BOOKS
Chromatographic and Nonchromatographic Separations Preparative and Process-Scale Liquid Chromatography. G. S u b r a m a n i a n , Ed. 286 pp. E l l i s Horwood, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632. 1991. $94 Reviewed by M. Zoubair El Fallah, Millipore Corporation, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757 Developed from a short course given at Loughborough University, E n g land, this 16-chapter book contains contributions mainly from manufact u r e r s and vendors and covers various a s p e c t s of p r e p a r a t i v e liquid chromatography: column technologies, plant design, packing m a t e r i als, and applications. In Chapter 1, Herbert uses several tables to compare key parameters for analytical and p r e p a r a t i v e LC and discusses the merits of methods commonly used in preparative chromatography. Operational requirements and design considerations for p l a n t s t h a t perform process chromatography are reviewed by Mann in Chapter 2, and in Chapter 3, Munch discusses these requirements based on the nature of the process solvent (aqueous vs. organic). He also points out the importance of a flexible control for nondedicated production plants. In Chapter 4, Chappel clarifies the k e y p a r a m e t e r s in t h e choice of p a c k i n g m a t e r i a l s for l a r g e - s c a l e chromatography. Particle shape and pore volume seem to be of u t m o s t importance for increasing loadability and, thus, throughput. In Chapter 5, Colin discusses different column technologies and packing m a t e r i a l s . The focus is on dynamic axial compression technology, which results in good stability of the bed and hence a constant efficiency over several process cycles. In Chapter 6, Hill argues for the incorporation of chromatography in the early stages of separation process development and points out that the use of simulation methods could be of great help in their optimization.
In a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n (Chapter 7), Kelly emphasizes the fact t h a t scaleup is not merely the development of an analytical method t h a t is " s c a l a b l e , " b u t r a t h e r a method that takes into account hardware limitations and workplace requirements. Connelly discusses the design and cost of process-scale plants in Chapt e r 8, a n d in C h a p t e r 9, Levison e v a l u a t e s t h e performance of lowp r e s s u r e i o n - e x c h a n g e m e d i a for protein recovery by comparing the efficiencies of batch and column processes.
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Scaleup is not just the development of 'scalable' methods. *%
Probably the most original contrib u t i o n is C h a p t e r 10 by Rossiter, who describes a continuous system that uses up to 30 adsorption chambers and 20 fixed ports on a rotary valve. In contradistinction to fixedbed s y s t e m s , t h i s technology provides flexibility and efficient use of the a d s o r b e n t , t h e r e b y decreasing t h e o p e r a t i n g cost. T h e l a s t four c h a p t e r s p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s for separating proteins and enantiomers on a large scale. Given the nature of this book, the reader must expect significant overlap and even some conflicting conclusions. The m a t e r i a l would have been more complete and educational h a d the fundamentals of nonlinear c h r o m a t o g r a p h y b e e n covered at least briefly. Other important areas, notably displacement chromatography and high-concentration elution chromatography, were not covered. It would have been appropriate to include the contributors' complete ad-
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dresses for readers who wish to have more information. However, although some chapters are poorly referenced, this is in general an educational, easy-to-read book for process engineers as well as chemists and biochemists interested in the technical aspects and import a n t i s s u e s in t h e development of preparative chromatography.
Non-Chromatographic Continuous Separation Techniques. M. Valcarcel and M. D. Luque de Castro, xi + 290 pp. Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, The Science P a r k , C a m b r i d g e , CB4 4WF E n g land. 1991. $100 Reviewed by Willie L. Hinze, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Box 7486 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109 T h i s m o n o g r a p h w a s i n t e n d e d to provide a s y s t e m a t i c a n d c r i t i c a l overview of e s t a b l i s h e d n o n c h r o matographic continuous separation techniques. These increasingly popular techniques have been spurred on by developments in the use of automated continuous analyzers in methods such as flow injection analysis (FIA), an area in which the authors are well-known experts. The m o n o g r a p h c o n s i s t s of five chapters in which the different cont i n u o u s s e p a r a t i o n techniques are grouped according to the type of interfaces they employ for mass transfer. In Chapter 1, techniques are introduced w i t h a brief b a c k g r o u n d discussion on how they differ from other discrete and chromatographic methods. In Chapter 2, "Gas-Liquid Systems," the focus is on techniques such as gas diffusion, continuous hydride and cold mercury vapor generation, distillation, and evaporation. In Chapter 3, "Liquid—Liquid Systems," dialysis and liquid-liquid ext r a c t i o n are discussed. C h a p t e r 4, "Liquid—Solid Systems," deals with a wide variety of liquid-solid separation systems, including those based
on ion-exchange and sorption col umns, electrochemical stripping techniques, precipitation-filtrationdissolution, and leaching. In Chapter 5, "Evaluation of Nonchromatographic Continuous Separation Techniques," the features of tech niques based on field flow fraction ation and isotachophoresis are de scribed. In addition, an evaluation of all the nonchromatographic continous techniques, their scope, and the expected future trends in this field are provided. For each nonchromatographic con t i n u o u s technique, the a u t h o r s present the theoretical basis, experi mental and related details, and ex amples of practical applications drawn from many fields such as in dustrial processes and clinical and environmental chemistry. Particu larly helpful are illustrations of the various experimental manifolds used and detailed descriptions of the prac tical considerations of each tech nique. The book is well referenced through about 1989-90 and contains a seven-page subject index. However, as noted by another re viewer (Hansen, Ε. Η. Talanta 1992, 39, 879), it is obvious that the origi nal manuscript was translated from Spanish to English. In addition, these authors and other scientists have covered a fair amount of this material in previous monographs on FIA. However, in my opinion, this is not a serious problem. The interested reader is also referred to two other reviews of this work: MacLaurin, P. Trends Anal. Chent. 1992, 11, x; and Fang, Z. Analyst 1992, 117, 1390. This monograph contains a wealth of practical information and should be a handy reference for those cur rently using or considering using continuous flow techniques in their work and for those engaged in envi ronmental, industrial, clinical, and biotechnical applications.
