Constructing Sensitive and Fast Lead-Free Single-Crystalline

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Surfaces, Interfaces, and Catalysis; Physical Properties of Nanomaterials and Materials

Constructing Sensitive and Fast Lead-Free Single Crystalline Perovskite Photodetectors Bin Yang, Yajuan Li, Yu-Xuan Tang, Xin Mao, Cheng Luo, Meishan Wang, Wei-Qiao Deng, and Ke-Li Han J. Phys. Chem. Lett., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01116 • Publication Date (Web): 23 May 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 23, 2018

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

Constructing Sensitive and Fast Lead-Free Single Crystalline Perovskite Photodetectors §

Bin Yang†‡, Ya-Juan Li†‡, Yu-Xuan Tang†‡, Xin Mao†‡, Cheng Luo†‡, Mei-Shan Wang , Wei-Qiao Deng†⊥, and Ke-Li Han*†⊥ †

State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics

(DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China. ‡

University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.

⊥

Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering Shandong University, Qingdao (P. R. China).

§

School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *Ke-Li Han: [email protected]

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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ABSTRACT: In this letter, we developed a high performance photodetector based on (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 (MA3Sb2I9) micro-single crystals (MSCs). The MA3Sb2I9 single crystals exhibit a low-trap state density of ~1010 cm-3 and a long carrier diffusion length reaching 3.0 µm suggesting it great potential for optoelectronic applications. However, the centimeter- single crystals (CSCs) based photodetector exhibit low responsivity (10-6 A/W under 1 sun illumination) due to low charge carrier collection efficiency. By constructing the MSCs photodetector with efficient charge carrier collection, the responsivity can be improved by three orders (under 1 sun illumination) and reach to 40 A/W with monochromatic light (460 nm). Furthermore, the MSCs photodetectors exhibit fast response speed of < 1ms, resulting a high gain of 108 and a gainbandwidth product of 105 Hz. These numbers are comparable with the lead-perovskite single crystal based photodetectors.

TOC GRAPHICS


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Organ-lead perovskites have recently attracted broad attention due to the excellent optoelectronics properties.1-4 For instance, high performance photodetectors have been developed based on organo-perovskites thin films through solution-processed method.3,4 Subsequently, much progresses has been made during the past three years on further improving the responsivity, reducing the respond time and expanding the detection ranges.5-13 Despite these progresses, the instability of perovskite thin films in air inhibits the large-scale commercial applications.14,15 Perovskite single crystals with higher stability compared to the polycrystalline thin films have been synthesized.16,17 These single crystals exhibit low trap-state densities, high charge carrier mobilities and long carrier diffusion lengths and they are considering as potential materials for the assembling of high performance photodetector devices.16-31 However, the heavy metal Pb in lead-based perovskites is toxic to both humans and the environment which is often considered as a drawback. Thus, finding a stable, non-toxic and high performance perovskite is highly desirable. Lead-free perovskite based on Sn2+ was firstly developed to replace Pb2+ in solar cell devices.32,33 However, the Sn2+ based perovskite is extremely unstable under ambient conditions and easily oxide from Sn2+ to Sn4+.32,33 Perovskite based on Bi3+, Sb3+ with higher stability have been also developed for optoelectronics applications.34-37 Unfortunately, the as-substituted perovskite materials typically have poor device performance, which is mainly due to the high trap-state density and poor crystallinity in the polycrystalline materials.34,37 To solve these problems, lead-free perovskite single crystals based on Sn2+, Bi3+, Sb3+ and double perovskite with high crystallinity and low trap-state density have been developed recently.38-42 However, the lead-free single crystals based photodetectors still have some shortcomings and the responsivity is much lower compared to that based on lead-perovskite single crystals.40,42 For example, the


