amyl. . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1um.o: ammonia or potash.. . .
.....
Pounds 2,104,970
.....
.....
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free zones.. .............. Salts, other, crude, . . . . . . . . . .
.....
54,230 36,474,600
.....
Metric’Tohs 568,867 Pounds 6,816,030
......................... ..........
.. 1,965,200 222,670
665,360 574,970
1,794,780 591,060
58,640 397,270 17,420 630,740
233,910 2,856 090 541:670 410,060
..... .....
357,150 243,610
63,930 44,970 245,370 734,140 220 2,052.720 22 490 3:090 6,610 2,274,070
69,890 234,790 45,640 745,600 56,440 1,320 14,990 1 ,078,720
The details of t h e falling off in French exports of chemicals in 1919 as compared with 1913 are shown in the following table, which is based upon official French statistics: EXPORTSOF CHEMICALSA N D A L L I ~ D PRODUCTS 1913 1916 Pounds Pounds
..........
...
CEEMICALS : Acetat; of copper: Cr211.de. Russia. .................. United States.. ........... Refined, powdered. Crystallized. ............... Acetate of lead.. ..............
.....................
..........
1,655,230 1,572,780 15,210 721,350 203,270 52,470
267,420 106,700
105,380
2,870 67,680 32,850
27,340 40,790 91,710
.....
.....
.....
1,155,220
.....
191 800 945: 120 3,530 7 1,430 501,770 344,360 16,530 128 970 7:280 3,272,100 24,690 1,813,300 246,920
.....
... .....
.....
..... .....
468,480
.....
7,270 17,420 379,200
..... ..... .....
8,668; 65,920 570 1,345,040
.....
250,440 115 300 337:710 10,800 289,460
22,710
488,540
192,460 329,810
274,920
i io
440 401 020 13 :728:620 813’060
2,200 1,496,060 13,309,750
13,1% :?io 541,900 104,940 154,320 100,970 278,220
4,3ji:090 1,732,170 1,461,660 495,600 2.037.5 10
547,850
892,650 26,245,370 628,100 197,750 6,830 916,460 39,680 25,016,290 472,890 286,820 171,520 95,460 2,788,180 509,710 849,220 ..... 103,400 92,810 1,477,100 332,900 27,120 249,780 6,170 226,860 11,240 306,220 440 3,497,630 160 940 1,364,880 36: 820 484,800 ..... 568,130 3,750 6,170 16,750 880 16,310
3 14,380
.....
.....
.....
..
3,26i :i40 1,325,420 329,150 464,070
.....
10,580
..... ..... ..... .....
..... .....
.....
.....
..... ..... .....
186,510
....
.....
74,520 255,080 516,760
.....
..... .....
13,230
..... .....
6,830 1,050,280 440
..... .....
50,490 113,980 31,750 4,156,150
.....
2,480:860
..... .....
........
..... .....
51,370
17.420
.
171,520
274,250
21 ,195,660 ,788,720
1s , i i S : i j i o
Belgium. ................. Germany. United Kingdom.. United States.. ........... Chlorine, liquefied. Chloroform. .......... Citrate of calcium..
Cohalt. - - - _. -.
1,749:590 464,5 10
.....
223:990 208,560 587,530 73,630 40,780 408,740 386,690
United Kingdom,. United States., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ashes, vegetable, and lye of. Ashes, beet root.. ............. Barium dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy.. ..................... United Bromides Bromine, Calcium: Borate, .................... 180,560 Carbide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,924,620 Algeria. . . . . . . . 10,626,930 Morocco. 1,316,600 Chloride. 25,043,380 6,942,130 7,105,270 2,400,390 United Kingdom.. 2,057,130 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfite and bisulfite.. . . . . . . . . 29.100 Chemicals, n. e. s.: With alcoholic base 153.880 United Kingdom.
................
1919 Pounds
.....
31 080 5 338’490 1’888‘920 1 :481:950 288,140 101,850 39.020 2,838,890 330 910 993 :400 21,160 161 820 9,146:530 305 560 2,677 376 I730 550
....
T H E E X P O R T TRADE
.....
