समकालीन विश्व राजनीति / Contemporary World Politics (Political Science 12) [12] 8174507108

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr d{kk 12 osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd

ISBN 81-7450-710-8

izFke laLdj.k ekpZ 2007 pS=k 1929 iqueqæZ .k uoacj 2007 dk£rd 1929 ekpZ 2008 iQkYxqu 1929 tuojh 2009 ikS"k 1930

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izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA

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© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/ a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2007

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izdk'ku lg;ksx vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % isÕ;sfV jktkoqQekj eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqQekj

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk U;w pukc vkWiQlsV fçaVlZ] lh&21] vks[kyk baMfLVª;y ,fj;k] isQT+k &I] u;h fnYyh&110 020

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vkoj.k ,oa lTtk 'osrk jko

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iii

vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSA bl ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ,slh xfrfof/;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gS ftUgsa djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd vuqHkoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k çksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou vkSj jktuhfr foKku ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj çksI+ ksQlj lqgkl iG'khdj] çksI+ksQlj ;ksxsanz ;kno rFkk lykgdkj dkafr cktisbZ osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSaA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk

iv

çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th-ihns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA

u;h fnYyh 20 uoacj 2006

funs'kd jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~

v

nks ckrsa--,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh dksf'k'k gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jktuhfr dh le> cukus esa enn feysA ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ blh iz;kl dk fgLlk gSA 11oha vkSj 12oha osQ jktuhfr foKku dh nwljh fdrkcksa esa jktuhfr osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa] elyu μ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku] Hkkjr esa jktuhfr rFkk jktuhfrd&fl¼kar dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr esa jktuhfr osQ nk;js dks cnkjh Hkjh gksrh gks μ ,slh ckr ughaA nqfu;k osQ jkg&joS;s dh tkudkjh osQ fy, ge nSfud v[kckj] Vsyhfo”ku vkSj oDr&csoDr dh ckrphr dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA gessa mEehn gS fd bl fdrkc ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ns'k osQ ckgj gks jgh ?kVukvksa vkSj buosQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ fj'rksa dks tkuus esa enn feysxhA ^varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr* ;k ^varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk* tSls Vdlkyh uke NksM+dj bl fdrkc dk uke ^fo'o jktuhfr* j[kk x;k gSA ppkZ dks vkxs pykus ls igys ;g Li"V dj nsuk ”k:jh gS fd ,slk D;ksa fd;k x;kA bl fo'o esa fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ chp osQ lacaèk ftUgsa ge ^varjkZ"Vªh; laca/* dgrs gSa & fuf'pr gh egÙoiw.kZ gSaA cgjgky] blosQ lkFk&lkFk ljdkjksa] xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj vke turk osQ chp Hkh ”k:jh lacaèk gksrs gSSaA bu fj'rksa dks veweu vfèkjk"Vªh; lacaèk dgk tkrk gSA nqfu;k dks le>us osQ fy, egt fofHkUu ljdkjksa osQ chp osQ lacaèkksa dks le>uk gh vc dkI+kQh u jgkA lhekikj D;k&D;k ?kVuk,¡ ?kV jgha gSa μ bls le>uk Hkh ”k:jh gS vkSj vius ns'k dh lhek osQ ckgj tks oqQN ?kV jgk gS mlesa fliZQ ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk Hkj ugha gSA fo'o jktuhfr esa nwljs ns'kksa dh van:uh jktuhfr dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mls rqyukRed u”kfj;s ls le>k tkrk gSA felky osQ fy,] ,d vè;k; ^nwljh nqfu;k* osQ lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa 'khr&;q¼ osQ ckn gqbZ ?kVukvksa ij gSA bl vè;k; esa bu ns'kksa esa gq, van:uh cnykoksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ckjs esa fy[ks x, vè;k; esa Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'kksa esa ekStwn yksdra=k dh gkyr dk ftØ fd;k x;k gSA ;g rqyukRed jktuhfr dk nk;jk gSA fo'o esa jktuhfr vkt ftl lwjr esa gS] dekscs'k] bl fdrkc dk ljksdkj mlh ls gSA fdrkc esa 19oha vkSj 20oha lnh oQh fo'o jktuhfr dh ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gSA bu oDrksa dh jktuhfr dk ftØ bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fd;k x;k gSA geus 20oha lnh dh ckrksa dh ppkZ mlh gn rd dh gS ftl gn rd ekStwnk ?kVukvksa vkSj izo`fÙk;ksa dks crkus esa og crkSj i`"BHkwfe dke vk ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge 'khr ;q¼ ls 'kq: djrs gaS D;ksafd bl çfØ;k vkSj mlosQ var dks le>s fcuk ge ;g vankt ugha yxk ik,¡xs fd vkt ge dgk¡ gSaA vki bl fdrkc dk ç;ksx oSQls djsaxs\ ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd ;g iqLrd fo'o jktuhfr ls ifjfpr djk,xhA gesa fo'okl gS fd ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ fy, vè;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ bl iqLrd dks vk/kj cuk,¡xsA izR;sd vè;k; esa vkidks fuf'pr lhek esa lwpuk,¡ feysaxhA blosQ lkFk&lkFk gj vè;k; esa fo'o jktuhfr dks le>us esa mi;ksxh vo/kj.kkvksa ls vkidh HksVa gksxh tSlμ s 'khr;q¼_ opZLo dh /kj.kk_ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu_ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj ekuoh; lqj{kk_ i;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk_ oS'ohdj.k vkfnA gj vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa îfjp;* fn;k x;k gSA blls ljljh rkSj ij vkidks vanktk yx tk,xk fd vè;k; esa fdu ckrksa dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA gj vè;k; esa ekufp=k] lkj.kh] vkjs[k] ckWDl] dkVwZu rFkk vU; :i&jpukvksa (izn'kksZa) dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k gS rkfd vkidks iko fn, x, gSaA blesa lkefxz;ksa dks lkFk feydj tqVkus] varjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj vki lc ls bl rjg ckrphr djus dks dgk x;k gS ekuksa vki jktuf;d gksaA blosQ vykos oqQN Îyl ckWDl* gSaA blesa fdlh tk¡p&ij[k vFkok ijh{kk osQ fygkt ls ugha cfYd vkidh tkudkjh dks cy gksrkA ,d ea'kk ;g Hkh gS fd vki fdlh fo"k; ij vkSj vkxs lkspsaA gj vè;k; osQ var esa ,d ç'ukoyh gSA blls vkidks vè;k; esa i dks ij[kus esa enn feysxhA îz'ukoyh* vkidks vè;k; esa crk;h xbZ ckrksa ls vkSj vkxs Hkh ys tk,xhA vki ns[ksaxs fd bl fdrkc esa ekufp=kksa dh Hkjekj gSA dkSu&lh txg dgk¡ gS_ dkSu fdlosQ iM+ksl esa jgrk gS rFkk ,d&nwljs dh ekStnw xh osQ ek;uksa esa ns'kksa dh lhek&js[kk] unh rFkk vU; jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡ dgk¡ vkSj dSls gSaμ bu ckrksa osQ cks/ osQ fcuk fo'o&jktuhfr dks le>uk vlaHko ugha rks eqf'dy ”k:j gSA blh dkj.k geus cM+h nfj;kfnyh ls ekufp=kksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA ftu jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa osQ ckjs esa vki iko ns jgs gSa A ge ;gk¡ vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa miyC/ ikB~ ; lkefxz;ksa dh ppkZ djsaxs A ysfdu] bldk eryc ;g ugha fd tkudkjh osQ fy, blh Hkk"kk esa vPNh ikB~;lkexzh miyC/ gSA gk¡] Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa osQ fy, vaxzsth esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ksa dks gkfly djuk vklku gSA bl fdrkc esa tks fo"k; mBk, x, gSa vFkok ftu ns'kksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk gokyk fn;k x;k gS mlosQ ckjs esa cgqr&lh tkudkjh vki baVjusV ij miyC/ fodhihfM;k ls gkfly dj ldrs gSaA vki oqQNsd fo'odks'k tSls ,UlkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkrh tkudkjh nsus okyh dbZ iqLrosaQ gSa tks vkidks fdlh vPNs vkSj cM+s iqLrdky; esa fey tk,axhA 'kks/kFkhZ] ewy ç'u vkSj le;kUrj tSlh oqQN if=kdk,¡ varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr ij iBuh; lkexzh miyC/ djkrh gSaA vki îzaQVykbu*] ^bafM;k VqMs*] ^vkmVyqd* vkSj ôhd* tSlh if=kdkvksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA buesa ls vf/dka'k osQ fganh laLdj.k Hkh çdkf'kr gksrs gSaA vki pkgsa rks ^bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh*] ôYMZ iQksdl* rFkk ^lsfeukj* tSls oqQN vdknfed tuZYl dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA cgjgky] nSfud v[kckjksa dks iko vewY; gSaA ge gj lq>ko dk lEeku djrs gSaA