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(TMHD)BiBr5 (TMHD = N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediammonium) single crystals based photodetectors exhibit a responsivity of 0.1 A/W;40 The Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite single crystal photodetectors exhibit a responsivity of 0.03 A/W.42 Two main reasons may lead to the poor performance. One is the materials’ intrinsic poor optoelectronic properties, such as low carrier mobility and short carrier diffusion length. The carrier mobility is 0.21 cm2 V−1 s−1 in (TMHD)BiBr5 single crystals and 2.3-3.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 in Cs2AgInCl6 single crystals, which is much lower than that in lead-perovskites.40,42 Another is the low carrier collection efficiency in these single crystal devices, in which the carrier diffusion length (µm) is much shorter that the device thickness (mm), thus result to low photocurrent. In this letter, we developed a high performance photodetector based on MA3Sb2I9 MSCs. We synthesized the CSCs of MA3Sb2I9 and MA3Sb2Br9 and studied the intrinsic crystal properties, such as charge carrier lifetime, carrier mobility and trap-state density. The results show that both MA3Sb2I9 and MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals exhibit a low trap-state density of ~1010 cm-3. MA3Sb2I9 single crystals with high carrier mobility of 12.8 cm2 V−1 s−1 and long carrier diffusion length reaching 3.0 µm is more suitable for photodetector applications than MA3Sb2Br9. We then fabricated photodetectors based on both MA3Sb2I9 CSCs and MCSs. The responsivity of the MSCs photodetector is over three orders of magnitude higher than the CSCs photodetector under 1 sun illumination due to efficient charge carrier collection. The responsivity of MA3Sb2I9 MCSs photodetector can be increased to 40 A/W (detectivity~1012) for monochromatic light (460 nm). In addition, the MSCs photodetector show fast response time (< 1ms), which corresponds to both high gain and gainbandwidth product. MA3Sb2I9 and MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals were synthesized by slowly cooling the precursor solution from 120°C to room temperature (details can be found in the supporting information


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(SI)). The as-synthesized single crystals exhibit hexagonal shapes with a length of about 4 mm and a thickness of about 1.5 mm (Figure 1a). The crystal lattice of MA3Sb2I9 consists of metal halide octahedral layers with the voids between the layers filled with MA+ (Figure 1b and 1c), _

which exhibit a hexagonal P63/mmc symmetry. MA3Sb2Br9 exhibits a trigonal P3m1 symmetry at room temperature. Detailed structural information of MA3Bi2Br9 is shown in the SI (Figure S2). The XRD patterns (Figure 1d) also confirmed the hexagonal P63/mmc symmetry with the _

lattice parameters a = b = 0.854 nm, c =2.152 nm for MA3Sb2I9, and trigonal P3m1 symmetry with the lattice parameters a = b = 0.817 nm and c =0.990 nm for MA3Sb2Br9.

Figure 1. (a) Photograph of as-prepared MA3Sb2I9 (dark red) and MA3Sb2Br9 (light yellow) single crystals. Unit cell (b) and crystal structure (c) of MA3Sb2I9 perovskite single crystals. Yellow, carmine and green spheres represent Bi, I and MA, respectively. (d) XRD patterns of MA3Sb2I9 and MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals.


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Steady-state absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these single crystals were studied. We observed an absorption edge at around 600 nm (Figure 2a) for the MA3Sb2I9 single crystals. A bandgap of 1.92 eV was estimated by using the Tauc method (see insert in Figure 2a), which is higher than in MAPbI3 (1.5-1.6 eV).16,17 We suggest that MA3Sb2I9 could be used as the high bandgap absorber in a tandem solar cell. Such as tandem cells with Si absorbers require higher-bandgap absorbers with ideal bandgaps of 1.8-2.0 eV.43 MA3Sb2Br9 exhibits an absorption edge at 440 nm and a bandgap of 2.62 eV (Figure 2b), which is larger than that in MAPbBr3 (2.22 eV)17 and lower than that in MAPbCl3 (2.97 eV).20 The PL peak position for MA3Sb2I9 is located at 595 nm, which is very close to the absorption edge. While the PL peak for MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals is located at 500 nm, which means there is some red-shift with respect to the absorption edge.