57,540 4,850 440 3,921,360 41,010 3,310 13 010 4,701:570 4,289,970
16,498:
..... .....
146,908: $60
31,300 105,600 397,490 3,483,960
1,980
106,704
Paper, fancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom., . . . . . . . . United States ... Paper, other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . United States.. Resin oil.. . . . . . . . . Soap, common. . . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . United States., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sugar (expressed in terms of refined). ..........
12,350
.....
..
1919 Pounds
395,730 2,472,700 4,749,190 1,072,100 190,260 2,284,870 655,210
.....
176,590
.....
1916 Pounds
896,840 248,240 98,550
..... ..... 2,688 ;+io
7,396: i90 4,809,820 997,160
P
T a-r . . KuSSIa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turpentine, resins, rosin, pitch, resin lumps, and other resinous products. . . . . . . . . . . . Turpentine, spirits o f . . . . . . . . . .
.....................
.....
1,312,850 721,350 520,070 9,470
.....
1913 Pounds
CHEMICALS (Continued) : Acetone, Acids: Acetic. .................... Arsenious. Boric.. . Belgiu Spain. United Kingdom..
.....
724,000 287,260 339,510 42,110 100,090 35,940 24,910
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIED PRODUCTS (Calli inued)
1 , 5 z i; 6 i O
64 .37n
I1
........ ............ ...
Oxide, pure.. ............... Zaffer, siliceous oxide, vitrified oxides, smalt and azure., . . Salts, n. e. s . . .............. 1 See also Fertilizers
10,046,230 2,462,340 1,132,730 425,710 1,540 13,230 3,310
.....
1
72,970
.....
5 ,274,340 2 ,879,680 Ad0
.....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 4,190
13.4%
70,110
20,940
660
2,200
5,950 440
2.420 2.650
1,320 2,650
..
T H E J O C R J A L OF IlVDCSTRI\AL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
12
EXPORTSO F CHEMICALS
AND
CHEMICALS (Contitzued) : Cocaine, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper : Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . Ether, acetic and sulfuric . . . . . . . Fluorides Formaldehyde, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formates ... Glycerol. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. ......................
.....................
............
ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Conlznucd) 1913 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Pounds 220 57,980 10,305,500 6,981,800 1,141,770 182,540 12,790 47,840
:
16,7?8 040 728,400 668,660 3,129,910 8,313,180 52,470 8,600
.....
385,370 3,674,880 2,430
..........
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom United States.. . Lead: Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxide. ......... Salts, n. e. s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesia, calcined, . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium: Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mercuric sulfide: I n lumps, natural or artificial. Pulverized (vermilion) . . . . . . . . ~. Methanol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milk sugar (lactose) . . . . . . . . . . . Nicotine salts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphorus: R&d. . . . . . . . . Japan., ... Russia.. . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium:l ~~~
~
~
~~
~
.....
.....
16,760 9,347,600 5,437,040 2,673,550 47,400 27,340 64,150 97,660 8,273,070
113,980 23,590 61,950 12,570 3,714,790
1,399 : i j O 6,743,500 9 -480 20;720 9,260
31,300 4,190
220 1,032,640 1,310,650 220 1,100 7,376,450
1,105,620 3,812,890
.. .. .. .. ..
..... .....
1,980 220,680 631,620 9.480
6:iio 4,546,810
14,582 :2SO 6,721,670 2,263,040 3,917,170
3,42; 020 2,040,620
683,870 10,140 1,152,350 12,130 97,440
557,550 13,000 897,940 5,070 31,750
135,360 63,710 772,940 369,940 23,590
20,060 110,890 406,750
39,460 22,050 176,370
83,330 13,230 121,250
.....
:
.....
440
24 030 215:390 198,200
2,650 47,840 20,280 4,410
3,530 722,460 38,140 377,210
568,570 311,070
160,720 52,030 49,600 22,270 135,360
143,080
1,100
.....
67,240 162,040 8,380 35,050 7 ,984,100 4,196,720 3,021,650 2,037,510 622,140 128,310 24,690
..... ..... .....