o`Qi;k gesa bl irs ij fy[ksa leUo;d (jktuhfr foKku) DESSH, NCERT

Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh&110 016 vki gesa bl irs ij bZ&esy Hkh dj ldrs gSa μ

[email protected]

vè;k; 1

'khr;q) dk nkSj ifjp; ;g vè;k; iwjh iqLrd osQ fy, ,d iwoiZ hfBdk çLrqr djrk gSA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr dks ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dh rjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gh ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq gS blfy, ;g mfpr gh gS fd ge dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr 'khr;q¼ dh ppkZ ls djsaA bl vè;k; ls ;g lkiQ gksxk fd fdl rjg nks egk'kfDr;ksa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dk opZLo 'khr;q¼ osQ osaQæ esa FkkA ;g vè;k; gesa fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa 'khr;q¼ dh lejLFkfy;ksa rd Hkh ys tk,xkA bl vè;k; esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ij bl n`f"V ls fopkj fd;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg blus nksuksa jk"Vªksa osQ ncncs dks pqukSrh nhA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk ûbZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk* LFkkfir djus osQ ç;kl dh ppkZ bl vè;k; esa ;g crkrs gq, dh xbZ gS fd fdl rjg bu ns'kksa us xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dks vius vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk lk/u cuk;kA vè;k; osQ var esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g ç'u iwNk x;k gS fd Hkkjr osQ fgrksa dh j{kk esa xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr fdl lhek rd liQy jghA

nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ var osQ ifj.kkeLo:i nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA Åij osQ nks fp=k nwljs fo'o;q¼ esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dh fot; dks bafxr djrs gSaA 1- vejhdh lSfud 23 iQjojh] 1945 dks vkboks thek] tkiku dh yM+kbZ esa viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A 2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; osQ lSfud ebZ] 1945 esa jkbLVSax fcfYMax (cfyZu] teZuh) ij viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A fp=k 1 tks jkslsUFkky (n ,lksfl,V çSl) ls vkSj fp=k 2 ;soxsuh [kYnsbZ (rk'k) ls lkHkkj

2

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

D;wck dk felkby ladV

ge nqfu;k dh lSj dj jgs gSaA ,slh txgksa ij tkuk tgk¡ cM+h&cM+h ?kVuk,¡ gqb± gSa lpeqp cgqr e”ksnkj gSA

;g uD'kk D;wck esa rSukr dh tk jgh ijek.kq felkby dh igq¡p dk nk;jk fn[kkrk gSA uD'ks osQ uhps è;ku ls nsf[k,A ;g uD'kk la;qDr jk"Vª vejhdk dh [kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lh-vkbZ-,- }kjk D;wck felkby ladV ij gqbZ xksiuh; cSBd esa ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA lzksr% tkWu ,iQ- osQusMh çsflMsafl,y ykbczsjh ,aM E;wft;e

1961 dh vçSy esa lksfo;r la?k osQ usrkvksa dks ;g fpark lrk jgh Fkh fd vejhdk lkE;okfn;ksa }kjk 'kkflr D;wck ij vkØe.k dj nsxk vkSj bl ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr fiQnsy dkL=kks dk r[+rkiyV gks tk,xkA D;wck vejhdk osQ rV ls yxk gqvk ,d NksVk&lk }hih; ns'k gSA D;wck dk tqMk+ o lksfo;r la?k ls Fkk vkSj lksfo;r la?k mls owQVuf;d rFkk foÙkh; lgk;rk nsrk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk uhfdrk [kq'z pso us D;wck dks :l osQ ^lSfud vM~M*s osQ :i esa cnyus dk iSQlyk fd;kA 1962 esa [kqz 'pso us D;wck esa ijek.kq felkbysa rSukr dj nhaA bu gfFk;kjksa dh rSukrh ls igyh ckj vejhdk utnhdh fu'kkus dh lhek esa vk x;kA gfFk;kjksa dh bl rSukrh osQ ckn lksfo;r la?k igys dh rqyuk esa vc vejhdk osQ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx osQ yxHkx nksxqus fBdkuksa ;k 'kgjksa ij geyk cksy ldrk FkkA D;wck esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk ijek.kq gfFk;kj rSukr djus dh Hkud vejhfd;ksa dks rhu gÝrs ckn yxhA vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWu ,iQ oSQusMh vkSj muosQ lykgdkj ,slk oqQN Hkh djus ls fgpfdpk jgs Fks ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ijek.kq ;q¼ 'kq: gks tk,A ysfdu os bl ckr dks ysdj nùs dh ”k:jr gS fd NksVs ns'k fuEu dkj.kksa ls egk'kfDr;ksa osQ cM+s dke osQ Fks μ (d) egÙoiw.kZ lalk/uksa (tSls rsy vkSj [kfut)] ([k) Hkw&{ks=k (rkfd ;gk¡ ls egk'kfDr;k¡ vius gfFk;kjksa vkSj lsuk dk lapkyu dj losaQ)] (x) lSfud fBdkus (tgk¡ ls egk'kfDr;k¡ ,d&nwljs dh tklwlh dj losQa ) vkSj (?k) vkfFkZd enn (ftlesa xBca/u esa 'kkfey cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs ns'k lSU;&[kpZ ogu djus esa ennxkj gks ldrs Fks)A ;s ,sls dkj.k Fks tks NksVs ns'kksa dks egk'kfDr;ksa osQ fy, ”k:jh cuk nsrs FksA fopkj/kjk osQ dkj.k Hkh ;s ns'k egÙoiw.kZ FksA xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dh fu"Bk ls ;g laoQs r feyrk Fkk fd egk'kfDr;k¡ fopkjksa dk ikjLifjd ;q¼ Hkh thr jgh gSaA xqV esa 'kkfey gks jgss ns'kksa osQ vk/kj ij os lksp