Figure 2. Steady-state absorption of MA3Sb2I9 (a) and MA3Sb2Br9 (b) single crystals. Insert: calculation of the optical bandgap using the Tauc method. (c)Time resolved PL spectrum of MA3Sb2I9 single crystals (376 pump, 595 nm detect). Insert: PL spectra of MA3Sb2I9 single


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crystals. (d) Time resolved PL spectrum of and MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals (376 pump, 500 nm detect). Insert: PL spectra of the MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals. Dark I-V trace of MA3Sb2I9 single crystals (e) and MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals (f). The PL decay dynamics were studied further and the traces were fitted with a bi-exponential profile (Figure 2c, d). Both the iodide- and bromide- based perovskite single crystals exhibit a superposition of fast and slow dynamics: τ1 = 6 and τ2 = 271 ns for MA3Sb2I9, and τ1 =7 and τ2 = 257 ns for MA3Sb2Br9. The fast and slow decay can be assigned to the charge-carrier recombination at the crystal surface and charge-carrier diffusion from surface to middle, respectively.16,17 Long charge-carrier recombination lifetimes are indicators for good photovoltaic performance. The dark current-voltage (I-V) properties of the samples were carried out and analyzed using the space-charge limited current (SCLC) method to evaluate the trap-state density and carrier mobilities. Figure 2e shows the dark I-V curve for MA3Sb2I9 single crystal, which exhibits an ohmic region and followed by a steep increase of the I-V curve. This suggests the presence of a trap-filling region starting at VTFL=4.3 V. We can calculate the trap-state density of ~2.9×1010cm-3 according to the formula: ntrap=2ε0εVTFL/qL2, where ε0 is the vacuum dielectric constant, ε is the dielectric constant of the material to be ≈40 at room temperature,23,44 L is the thickness of the single crystal and q is the elemental charge. Similarly, MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals exhibit trap-state densities of 8.0×1010 cm-3 (Figure 2f). The trap-state density in the order of 1010 cm-3 is rather low, and similar to lead-based perovskites single crystals.16,17,20 The dark current can be well fitted (see red line) by the Mott-Gurney Law when operating in the SCLC regime above:


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JD

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9ε 0εµVb2 = 8 L3

where Vb is the applied voltage. A charge-carrier mobility of µ=12.8 cm2 V−1 s−1 (µ= µp≈ µn, where µp and µn are the hole and electron mobilities, respectively)17 was derived using the curve fitting of MA3Sb2I9. After combining the charge-carrier diffusion lifetime and mobility, we can

obtain the charge-carrier diffusion length of 3.0 µm using the formula

LD =

k B Tµτ q

. This value is

comparable with that for FAPbI3 (2.2 µm) and MAPbI3 single crystals (8 µm) by using the same measurement method.17,27 The much longer carrier diffusion length of 175 µm in MAPbI3 single crystals16 was derived based on the charge-carrier transport lifetime in the photovoltaic devices using transient voltage or impedance spectroscopy. The charge-carrier transport lifetime in photovoltaic devices is much longer than the charge-carrier recombination lifetime, and Huang et al. have discussed this variance in detail.45 The charge-carrier mobility in MA3Sb2Br9 single crystal is rather low (0.4 cm2 V−1 s−1), as shown in Figure 2 f, which results in a diffusion length of 0.5 µm. These results suggest that MA3Sb2I9 single crystals with larger charge-carrier mobilities and longer diffusion lengths are more suitable for optoelectronic applications than MA3Sb2Br9. Inspired by the low trap-state density and long charge-carrier diffusion length in MA3Sb2I9 single crystals, we fabricated CSC photodetectors. As shown in Figure 3a, the single crystal is sandwiched between Au electrodes. The upper Au layer with a thickness about 25 nm, which is semi-transparent (light transmittance is about 80%).16 The CSC photodetector exhibits a low dark current of Idark < 1 nA. Under 1 sun, the current benefits from photogenerated chargecarriers (Figure 3b). The responsivity (R) is defined as R=Iph/Llight, where Iph can be obtained from the photocurrent (Iligh) and dark-current (Idark) value: Iph= Ilight −Idark, Llight is the incident


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light power. The responsivity is rather low (10-6 A/W), which can be attributed to the low carrier collection efficiency of the device, as the carrier diffusion length of (3 µm) is much shorter that the device thickness (1 mm).