105,380
880 21,160 233,250
440 7,720 Arsenate.. . . Carbonate an 765,440 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382,280 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 4,630 880 4,173,350 Chlorate.. 1 ,742,750 British I 283,960 Italy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,358,960 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromate of potassium and 24,470 sodium. . . . . . . . . . 350,310 1,043,010 1,561,090 Nitrate. .................... 39,460 101,850 7,720 5,730 Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 36,820 41,450 Permanganate 8,160 Prussiate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,207,250 44.5,330 242,290 186,730 Sulfite and bisulfite.. . . . . . . . . 29,760 17,420 Pyrolignites of: Calcium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695,120 132,940 855,390 588,630 53,350 42,550 Iron. ...................... 34,180 71,210 Lead. ...................... 36,380 Ouinine. sulfate and other 40,790 salts. ', ..................... 24,470 12,130 36,820 Salts of thorium, cerium, e t c . . . . 21,660 37,260 21,830 Silver salts, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,650 4,410 Sodium: 84,000 Acetate.. 421,080 284,840 29,760 Arsenate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,150 39,460 3,987,940 Bicarbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592,820 1,847.910 Carbonate (soda, natural or artificial) : Crude, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898,820 10,055,500 11,027,300 582,680 Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,100 ..... 37,040 4,054,740 Italy. Norway ......... 5,342,460 Refined not ning more than '38 per cent of pure carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 566 030 7 550 390 Refined, other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 :686 :450 127 701 200 Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,734,880 ..... 132,720 .....
..... .....
-
-
...
..................
41,3iO;880 etc.. Italy..
..................
...................
.....
1,787,950 44,588,700 284,840 1,801,180 506,180 54,230 29,622,850 4,609,200 14,977,100 ... 6,277,660 5,887,660 2.9j6;OiO 584,220 144,840 691,590 213,850
8,054,810
2,427.950 38,957,44(1
1,017,880 0,947,930
Belgium. ................. Netherlands. Switzerland. Tunis. H posullite SiEcates of sodium and potas653,230 sium. 53,302,700 Sulfate.. 23,658,460 Belgium. Brazil. Italy. 1 See also Fertilizers.
............. .............. ................... ................. .................... ........ ...... ................... .....................
.....
2,739 ;460 34,268,430
..... ;460
8,78i
..... sii;4io
.....
.....
.....
Vol. 13, No.
I
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALSAND ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Continued) 1913 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Pounds CHEMICALS(Concluded) : Sodium (Concluded): 234,130 Sulfite and bisulfite.. ...... 331,790 302,030 Tetraborate (borax) : 1,964,760 326,500 551,160 Crude, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9,378,460 Refined or semi-refined . . . . . 2,154,800 1,633,190 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,802,310 ..... 3,287,530 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . 855,390 1,033,080 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . 4,390,060 39,693; 780 Salts, n. e. s . . . . . . . . . . . Tartrates : ..... Cream of tartar. , , 1,874,370 4,500,960 1,311,090 Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . i,3is: iio 2,978,880 11.516.950 8 250 800 Crude t a r t a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:934:550 United Kingdom, . . . . . . . . . 6,263,110 United States.. . . . . . . ..... 660 Crystals of t a r t a r . . . . . . . 440 432,550 1,318.360 Wine lees., . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,250 449,740 Other.. ... Tin : Chlorides, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,150 48,940 342,600 182,540 100,970 ..... Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,630 4,850 17,860 Uranium oxide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc: 7,899,160 5,069,090 3,508,000 Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,150 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,180,790 380,520 322,310 1,336,440 2,183,020 ..... 