ldrh Fkha fd mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwt a hokn] lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ls dgha csgrj gS vFkok lektokn vkSj lkE;okn] mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwathokn dh vis{kk csgrj gSA

'khr;q¼ osQ nk;js 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku vusd ladV lkeus vk;sA D;wck osQ ftl felkby ladV ls geus bl vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr dh] og buesa ls ,d FkkA 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku [kwuh yM+kb;k¡ Hkh gqb±] ysfdu ;gk¡ è;ku nsus dh ckr ;g Hkh gS fd bu ladVksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa dh ifj.kfr rhljs fo'o;q¼ osQ :i esa ugha gqbZA nksuksa egk'kfDr;k¡ dksfj;k (1950&1953)] cfyZu (1958&1962)] dkaxks (1960 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr) vkSj dbZ vU; txgksa ij lh/s&lh/s eqBHksM+ dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdh FkhaA ladV xgjkrk x;k D;ksafd nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh i{k ihNs gVus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha FkkA tc ge 'khr;q¼ osQ nk;jksa dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; ,sls {ks=kksa ls gksrk gS tgk¡ fojks/h [kseksa esa c¡Vs ns'kksa osQ chp ladV osQ volj vk;s] ;q¼ gq, ;k buosQ gksus dh laHkkouk cuh] ysfdu ckrsa ,d gn ls T;knk ugha ckSrs ij gLrk{kj_ 17oha lekukarj js[kk }kjk fo;ruke dk foHkktu_ fl,Vks (SEATO) dk xBuA % fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA % cxnkn le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ ckn esa bls lsUVks (CENTO) osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA % gaxjh esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksiA % D;wck esa vejhdk }kjk çk;ksftr ^cs vkWiQ fiXl* vkØe.k % cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZA % D;wck dk felkby ladVA % Mksfefudu fjifCyd esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA % psdksLyksokfd;k esa lksfo;r gLr{ksiA % vejhdh jk"Vªifr fuDlu dk phu nkSjkA % oaQcksfM;k esa fo;ruke dk gLr{ksiA % vI+kQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi % xksckZPkso lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr cus_ lq/kj dh çfØ;k vkjaHk dhA % cfyZu&nhokj fxjh_ iwohZ ;wjksi dh ljdkjksa osQ fo#¼ yksxksa dk çn'kZuA % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA % lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu_ 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIrA

vkanksyu osQ çeq[k usrkvksa esa ,d tokgjyky usg: FksA usg: us mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh dksfj;k osQ chp eè;LFkrk esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA dkaxks ladV esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ egklfpo us çeq[k eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA varr% ;g ckr mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gS fd egk'kfDr;ksa us le> fy;k Fkk fd ;q¼ dks gj gkyr esa Vkyuk ”k:jh gSA blh le> osQ dkj.k nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us la;e cjrk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa ftEesokjh Hkjk cjrko fd;kA 'khr;q¼ ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k dh rjiQ ljdrk x;k vkSj blesa la;e dk roZQ gh dke dj jgk FkkA gkyk¡fd 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku nksuksa gh xBca/uksa osQ chp çfr}afnrk lekIr ugha gqbZ FkhA blh dkj.k ,d&nwljs osQ çfr 'kadk dh gkyr esa nksuksa xqVksa us Hkjiwj gfFk;kj tek fd, vkSj yxkrkj ;q¼ osQ fy, rS;kjh djrs jgsA gfFk;kjksa osQ cM+s ”k[khjs dks ;q¼ ls cps jgus osQ fy, ”k:jh ekuk x;kA nksuksa ns'k yxkrkj bl ckr dks le> jgs Fks fd la;e osQ ckotwn ;q¼ gks ldrk gSA nksuksa i{kksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh nwljs osQ gfFk;kjksa dh la[;k dks ysdj X +kyr vuqeku yxk ldrk FkkA nksuksa xqV ,d&nwljs dh ea'kk dks le>us esa Hkwy dj ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr loky ;g Hkh Fkk fd dksbZ ijek.kq nq?kZVuk gks xbZ rks D;k gksxk\ vxj X+kyrh ls dksbZ ijek.kq gfFk;kj py tk, ;k dksbZ lSfud 'kjkjru ;q¼ 'kq: djus osQ bjkns ls dksbZ gfFk;kj pyk ns rks D;k gksxk\ vxj ijek.kq gfFk;kj osQ dkj.k dksbZ nq?kZVuk gks tk, rks D;k gksxk\ ,slh nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gq, ns'k osQ usrkvksa dks oSQls irk pysxk fd ;g 'k=kq dk "kM+;a=k ugha vFkok nwljh rjiQ ls dksbZ felkby ugha nkxh xbZ gS] cfYd ;g egt ,d nq?kZVuk gS\

9

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj

oqQ^h] ykWfiQax fon oqQ^h

;s nksuksa dkVZuw e'kgwj Hkkjrh; dkVZfw uLV oqQ^h us cuk, gSAa buesa 'khr;q¼ dks ysdj Hkkjr osQ u”kfj, dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA igyk dkVZuw ml le; dk gS tc lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dks va/js s esa j[kdj vejhdk us phu osQ lkFk xqipqi nksLrh xkaBhA bl dkVwuZ esa fn[kk, x, fdjnkjksa osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVkb,A nwljs dkVwuZ esa fo;ruke esa vejhdh nqLlkgl dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA fo;ruke&;q¼ osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk,¡A