Figure 3. (a) Schematic of the MA3Sb2I9 CSC photodetector. (b) Photocurrent response of the MA3Sb2I9 CSC photodetector measured for 1 sun (light intensity: 100 mW cm−2) under 5V bias. The device area is 0.02 cm2. (c) Microscope image (upper left) and SEM image (upper right) of MA3Sb2I9 MSCs. And EDS maps of a typical MSC (below). The scale bar is 10 µm. (d) A typical MA3Sb2I9 MSC photodetector, where a MSC lies on top of the 5 µm gap between two ITO electrodes. (e) Schematic of the MA3Sb2I9 MSC photodetector. (f) Photocurrent response of the MA3Sb2I9 MSC photodetector measured for 1 sun under 3V bias. The device area is 5 ×10-5 cm2. (g) I-V curves in the dark and for different light densities (460 nm). (h) Power-dependent photocurrent and responsivity with 5V bias (460 nm). To improve the responsivity of the photodetector, we fabricated micro-scale photodetectors with high carrier collection efficiencies. First we synthesized the MA3Sb2I9 MSCs using the oneshot method (details can be found in SI). The MSCs exhibit hexagonal shapes with a length of


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tens of micrometer and a thickness of about 2-5 µm, see Figure S4. The microscope and SEM images show that the MSCs show well-defined facets with smooth and clean surfaces (Figure 3c). Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of individual MSCs show that I and Sb are distributed homogeneously throughout the entire crystal (Figure 3c). XRD patterns confirmed the phase purity of MA3Sb2I9 MSCs, which have a preferred orientation (Figure S5). Glass substrates with coated ITO contacts (with 5 µm channel width and 1000 µm length) were used to fabricate MSCs based photodetectors. Figure 3d shows a typical MA3Sb2I9 MSC based photodetector, where a MSC lies on top of the 5 µm gap between two ITO electrodes. The schematic diagram of the device is shown in Figure 3e. To compare the performance of the MSC based photodetector with the CSC based photodetector, we studied the photoresponse of the MSC photodetector under 1 sun illumination. As shown in Figure 3f, even though the MSC photodetector has a much smaller effective size (5×10-5 cm2) compared to the CSC device (0.02 cm2), the MSC photodetector produce a higher photocurrent (17 nA), and a responsivity of about 2 ×10-3 A/W. This value is over three orders of magnitude higher than that of CSC photodetectors. The increased responsivity can be attributed to the efficient carrier transport and collection processes (Figure S6). To learn more about the photoresponse to monochromatic light for the MA3Sb2I9 MSC photodetector, we used an LED (460 nm) as the light source. The I-V curves in the dark and for different light intensities are shown in Figure 3g. A nonlinear behavior was observed in the I-V curve. This rectifying effect indicates the formation of Schottky junction at the ITO-perovskite interface.28,46 We found that the I-V curves exhibit almost symmetry under positive and negative voltage bias (Figure S7). We further characterized the device by carrying out a quantitative


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analysis of photodetector performance. The light intensity dependent photocurrent and responsivity are shown in Figure 3h. We can estimate the linear dynamic range (LDR) by using = 20 log ( / ) where the Lhighest and Llowest is the highest and lowest incident light power within the linear regime, respectively. Using Figure 3h, we deduce that LDR is as high as 84 dB, which is similar to lead perovskite photodetectors (85 dB).47 We measured a responsivity of about 40 AW−1 at incident light power ≈200 nW/cm2, which is about two times higher than that base on CsBi3I10 48

thin films.