689,820 1,207,250 ..... 17,860 49,380 67,680 4,630 4,410 .......... COAL-TAR P Products obtained directly by 5,247,490 1,449,980 distillation of coal t a r . . . . . . . 17,407,250 Products derived from products obtained by distillation of 3,703,100 663,810 678,580 coal t a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,120 ..... 579,150 Switzerland, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyes derived from 1,760 ..... ..... Alizarin, artificia 228,180 17,640 13,000 Picric acid. . . . . . 227.520 ..... 536:380 134,480 9 16,900 39,680 40,340 220 15,870 25,570 . . . . 580,040 DYEING AND T A N N I N G M.4TERIALS: Extracts of woods, barks, nuts, and berries used for dyeing: 994,280 Black or vi0 . . . . . . . . . . 8,833,700 2,224,020 324,740 893,310 China. . . . .. ..... 2,652,600 Germany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,420 714,960 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 1,158,090 65,260 ..... 90,610 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,410 440 1,100 55,120 408,740 71.210 64,370 30,200 164,020 Indigo pastil, indigo bluing. . Orchil, prepared: 11,460 1 4 8 , s10 .......... 28,000 49,160 142 640 25,350 ........... 1,769,2 4 644'260 10 5,279,850 ..... ........... . . . . . 1:349:450 1,692,930 566,370 . . . . . ........... 163,580 527,780 1,589.3 10 186,290 . . . . . 332,900 Extracts of woods, barks, nuts, and berries used for tanning: 29,200,440 35,761,620 Chestnut and other., ..... Belgium. Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793,440 ..... 26,012,780 ..... . . . . . 3,090 Nutgalls and sumac.. . . . . . . . 471,790 26,273,150 Quebracho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. . . . ..... United King 270,510 Algeria, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..... .....
~~
....
~
.....
~~
..........
.....
EXPLOSIVES:
366,190 Dynamite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,455,270 12,994,710 470,910 ..... 724,660 12,105,800 Algeria. ..... ..... Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,430 86,640 Fireworks .................... 4 322,310 23,142 800 Gunpowder.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , l 5'17:870 1,525,380 16,901,080 Algeria Italy.. 220,020 4,465,460 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . FERTILIZERS : Metric' YoAs Metric Tons Metric'+& 1,328 203 Ammonium sulfate, crude. . . . . . 1,036 5,511 11 Calcium nitrate and cyanamide. 839 3,078 135,194 Fertilizers, che 403,296 2,571 Algeria. 7,929 ..~.. 135,790 Belgium.. .................. ..... ..... Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 805 20 ..... Italy ....................... 22:982 ..... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 Potash: 17 3,000 127 Muriate (chloride). .......... 144 40 730 Sulfate. .................... 4,101 45,358 Slag, basic.. .................. (1) 11,792 538 5 268 Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) 12.363 6,209 145 :226 Superphosphate. .............. 526 ..... 9,692 Algeria. 176 ..... 30,212 Belgium.. 530 ..,.. 20,974 Italy. 1 550 ..... 11,815 Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:151 ..... 57,389 Spain, 1.538 5,524 Switzerland. 1 Included under "Fertilizers, chemical, n. e . s.," in 1913.
....
.....
I..
.....
.................... .................. ......................
.....................
................
.....
Jan.,
1921
T H E JO U R N A L 0 F I N D U S T RI A L A Y D E M G I N E E RIiVG C H E M I S T R Y EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Concluded)
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued) MEDICINALPREPARATIONS: Distilled waters: Alcoholic.. . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium, . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . .
.
1913 Gallons 97 798 14,028 52,783 Pounds 1,369,950 155,200 517,640 13,786,160 2,270,760 1,877,450 1,083,570 1,065,050 239,640 765,440 479,280 ~
1916 Gallons 33,154
.....
4,993 Pounds 1 ,110,690 181,000 311,290 9,708,270 1,471,800 1,235,250 1,653,250
1919 Gallons 40,472
.....
.....