,d u”kj b/j Hkh μ vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWulu fo;ruke osQ elys ij cM+s d"V esa tku iM+rs gSaA

oqQ^h] ykWfiQax fon oqQ ^h

jktuhfrd clar μ phu osQ gkFkksa esa vejhdk dk gkFk

10

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ laLFkkid

tkslsiQ czkW”k VhVks (1892&1980) ;qxksLykfo;k osQ 'kkld (1940&80)_ nwljs fo'o ;q¼ esa teZuh osQ f[kykiQ yM+s_ lkE;oknh_ lksfo;r la?k ls nwjh cuk, j[khA ;qxksLykfo;k esa ,drk dk;e dhA

tokgjyky usg: (1889&1964) Hkkjr osQ igys ç/kuea=kh (1947&64)_ ,f'k;kbZ ,drk] vukSifuos'khdj.k vkSj fujL=khdj.k osQ ç;kl fd, vkSj fo'o&'kkafr osQ fy, 'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo dh odkyr dhA


bl dkj.k] le; jgrs vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k us oqQNsd ijekf.od vkSj vU; gfFk;kjksa dks lhfer ;k lekIr djus osQ fy, vkil esa lg;ksx djus dk iSQlyk fd;kA nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd ^vL=k&fu;a=k.k* }kjk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij yxke dlh tk ldrh gS vkSj mlesa LFkk;h larqyu yk;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ç;kl dh 'kq#vkr lu~ 1960 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa gqbZ vkSj ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj nksuksa i{kksa us rhu vge le>kSrksa ij nLr[+kr fd,A ;s laf/;k¡ Fkha ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/ laf/] ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ vkSj ijek.kq ç{ksikL=k ifjlheu laf/ (,aVh cSysfLVd felkby VªhVh)A blosQ ckn egk'kfDr;ksa us ^vL=k&ifjlheu* osQ fy, okrkZvksa osQ dbZ nkSj fd, vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus osQ fy, vussd laf/;k¡ dhaA

nks&/zqoh;rk dks pqukSrh μ xqVfujis{krk ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fdl rjg 'khr;q¼ dh o”kg ls fo'o nks çfr}a}h xqVksa esa c¡V jgk FkkA blh lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{krk us ,f'k;k] vçQhdk vkSj ykfruh vejhdk osQ uo&Lora=k ns'kksa dks ,d rhljk fodYi fn;kA ;g fodYi Fkk nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa ls vyx jgus dkA xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh tM+ esa ;qxksLykfo;k osQ tkslsiQ czkW”k VhVks] Hkkjr osQ tokgjyky usg: vkSj felz osQ xeky vCnqy ukflj dh nksLrh FkhA bu rhuksa us lu~ 1956 esa ,d liQy cSBd dhA baMksufs 'k;k osQ lqd.kks± vkSj ?kkuk osQ okes ,uØwek us budk tksjnkj leFkZu fd;kA ;s ik¡p usrk xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ

laLFkkid dgyk,A igyk xqVfujis{k lEesyu lu~ 1961 esa csyxzsM esa gqvkA ;g lEesyu de ls de rhu ckrksa dh ifj.kfr Fkk μ (d) bu ik¡p ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx] ([k) 'khr;q¼ dk çlkj vkSj blosQ ckA tc 'khr;q¼ vius f'k[kj ij Fkk rc bl fodYi us rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa oSQls enn igq¡pkbZ\ 10- ^xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu vc vçklafxd gks x;k gS*A vki bl dFku osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA vius mÙkj osQ leFkZu esa roZQ çLrqr djsaA

vè;k; 2

nks /kzqoh;rk dk var ifjp; 'khr;q¼ osQ lcls ljX+keZ nkSj esa cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g nhokj 'khr;q¼ dk lcls cM+k çrhd FkhA 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk us bl nhokj dks fxjk fn;kA bl ukVdh; ?kVuk osQ ckn vkSj Hkh ukVdh; rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe lkeus vk;kA bldh ifj.kfr nwljh nqfu;k osQ iru vkSj 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr esa gqbZA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn foHkkftr gks pqosQ teZuh dk vc ,dhdj.k gks x;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ [kses esa 'kkfey iwohZ ;wjksi osQ vkB ns'kksa us ,d&,d djosQ turk osQ çn'kZuksa dks ns[kdj vius lkE;oknh 'kklu dks cny MkykA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ le; lksfo;r la?k dks ;g lc pqipki ns[krs jguk iM+kA ,slk fdlh lSU; etcwjh ls ugha] cfYd vke turk dh lkewfgd dkjZokbZ osQ ncko osQ dkj.k gqvkA var esa Lo;a lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu gks x;kA bl vè;k; esa ge nwljh nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ vk'k;] dkj.k vkSj ifj.kkekssa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh ppkZ djsaxs fd lksfo;r 'kklu osQ iru osQ ckn nqfu;k osQ bl fgLls esa D;k gqvk vkSj vc bu ns'kksa ls Hkkjr osQ fj'rs oSQls gSaA

cfyZu dh nhokj iwt ¡ hoknh nqfu;k vkSj lkE;oknh nqfu;k osQ chp foHkktu dk çrhd FkhA 1961 esa cuh ;g nhokj if'peh cfyZu dks iwohZ cfyZu ls vyxkrh FkhA 150 fdyksehVj ls Hkh T;knk yach ;g nhokj 28 o"kksZa rd [kM+h jgh vkSj vkf[kjdkj turk us bls 9 uoacj] 1989 dks rksM+ fn;kA ;g nksuksa teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k vkSj lkE;oknh [kses dh lekfIr dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ;gk¡ fn, x, fp=k blh dFkkØe dks lkeus j[krs gSAa 1- yksx nhokj esa NksVk lk Nsn dj jgsa gSaA 2- eqDr vkokxeu dks laHko cukus osQ fy, nhokj osQ ,d fgLls dks fxjk fn;k x;k gSA 3- 1989 ls igys cfyZu dh nhokj fp=k izsQMfjd jse vkSj ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ;wVkg ls lkHkkj