obsolescence. In this edition, Allenmark provides an expanded and up dated treatment of this subject, in corporating many of the advances made since the first edition was pub lished in 1987. Although the mate rial covered is current only to early 1991, the book provides a useful and concise treatment of this important topic. The book serves as an excellent in troduction to the chromatographic separation of enantiomers and to the analytical determination of enantio meric purity. Fundamental concepts and definitions are introduced in the early chapters, although the contro versial topic of preferred nomencla ture in this field is not discussed. Available methods for both gas and liquid chromatographic enantio separation are presented in detail, and discussions of their known or postulated mechanisms of enantioselection provide the reader with useful insights into the phenomenon
44 Virtually every method used for chiral chromatography is presented. "
of chiral recognition. Nonchromato graphic methods of enantiomer sepa ration and enantiopurity determina tion are also summarized. The book contains a considerable amount of practical information. It includes representative analytical separations that have been reported by researchers from both industry and academia, experimental prepar ative procedures for chiral stationary phases, and an updated appendix that lists manufacturers of commer cial chiral stationary phases. The Chromatographic Enantioseparabook also contains a useful chapter tion: Methods and Applications, 2nd on preparative-scale enantiomer ed. Stig Allenmark. 282 pp. Pren separations, a topic that is of grow tice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ ing interest. 07632. 1991. $94 Emerging trends in the field of Reviewed by Christopher J. Welch, Regis chromatographic enantioseparation are also presented. Column improve Chemical Co., P.O. Box 519, Morton ments, computer-aided optimization Grove, IL 60053-0519 of mobile-phase systems, the appli As new developments in chromato cation of SFC and CE to the problem graphic enantioseparation are re of enantiomer separation, and recent ported at a staggering pace, any advances in chiroptical and other de textbook purporting to provide a tection methods are discussed. comprehensive review of the subject The major strength of the book is is destined to some degree of early the concise presentation of virtually
every method that has been used for the chromatographic separation of enantiomers. This presentation is supplemented with an interesting collection of applications and a sound treatment of the fundamentals. The chapters are well organized and in clude numerous references as well as exercise problems, which make the book suitable for use in graduate courses. The book will be a valuable resource to both the novice and the experienced chromatographer inter ested in enantiomer separation and enantiopurity determination.
Books Received Spectroscopy of the Earth's Atmos phere and Interstellar Medium.
K. Narahari Rao and Alfons Weber, Eds. xi + 526 pp. Academic Press, 1250 Sixth Ave., San Diego, CA 92101. 1992. $130 Methods and theoretical models are presented for the determination of organic and inorganic compounds in the Earth's atmosphere and in outer space. Microwave, far- and mid-IR, high-resolution, and Raman spectroscopic methods are discussed with respect to atmospheric water vapor interference, spectral conges tion, correlation of field measure ments with those from in-laboratory methods, model atmospheres and synthetic spectra, altitude and tem perature, collisional line mixing, and other considerations. A theory of the rotation-vibration spectra of meth ane and similar molecules is also discussed. The book also describes the use of radio wave spectroscopy for characterizing the chemical makeup of the interstellar medium. Topics include the usefulness of large-scale CO surveys for modeling galactic structures, the structures of selected molecular clouds, the spec troscopy of dust particles, and mod els of "astrochemical" processes. Advances in Coal Spectroscopy.
Henk L. C. Meuzelaar, Ed. xx + 416 pp. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013. 1992. $85 This book is a collection of papers presented at a 1989 symposium of the same name. Topics include fluo rescence detection methods for char acterizing organic macérais, separation and quantitation of sulfur isotopes, investigation of coal surfaces by XFS, and capillary GC separation techniques. Pyrolysis MS and spectroscopic methods such as XAFS, laser spark emission, proton and 13C NMR, and FT-IR are also presented.
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