D* =

Detecticity is defined as

R A qI dark

, in which A indicates the effective area of the

photodetector. We obtained the detectivity is about 1012 Jones. Detailed characteration about pump fluence denpendent detectivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) is shown in Figure S8. These numbers are comparable with organo-lead perovskite based photodetectors. 21,22,27,28 Photo-response time of the photodetector was further studied. The photodetector exhibits stable photocurrent under continuous light illumination (Figure 4a). By analyzing the transient photocurrent response, we obtained the rise and fall times (Figure 4b) are 0.4 and 0.9 ms respectively. Which is about one order of magnitude faster than the reported value based on leadfree perovskite single crystals.40 Photoconductive gain (the ratio of photocurrent (in electrons per second) to photons per second) is an important parameter for photodetectors. Gain can be obtained from responsivity: Gain = R·E, where E is the energy of the incident photon in eV.7,31 Form the above measured responsivity, we obtained a gain of 108. Gain can be also defined by the relation G=τ1/τt,7,19 where τ1 is the charge carrier recombination lifetime (271 ns) in the device and τt is the carrier transit time. Here, τt can be obtained by using the relation τt=L2/Vµ (in which V is voltage bias, L indicates the device thickness, µ indicates the charge carrier


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mobilities). We obtain a gain of 81 from the measured carrier mobilities, which is close to the measured gain by the responsivity method. Combining the gain and bandwidth, we obtain a gainbandwidth product of 105 Hz. We summarized performance of the organo-perovskite single crystal based photodetector in Table S1. The performance of MA3Sb2I9 MSC photodetector is comparable to most of the lead-perovskite photodetectors. The wavelength-dependent photocurrent follows the behavior of the absorbance of MA3Sb2I9 well, decreasing rapidly at ≈600 nm. The device can cover a broad spectral range (400 nm-600 nm). We have also fabricated the analogous of a MA3Sb2Br9 MSC based photodetector (details in the SI, Figure S9). The photodetector show low responsivity of about 0.03 A/W and slow respond speed at 410 nm. The poor performance may be caused by the low charge-carrier mobility and short diffusion length. The wavelength-dependent photocurrent decreases rapidly after 450 nm (Figure S10) similar as the absorption spectra. We have listed the basic properties of MA3Sb2I9 MSCs photodetectors and MA3Sb2Br9 MSCs photodetectors for comparison (Table S2). The air-stability of optoelectronic devices is very important for long term applications. Figure S11 plots the photo-response of the MA3Sb2I9 MSCs photodetectors under ambient condition for two weeks. It can be seen that the photo-response is very stable, and the device showed nearly identical photocurrent after storage for two weeks.


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Figure 4. (a) (b) Photocurrent response of the MA3Sb2I9 MSC photodetector with and without light illumination (5 V bias, λex=460 nm). (c) Wavelength-dependent photocurrent of MA3Sb2I9 MSC (5V bias, 1 mW/cm2) photodetector. In summary, organo Sb-based perovskite single crystals have been synthesized. The MA3Sb2I9 single crystals show low trap-state densities (2.9×1010 cm-3), high charge-carrier mobilities (12.8 cm2V-1S-1) and long charge-carrier diffusion lengths (3.0 µm). After fabricating a micro-scale photodetector with high charge-carrier collection efficiency, the photodetector


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shows both high gain and gain-bandwidth. These results indicate that Sb based single crystals have great potential for high performance optoelectronic applications.

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *[email protected] Notes The authors declare no competing financial interests. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 21533010), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2017YFA0204800), DICP DMTO201601, DICP ZZBS201703, the Science Challenging Program (JCKY2016212A501). ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information. Materials, synthesis details and characterization.

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Two-Photon-Pumped

Amplified

Spontaneous

Emission

in

CH3NH3PbBr3

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Constructing Sensitive and Fast Lead-Free Single-Crystalline

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