18


lksfo;r ç.kkyh D;k Fkh\

lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk

Oykfnehj ysfuu (1870&1924) cksY'ksfod dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ laLFkkid_ 1917 dh :lh Økafr osQ uk;d vkSj Økafr osQ ckn osQ lcls eqf'dy nkSj (1917&1924) esa lksfo;r lektoknh x.kjkT; osQ laLFkkid&vè;{k_ ekDlZokn osQ vlkèkkj.k fl¼kardkj vkSj mls veyh tkek igukus esa egkjFkh_ iwjh nqfu;k esa lkE;okn osQ çsj.kkÏksrA

lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; (;w-,l-,l-vkj-) :l esa gqbZ 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr osQ ckn vfLrRo esa vk;kA ;g Økafr iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk osQ fojks/ esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj lektokn osQ vkn'kks± vkSj lerkewyd lekt dh ”k:jr ls çsfjr FkhA ;g ekuo bfrgkl esa futh laifÙk dh laLFkk dks lekIr djus vkSj lekt dks lekurk osQ fl¼kar ij lpsr :i ls jpus dh lcls cM+h dksf'k'k FkhA ,slk djus esa lksfo;r ç.kkyh osQ fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj îkVhZ dh laLFkk* dks çkFkfed egÙo fn;kA lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh /qjh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ FkhA blesa fdlh vU; jktuhfrd ny ;k foi{k osQ fy, txg ugha FkhA vFkZO;oLFkk ;kstukc¼ vkSj jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkhA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn iwohZ ;wjksi osQ ns'k lksfo;r la?k osQ vaoqQ'k esa vk x;sA lksfo;r lsuk us bUgsa iQklhoknh rkOkQrksa osQ paxqy ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu lHkh ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lksfo;r la?k dh lektoknh ç.kkyh dh rtZ ij ko fn;k_ vejhdk osQ lkFk laca/kas esa ruko dh deh osQ nkSj ls laca¼_ psdksLyksokfd;k osQ tu&foæksg osQ neu vkSj viQxkfuLrku ij vkØe.k esa 'kkfeyA

22


lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ?kVuk&pØ lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk

fe[+kkby xksckZpso (tUe 1931) lksfo;r la?k osQ vafre jk"Vªifr (1985&1991)_ isjsLËksbdk (iqujZpuk) vkSj XykluksLr ([kqyis u) osQ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lq/kj 'kq: fd,_ vejhdk osQ lkFk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij jksd yxkbZ_ viQxkfuLrku vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ls lksfo;r lsuk okil cqykbZ_ teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k esa lgk;d_ 'khr;q¼ lekIr fd;k_ lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk vkjksi yxkA

ekpZ 1985

% fe[+kkby xksckZpos lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ egklfpo pqus x,A cksfjl ;sYrflu dks :l dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk çeq[k cuk;kA lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kjksa dh Ükà[kyk 'kq: dhA

1988

% fyFkqvkfu;k esa vk”kknh osQ fy, vkanksyu 'kq:A ,LVksfu;k vkSj yrkfo;k esa Hkh iSQykA

vDVwcj 1989

% lksfo;r la?k dh ?kks"k.kk fd ôkjlk le>kSr*s osQ lnL; viuk Hkfo"; r; djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSaA uoacj esa cfyZu dh nhokj fxjhA

iQjojh 1990

% xksckZpos us lksfo;r laln M~;ew k osQ pquko osQ fy, cgqnyh; jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dhA lksfo;r lÙkk ij dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk 72 o"kZ iqjkuk ,dkf/dkj lekIrA

twu 1990

% :lh laln us lksfo;r la?k ls viuh Lora=krk ?kksf"kr dhA

ekpZ 1990

% fyFkqvkfu;k Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk igyk lksfo;r x.kjkT; cukA

twu 1991

% ;sYrflu dk dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ls bLrhiQkA :l osQ jk"Vªifr cusA

vxLr 1991

% dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ xjeiafFk;ksa us xksckZpso osQ f[+kykiQ ,d vliQy r[+rkiyV fd;kA

flracj 1991

% ,LVksfu;k] yrkfo;k vkSj fyFkqvkfu;k] rhuksa ckfYVd x.kjkT; la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ lnL; cusA (ekpZ 2004 esa mÙkj vVykafVd laf/ laxBu esa 'kkfey)

fnlacj 1991

% :l] csyk:l vkSj mØsu us 1922 dh lksfo;r la?k osQ fuekZ.k ls lac¼ laf/ dks lekIr djus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj Lora=k jk"Vªksa dk jk"VªoqQy cuk;kA vkesZfu;k] vtjcStku] ekYnksok] d”kkfdLrku] fdjfx>Lrku] rkf”kfdLrku] rqO+kZQesfuLrku vkSj m”csfdLrku Hkh jk"VªoqQy esa 'kkfeyA tkftZ;k 1993 esa jk"VªoQq y dk lnL; cukA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa lksfo;r la?k dh lhV :l dks feyhA

25 fnlacj] 1991 % xksckZpos us lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr osQ in ls bLrhiQk fn;kA lksfo;r la?k dk varA

23

nks /zqoh;rk dk var

lksfo;r la?k osQ fofHkUu x.kjkT; bl mHkkj esa 'kkfey FksA jk"Vªh;rk vkSj laçHkqrk osQ Hkkoksa dk mHkkj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk vafre vkSj lokZf/d rkRdkfyd dkj.k fl¼ gqvkA bl elys ij Hkh vyx&vyx jk; feyrh gSA ,d fopkj rks ;g gS fd jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k osQ lewps bfrgkl esa dgha&u&dgha tkjh Fkh vkSj pkgs lq/kj gksrs ;k u gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esa van:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh FkkA [kSj! ;g rks bfrgkl dh vfuok;Zrk osQ ckjs esa vuqeku yxkuk gqvk ysfdu lksfo;r la?k osQ vkdkj] fofo/rk rFkk bldh ck;k Fkk] gfFk;kjksa dh rst gksM+ 'kq: dh Fkh] ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ lap; dks cLrku m”csfdLrku

tkWftZ;k frcfyfl oSQfLi;u lkxj

vadkjk

vesZfu;k

rqdhZ

;kjkoku

rk'koaQn

phu v”kjcStku ckowQ

rkf”kfdLrku

rqoZQesfuLrku nq'kku;s v'xkosr

Hkweè; lkxj

lhfj;k nfe'd

rsgjku

bjkd

ekufp=k ij Lora=k eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks fpfÉr djsaA ¶;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ VsDlkl ykbczsjh”k] vkfLVu ls lkHkkj¸

bZjku

vI+kQxkfuLrku

Hkkjr

25

nks /zqoh;rk dk var

d"Vçn laØe.k ls gksdj xqtjsA :l] eè; ,f'k;k osQ x.kjkT; vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa iw¡thokn dh vksj laØe.k dk ,d [kkl ekWMy viuk;k x;kA fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk funsfZ 'kr bl ekWMy dks ^'kkWd Fksjsih* (vk?kkr igq¡pkdj mipkj djuk) dgk x;kA HkwriwoZ ^nwljh nqfu;k* osQ ns'kksa esa 'kkWd Fksjsih dh xfr vkSj xgurk vyx&vyx jgh ysfdu bldh fn'kk vkSj pfj=k cM+h lhek rd ,d tSls FksA gj ns'k dks iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vksj iwjh rjg eqM+uk FkkA bldk eryc Fkk lksfo;r la?k osQ nkSj dh gj lajpuk ls iwjh rjg futkr ikukA ^'kkWd Fksjsih* dh lokZsifj ekU;rk Fkh fd fefYd;r dk lcls çHkkoh :i futh LokfeRo gksxkA blosQ varxZr jkT; dh laink osQ futhdj.k vkSj O;kolkf;d LokfeRo osQ hnkj gSAa