Pounds 789,250
Nonalcoholic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TJnited States, . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ,645 860 Other compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,102,560 Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,659,880 Brazil.. .................... ..... Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... Mexico. , , , . . ..... Spain. ..................... 432,770 953,060 327,160 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 359,570 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OILS FIXED VEGETABLE: I , 162,060 1,148,730 Cdstor and pulghere. . . . . . . . . . . 7,177,370 ..... 158,730 Rumania.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 168,430 Russia. .................... ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 1 , o j i ;i9o Coconut, touloucouna, illipe, 925,500 11,436,700 21,643,440 palm n u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 740 350 2,676,190 4 :678: 210 3,819,290 o m . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 046 570 487,880 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 794 200 2,373,270 550,050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,041,290 1,251,790 ..... om. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 582,460 ..... 897 060 653,670 89,290 275,140 2,0351750 Cottonseed, . . . . . . . . . 2,321,250 6,043,970 5,783,380 Linseed, . . . . . . . . . . 640 000 1,514,360 Algeria. . . . . . . . . . 177,470 3,461:260 Switzerland. . , . . 352,740 Tunis, ..................... 445,550 220 Mustard. .................... Niger.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,040 5 ,388 : + i o 4,347:960 13 027 330 Olive.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 710 Belgium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 672 880 ..... 335 :760 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270,740 ..... 762,780 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 292 800 223,330 6,310,950 Palm, ....................... 2 :429 :490 2,790,170 763,680 1,040,140 420,200 87,300 414,910 1,869,740 United S t a t e s , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,399: $60 Peanut.. ..................... 53 4 i j ' 9 i o 25,860,880 ..... 7,603,960 Algeria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18'511'990 ..... 6 ' 799'940 150,800 ftaly.. ..................... ..... Switzerland, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'769 '920 9 265 370 ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 4 ' 356'770 1'531 '990 1 :977:110 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 :269 :7 10 Pcppyseed : 6,170 ............. 27 ,340 968,930 3,090 ............. 321,870 437,180 ..... 69,670 610,460 4 siS'i8o 12,019,380 ..... 1 :8261530 5,117,590 ..... 495,160 ..... 3,695,170 1,soi ; i i o ..... 49,600 255,080 34,610 18,080 729.730 Other o i l s , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,34$ ;oio 709,890 129,630 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906,100 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 135,140 247,140 103,840 83,110
.. .
;
.....
:
.....
: :
............
.............
3,627 985 1,389 474 14 284 2: 765 3,457 2,381 84 1,923,310 302 690 645 290 502,430
:
Blacks: For engraving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ivory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lampblack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beleium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wineral, in l u m p s . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral, ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . Blur, Prussian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan,.. . . . . . . . ...... Tunis. ..................... United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . Carmines: Common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine. ...................... British I n d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colors: Ground,in oil.. . . . Alge Belg United Kingd United States I n paste., . . . . . . Other.. . . . . . . . Green, mountai and greens re mixture of chromate of lead andLPrussian blue. . . . . . . . . .
.....
13,230 1,855,850 433,650 806,230 206,570 279,330 301,150 220,240 23,370 37,260
.....
13,890
.....
12,965
.....
.....
3,693 133,294
....
3 580 18:667 61,600 1,124,800
4,083
..... ..... .....
28,263
229,500 255,520
1,643; i6o ..... ..... .....
440 9,260 558,650
3,090 61,730 418,660
.....
..... .....
..... ..... ....
192,680 65,260 195,110 178,350
5,950 115,960 206,130
5,730 27,780 48,500
.....
.....
..... ..... .....
660 5,950 4,850
22,930 14,990
18,300 24,030
7,768,870 924,180 1,174,180 402,790 84,220 794,760 1,489,220
3,160,550 470,460
3,146,220
'p9.160
.....
.....
110,230 24,030 419,100 733,480 8,380
13
.....
..... ..... ..... .....
284,620 i 14,300
42,550
PAINTS, ETC.(Concluded) : Green, Schweinfurth, mitis green, mountain blue and green ashes., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithopone, .................... Ultramarine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E g y p t , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . . .. . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Varnishes: Spirit, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Turpentine, oil, or mixed . . . . . Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . Zinc yellow, or chromate of zinc. PERFUMERY A N D COSMETICS: Alcoholic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . . . United States. . . . . . . . . . .
....
1913 Pounds
1916 Founds
1919 Pounds
74,960 225,750 3 784,670 496,040 767,210 176,370
59,300 36,160 3,182,590 345,020 677,920 324,520 31,330
8,600 64,150 2,735,050
238,980 3,402,610 686,300 629,420 249,560 326,940 1,100 Gallons 448,376 69,979 35,504 56,849 32,467 Pounds 5,333,860 286,160 112,440 615,970 1,510,600 884,050 31,182 32,410 7,500 3,310
1,782,430 106,700
124,340 2,575,880
I
.....
