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Concurrent nitrogen and phosphorus recovery using flow-electrode capacitive deionization Yanhong Bian, Xi Chen, Lu Lu, Peng Liang, and Zhiyong Jason Ren ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.9b00065 • Publication Date (Web): 21 Mar 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 21, 2019
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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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Concurrent nitrogen and phosphorus recovery using flow-electrode capacitive
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deionization
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Yanhong Bian,† Xi Chen,† Lu Lu,† Peng Liang,§ Zhiyong Jason Ren*†‡
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†Department
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Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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‡Department
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Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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§State
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Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado
Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of
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*Corresponding author address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton
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University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Tel:+1 (609) 258 7580; E-mail:
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Abstract
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This study presents that flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) can concurrently remove
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salts and nutrient ions from wastewater effluent and recover them as concentrate efficiently.
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Compared with complex biological nutrient removal, this electrochemical method utilizes the ionic
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nature of salts and nutrient species (NH4+-N, NO3--N, PO43--P) to enable simple nutrient removal
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and desalination. The FCDI with separated anode and cathode (FCDI-S) removed 70%-98.5%
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salinity, 49%-91% PO43--P, 89%-99% NH4+-N, and 83%-99% NO3--N under the 5-15 wt%
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electrode loadings. When a reverse potential was applied, more than 80% of the removed nutrient
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ions were recovered in the concentrate during discharging operation. Furthermore, when connected
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flow operation (FCDI-C) was implemented that allowed external electrode mixing, more
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adsorption sites were freed up, which resulted in 43.5±2.2% increase in PO43--P removal,
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12.3±1.1% increase in NH4+-N removal and 9.9±0.3% increase in NO3--N removal. This
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electrochemical method provides a new alternative nutrient removal and recovery solution
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especially for distributed applications.
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Keywords: Nutrients recovery, flow-electrode capacitive deionization, nitrogen, phosphorus,
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desalination
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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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Introduction
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Municipal wastewater contains significant amount of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and
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traditionally they have been removed using tertiary biological nutrient removal processes that can
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be complex and energy-intensive.1-3 Removing and recovering nutrients in secondary effluent can
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mitigate challenges of both environmental systems and fertilizer demands while improving water
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quality.4,
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reduces energy consumption, but it doesn’t recover nitrogen as a resource.6, 7 Phosphorus removal
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through chemical precipitation (such as struvite formation) by adding metal cations can be highly
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efficient, but it is more suitable for wastewater with high concentration of nutrients and brings new
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concern of metal removal8-10. Additionally, because current wastewater treatment facilities don’t
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remove salts, salinity can quickly build up if the effluent is further treated for non-portable or
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portable reuses.11, 12 Similar concerns will remain even if new anaerobic technologies such as
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anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) and microbial electrochemical system (MES) become
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mainstream, because they too have limited capability of nutrients and salt removal.13, 14
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Electrochemical processes carry good potentials to remove and recover nutrient species and salts
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from wastewater, because the main species of nitrogen (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-), phosphorus (PO43-,
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HPO42-, H2PO4-), and salts (Na+, Cl-, SO42-, et al.) are all charged ions, and their concentrations
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after secondary treatment are not very high. These charged species can be separated when exposed
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in a low electrical field (