2- fuEufyf[kr dks dkyØekuqlkj ltk,¡\ (d) vI+kQxku&ladV ([k) cfyZu&nhokj dk fxjuk (x) lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu (?k) :lh Økafr 3- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ifj.kke ugha gS\ (d) la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ chp fopkj/kjkRed yM+kbZ dk var ([k) Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VªoqQy (lhvkbZ,l) dk tUe

ç'ukoyh

1- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\ (d) lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk esa lektokn çHkkoh fopkj/kjk FkhA ([k) mRiknu osQ lk/uksa ij jkT; dk LokfeRo@fu;a=k.k gksukA (x) turk dks vkfFkZd vk”kknh FkhA (?k) vFkZO;oLFkk osQ gj igyw dk fu;kstu vkSj fu;a=k.k jkT; djrk FkkA

ç'ukoyh

30


(x) fo'o&O;oLFkk osQ 'kfDr&larqyu esa cnyko (?k) eè;iwoZ esa ladV 4- fuEufyf[kr esa esy cSBk,a μ (1) fe[+kkby xksckZpso (2) 'kkWd Fksjsih (3) :l (4) cksfjl ;sYrflu (5) okjlkW

(d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)

lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/dkjh lSU; le>kSrk lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr vkfFkZd ekWMy :l osQ jk"Vªifr

5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaA (d) lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ---------------------- dh fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr FkhA ([k) lksfo;r la?k }kjk cuk;k x;k lSU; xBca/u ---------------------- FkkA (x) ---------------------- ikVhZ dk lksfo;r jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij ncnck FkkA (?k) ---------------------- us 1985 esa lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr dhA (Ä) ---------------------- dk fxjuk 'khr;q¼ osQ var dk çrhd FkkA 6- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dks fdlh iwt ¡ hoknh ns'k tSls la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vyx djus okyh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk ftØ djsaA 7- fdu ckrksa osQ dkj.k xksckZpso lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kj osQ fy, ckè; gq,\ 8- Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ D;k ifj.kke gq,\ 9- 'kkWd Fksjis h D;k Fkh\ D;k lkE;okn ls iwt ¡ hokn dh rjiQ laØe.k dk ;g lcls csgrj rjhdk Fkk\ 10- fuEufyf[kr dFku osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d ys[k fy[ksa μ ^^nwljh nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn Hkkjr dks viuh fons'k&uhfr cnyuh pkfg, vkSj :l tSls ijaijkxr fe=k dh txg la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ls nksLrh djus ij T;knk è;ku nsuk pkfg,A**

vè;k; 3

ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo ifjp; geus ns[kk fd 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn la;qDr jkT; vejhdk fo'o dh lcls cM+h rkdr cudj mHkjk vkSj nqfu;k esa dksbZ mldh VDdj dk çfr}a}h u jgkA bl ?kVuk osQ ckn osQ nkSj dks vejhdh çHkqRo ;k ,d/zqoh; fo'o dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ge vejhdh çHkqRo dh çÑfr] foLrkj vkSj lhekvksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaxsA igys [kkM+h ;q¼ ls ysdj vejhdh vxqvkbZ esa bjkd ij geys rd ?kVukvksa dk ,d flyflyk gSA ,d/qzoh; fo'o osQ mHkkj dh bl dFkk dh 'kq#vkr ge bl ?kVukØe osQ ftØ ls djsaxsA blosQ ckn ge FkksM+k Bgjdj ôpZLo* dh vo/kj.kk osQ lgkjs bl çHkqRo dh çÑfr dks le>us osQ ç;kl djsaxsA vejhdh opZLo osQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLÑfrd igyqvksa dh tk¡p&ij[k osQ ckn ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd vejhdk ls fucVus osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ ikl uhfrxr fodYi D;k gSaA vè;k; osQ var esa ge bl ckr ij fopkj djsaxs fd vejhdh opZLo osQ lkeus D;k dksbZ pqukSrh vku [kM+h gS vkSj D;k vejhdh opZLo ls mcjk tk ldrk gS\

2001 osQ flracj esa U;w;koZQ fLFkr oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ij geyk gqvkA bls ledkyhu bfrgkl dh /kjk dks eksM+ nsus okyh ?kVuk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ geys vkSj mlosQ ckn dh fLFkfr dks c;ku djrh ,d rLohj nh xbZ gSA

32


vk;'kk] tkcw vkSj vkaæsbZ

eSa [kq'k gw¡ fd eSaus foKku osQ fo"k; ugha fy, oukZ eSa Hkh vejhdh opZLo dk f'kdkj gks tkrkA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa D;ksa\

cxnkn osQ Nksj ij dk;e ,d LowQy esa i ij geyk D;ksa\

ijek.kq gfFk;kj la i Uu

iq p dkjks ;k nqRdkjks tc rd fd nksLrkuk u gks tk,

rkuk'kkgh

vejhdk ls nksLrkuk fj'rs

vejhdk ls nksLrkuk ugha

tedj iQk;nk mBkvks

Hkjiwj rsy vkSj [kfut la i nk

mis{kk djks

rq>ls eq>s [krjk FkkA

fons'kh jk"Vª

ijek.kq gfFk;kj ugha geyk djus dk cgkuk [kkstks geyk djks

cxkor HkM+ d kvks liQyrk

vejhdk leFkZd dBiqryh ljdkj cSBk nks

Hkjiwj rsy vkSj [kfut la i nk

tcjnLr vdky ;k ljdkjh neu

ehfM;k dh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk

nfjæ $ rsy Hkh ugha ijek.kq ce ugha dksbZ ladV ugha mis{kk djksa

ehfM;k dk dksbZ è;ku ugha lgk;rk

x`g;q¼ HkM+dkvks

eku ysa fd vki vejhdk osQ fons'k ea=kh gSaA vki çsl&lEesyu esa bu dkVwZuksa ij oSQlh çfrfØ;k trk,axs\

cckZn jkT;