.....
393,080 283,960 110,230 3,310 Gallons 345,703 47,710
.....
:
.....
Pounds 6,045,300
..... . . I . .
....
..... ,..
9,127 297,400
..... 55,780 6,944; 340,
..... ..... .....
306,660
..... 1,636;iio
..
....
__
..... 3,97@ Gallons 421 ,627
.....
34,423 48,952 Pounds 5,394,930 369,270 235,890
Nonalcoholic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 1ji:oio United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,630,320 4,528 Oils fixed scented.. . . . . . . . . . . . 170,420 Synihetic berfumes . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,890 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 84,440 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toilet soao: 52,470 98,550 Traasparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,070 20,940 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,065,070 Other, scented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,072,800 568,570 251,770 Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 620 23,370 British I n d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160:060 816,150 Indo-China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,880 393,080 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 55,120 309,310 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS: 400,580 364,200 Albumin. .................... 162,700 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,990 ..... United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 740 18,960 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,251 140 Blacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691,600 58,860 238,980 Belgium, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,005 090 235,010 Itaiy. , , . , , , , 22:270 ,. 26,010 United States Candles: 168,650 .. 188,720 Tallow. . . . . . . Wax and other. . . . 6 772 160 5 651 770 4 :947 :830 5 1707 540 Algeria, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 920 Madagascar, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252,210 253'750 306,220 Dextrin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542:340 1,016,330 Gelatin, in powder, c.. 231,050 624,130 United Kingdom ... 43,210 118,830 United States. . . . 347 450 5,560:060 230 600 Glucose. ..................... 16,605 :OOO Glue ......................... ..... Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,836,700 Germany. . . . . . . 955,700 6,454,250 United Kingdom 912,270 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inks: 5,070 Drawing, in tablets 2,420 2,644,890 Writing or printing 4,376,610 23,150 538,810 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,470 308,200 Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309,970 321,430 Italy. .................... 379,200 756.190 404,550 260,370 74,520 3,300 139,330 19,840 a es.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metric Tons Metric Tons 59 11s 594 Pounds Pounds 1,533,100 3,924,230 Paper, fancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483,690 United Kingdom., . . . . . . 1,345,040 87,080 76,940 90,756,590 66,659,840 Algeria, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,489,690 23,613,710 771,400 Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,637,910 5,724,740 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 9,288,510 United S t a t e s . , . . . . . . . . . . . 6,675,150 10,813,670 Resin oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,090 58,420 53 463 410 Soap, common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,568,530 28:175:200 Algeria, .................... 28,784,210 Italy ....................... 8,830,390 4,567,100 2,626,810 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,340,220 3,913,420 2,718,300 1,227,750 Tunis. ..................... United Kingdom., . . . . . . . . . . 4,042,610 771,180 1,546,760 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metric Tons Metric Tons Sugar (expressed in terms of refined) ...................... 199,115 94,486 Pounds Pounds T a r . .................... 454,590 ..... 1,153,900 Turpentine, resins, rosin, pitch, resin lumps and other indigenous resinous produc t s . , , . 90,159,570 67,470,700 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . 1,149,710 8,688,420 TTnited Kingdom., . . . . . . . . . . 19,707,340 34,152,900 Turpentine, spirits o f . . . . . . . . . . 21,525,270 6,065,800 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 3,653,060 1,301,610 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 3,244,760 2,091,970
.
.....
.....
:
109,350 5,358,330 4,035,340
;
1 2 3 460 1,228,410
.....
.....
173,720 7,107,920 1,569,690. .
.
I
.
.
996,930
.....
17,860. 2,623,060
..... .....
.....
57 7,83 0~
.....
Metric'+& 15 25 Pounds 1 ,546,540, 43,4?0:360
..... ..... ..... . . I . .
65,480 44,304,090
..... ..... ..... ..... .....
78,851 Pounds 384,260 114,201,640
.....
14,959; 240
..... .....