,aMh flaxj] osQxYl dkVZwu

D;k vejhdk esa Hkh jktuhfrd oa'k&ijaijk pyrh gS ;k ;g fliQZ ,d viokn gS\

bl geys esa yxHkx rhu gtkj O;fDr ekjs x;sA vejhfd;ksa osQ fy, ;g fny ngyk nsus okyk vuqHko FkkA mUgksua s bl ?kVuk dh rqyuk 1814 vkSj 1941 dh ?kVukvksa ls dhA 1814 esa fczVus us okf'kaXVu Mhlh esa vkxtuh dh Fkh vkSj 1941 esa tkikfu;ksa us iyZ gkcZj ij geyk fd;k FkkA tgk¡ rd tku&eky dh gkfu dk loky gS rks vejhdh tehu ij ;g vc rd dk lcls xaHkhj geyk FkkA vejhdk 1776 esa ,d ns'k cuk vkSj rc ls mlus bruk cM+k geyk ugha >syk FkkA 9@11 osQ ”kokc esa vejhdk us iQkSjh dne mBk;s vkSj Hk;adj dkjZokbZ dhA vc fDyaVu dh txg fjifCydu ikVhZ osQ tktZ MCY;w- cq'k jk"Vªifr FksA ;s iwooZ rhZ jk"Vªifr ,p- MCY;w- cq'k osQ iq=k gSAa fDyaVu osQ foijhr cq'k us vejhdh fgrksa dks ysdj dBksj

37

ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo

yksxksa dks vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa Hkstk x;k vkSj mUgsa [kqfiQ;k tsy[kkukas esa canh cukdj j[kk x;kA D;wck osQ fudV vejhdh ukSlsuk dk ,d fBdkuk Xokarkukeks cs esa gSA oqQN cafn;ksa dks ogk¡ j[kk x;kA bl txg j[ks x, cafn;ksa dks u rks varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa dh lqj{kk çkIr gS vkSj u gh vius ns'k ;k vejhdk osQ dkuwuksa dhA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ çfrfuf/;ksa rd dks bu cafn;ksa ls feyus dh vuqefr ugha nh xbZA

[Map of Post-Soviet Countries]

2003 os Q 19 ekpZ dks vejhdk us ^vkWijs'ku bjkdh çQhMe* osQ owQVuke ls bjkd ij lSU;&geyk fd;kA vejhdh vxqvkbZ okys ^dkWvfy'ku vkWo ohfyaXl (vkdkaf{k;ksa osQ egktksV)* esa 40 ls T;knk ns'k 'kkfey gq,A la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us bjkd ij bl geys dh vuqefr ugha nh FkhA fn[kkos osQ fy, dgk x;k fd lkewfgd lagkj osQ gfFk;kj (ohial vkWo ekl MsLVªD'ku) cukus ls jksdus osQ fy, bjkd ij geyk fd;k x;k gSA bjkd esa lkewfgd lagkj osQ gfFk;kjksa dh ekStwnxh osQ dksbZ çek.k ugha feysA blls vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd geys osQ edln oqQN vkSj gh Fks] tSls bjkd osQ rsy&HkaMkj ij fu;a=k.k vkSj bjkd esa vejhdk dh euilan ljdkj dk;e djukA 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn gq, mu la?k"kks±@;q¼ksa dh lwph cuk,a ftlesa vejhdk us fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ A

,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

bjkd ij vkØe.k

I+kQkSth dh onhZ vkSj nqfu;k dk uD'kk ! ;g dkVwZu D;k crkrk gS\ líke gqlSu dh ljdkj rks pan jks”k esa gh tkrh jgh] ysfdu bjkd dks ^'kkar* dj ikus esa vejhdk liQy ugha gks ldk gSA bjkd esa vejhdk osQ f[kykiQ ,d iw.kZO;kih foæksg HkM+d mBkA vejhdk osQ 3000 lSfud bl ;q¼ esa [ksr jgs tcfd bjkd osQ lSfud dgha T;knk cM+h la[;k esa ekjs x;sA ,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj vejhdh geys osQ ckn ls yxHkx 50000 ukxfjd ekjs x;s gSaA vc ;g ckr cM+s O;kid :i esa ekuh tk jgh gS fd ,d egÙoiw.kZ vFkZ esa bjkd ij vejhdh geyk lSU; vkSj jktuhfrd /jkry ij vliQy fl¼ gqvk gSA

38


,atsy cksfyxu] osQxYl dkVZwu

blh dkj.k] vxj ge fo'o&jktuhfr dks le>uk pkgsa rks geasa fo'o osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp 'kfDr osQ c¡Vokjs dks le>uk iM+sxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 'khr;q¼ osQ le; (1945&1991) nks vyx&vyx xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa osQ chp rkdr dk c¡Vokjk FkkA 'khr;q¼ osQ le; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k bu nks vyx&vyx 'kfDr&osQa æksa osQ vxqvk Fks A lksfo;r la?k osQ iru osQ ckn nqfu;k esa ,dek=k egk'kfDr vejhdk cpkA tc varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk fdlh ,d egk'kfDr ;k dgsa fd m¼r egk'kfDr osQ ncncs esa gks rks cgq/k bls ^,d/zoq h;* O;oLFkk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA HkkSfrdh osQ 'kCn ^/qoz * dk ;g ,d rjg ls Hkzked ç;ksx gSA varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk esa rkdr dk ,d gh osQa æ gks rks bls ôpZLo* (Hegemony) 'kCn osQ bLrseky ls of.kZr djuk T;knk mfpr gksxkA

opZLo μ lSU; 'kfDr osQ vFkZ esa ^vejhdk osQ vaxwBs rys* 'kh"kZd dk ;g dkVwZu opZLo osQ vkeiQge vFkZ dks èofur djrk gSA vejhdh opZLo dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa ;g dkVwZu D;k dgrk gS\ dkVwZfuLV fo'o osQ fdl fgLls osQ ckjs esa b'kkjk dj jgk gSA

D;k gksrk gS opZLo dk vFkZ\

ôpZLo* tSls Hkkjh&Hkjde 'kCn dk bLrseky D;ksa djsa\ gekjs 'kgj esa blosQ fy, ^nknkfxjh* 'kCn pyrk gSA D;k ;g 'kCn T;knk vPNk ugha jgsxk\

jktuhfr ,d ,slh dgkuh gS tks 'kfDr osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA fdlh Hkh vke vkneh dh rjg gj lewg Hkh rkdr ikuk vkSj dk;e j[kuk pkgrk gSA ge jkstkuk ckr djrs gSa fd iQyka vkneh rkdroj gksrk tk jgk gS ;k rkdroj cuus ij rqyk gqvk gSA fo'o jktuhfr esa Hkh fofHkUu ns'k ;k ns'kksa osQ lewg rkdr ikus vkSj dk;e j[kus dh yxkrkj dksf'k'k djrs gSaA ;g rkdr lSU; çHkqRo] vkfFkZd&'kfDr] jktuhfrd #rcs vkSj lkaLÑfrd cyd gesa fo'oO;kih ^lkoZtfud oLrqvks*a dks eqg;S k djkus dh vejhdh Hkwfedk esa feyrh gSA ^lkoZtfud oLrqvks*a ls vk'k;

iwjh rjg ls le>us osQ fy, gesa bls ,sfrgkfld ifjçs{; esa ns[kuk pkfg,A bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg gS fd lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;ksa us lSU; cy dk ç;ksx egt pkj y{;ksa & thrus] vijks/ djus] naM nsus vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk cgky j[kus osQ fy, fd;k gSA bjkd osQ mnkgj.k ls çdV gS fd vejhdk dh fot;&{kerk fodV gSA blh rjg vi#¼ djus vkSj naM nsus dh Hkh mldh {kerk Lor%fl¼ gSA vejhdh lSU; {kerk dh detksjh fliQZ ,d ckr esa tkfgj gqbZ gSA og vius vf/Ñr Hkw&Hkkx esa dkuwu O;oLFkk ugha cgky dj ik;k gSA

,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

455-9 (vjc Mkyj esa)

MkWyje; nqfu;k

41

ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo

,slh phtksa ls gS ftldk miHkksx dksbZ ,d O;fDr djs rks nwljs dks miyC/ blh oLrq dh ek=kk esa dksbZ deh ugha vk,A LoPN ok;q vkSj lM+d lkoZtfud oLrq osQ mnkgj.k gSaA oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa lkoZtfud oLrq dk lcls cfs rks ;gk¡ cgqr&ls x+jhc yksx nh[k jgs gSa! buesa vf/dka'k v'osr gSaA

42 cszVuoqM ç.kkyh osQ varxZr oSf'od O;kikj osQ fu;e r; fd, x, FksA D;k ;s fu;e vejhdh fgrksa osQ vuqowQy cuk, x, Fks\ czsVuoqM ç.kkyh osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk;saA

;fn eSaus foKku fy;k gksrk rks eq>s esfMdy ;k bathfu;fjax dkWyst dh ços'k&ijh{kk esa cSBuk iM+rkA bldk eryc gksrk cgqr&ls mu yksxksa ls eqdkcyk djuk tks MkWDVj ;k bathfu;j cu dj vejhdk tkuk pkgrs gSaA


,d Hkh {ks=k ,slk ugha gS ftlesa dksbZ vejhdh daiuh vxz.kh rhu daifu;ksa esa ls ,d ugha gksA è;ku jgs fd vejhdk dh vkfFkZd çcyrk mldh aMk] xku] LFkkiuk&fnol vkSj viuh eqæk gSA vU; ns'kksa ls laca/ksa osQ ekeys esa blus dkiQh gn rd lk>h fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr Hkh cuk yh gSA u;s lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ;wjksih; la?k us lg;ksx osQ nk;js esa foLrkj dh dksf'k'k dhA u;s lnL; eq[;r% HkwriwoZ lksfo;r [kses osQ FksA ;g çfØ;k vklku ugha jghA vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx bl ckr dks ysdj oqQN [+kkl mRlkfgr ugha Fks fd tks

53

lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ

;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k iqjkus lnL; u, lnL;

fiQuyS a M LohMu

,LVks f u;k yrkfo;k fyFkq v kfu;k

MsuekoZQ vk;jyS a M ;wukbVsM fdaxMe

uhnjySaM cs f Yt;e

teZ u h

iks y S a M

psd fjifCyd Lyks o kfd;k vkfLVª ; k ga x jh Lykso sfu;k

yDlecxZ Úka l

bVyh

iqrZX+kky

Lisu

ekYVk

xz h l lkbçl

;wjksih; la?k osQ lnL;ksa dks bl ekufp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

rkdr muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj dks gkfly Fkh og vc ;wjksih; la?k dks ns nh tk,A ;wjksih; la?k esa oqQN ns'kksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ loky ij Hkh vlgefr gSA ;wjksih; la?k dk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] owQVuhfrd rFkk lSfud çHkko cgqr tcjnLr gSA 2005 esa ;g nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk Fkh vkSj bldk ldy ?kjsyw mRiknu 12000 vjc Mkyj ls T;knk Fkk tks vejhdk ls Hkh FkksM+k T;knk gh FkkA bldh eqæk ;wjks vejhdh Mkyj osQ çHkqRo osQ fy, [krjk cu ldrh gSA fo'o O;kikj esa bldh

fgLlsnkjh vejhdk ls rhu xquh T;knk gS vkSj blh osQ pyrs ;g vejhdk vkSj phu ls O;kikfjd fooknksa esa iwjh /kSal osQ lkFk ckr djrk gSA bldh vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çHkko blosQ utnhdh ns'kksas ij gh ugha] cfYd ,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk osQ nwj&njkt osQ eqYo+Qksa ij Hkh gSA ;g fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laxBuksas osQ vanj ,d egÙoiw.kZ lewg osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ nks lnL; ns'k fczVsu vkSj Úkal lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ LFkk;h lnL; gSAa ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ vkSj ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~

vks! vc le> esa vk;k 'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycA ftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsu esa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQ vuqlkj vkidks fliZQ ,d ns'k dk ohtk ysuk gksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQ cwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa tk losaQxsA

54


;wjksih; ,drk osQ egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko vçSy 1951

%

if'peh ;wjksi osQ Ng ns'kksa μ Úkal] if'pe teZuh] bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM vkSj yDtecxZ us isfjl laf/ ij nLr[kr djosQ ;wjksih; dks;yk vkSj bLikr leqnk; dk xBu fd;kA

ekpZ 1957

%

bUgha Ng ns'kksa us jkse dh laf/ osQ ekè;e ls ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) vkSj ;wjksih; ,Veh ÅtkZ leqnk; (Euratom) dk xBu fd;kA

tuojh 1973

%

MsuekoZQ] vk;jySaM vkSj fczVsu us Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA

twu 1979

%

;wjksih; laln osQ fy, igyk çR;{k pqukoA

tuojh 1981

%

;wuku (xzhl) us ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA

twu 1985

%

'kkaxsu laf/ us ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek fu;a=k.k lekIr fd;kA

tuojh 1986

%

Lisu vkSj iqrZxky Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; esa 'kkfey gq,A

vDVwcj 1990 %

teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA

iQjojh 1992

%

;wjksih; la?k osQ xBu osQ fy, ekfLVªLV laf/ ij nLr[krA

tuojh 1993

%

,dhÑr cktkj dk xBuA

tuojh 2002

%

ubZ eqæk ;wjks dks 12 lnL; ns'kksa us viuk;kA

ebZ 2004

%

lkbçl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] yrkfo;k] fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksyMaS ] Lyksokfd;k vkSj Lyksofs u;k Hkh ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA

tuojh 2007

%

cqYxkfj;k vkSj jksekfu;k ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA Lyksosfu;k us ;wjks dks viuk;kA

osQ vLFkk;h lnL;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA blosQ pyrs ;wjksih; la?k vejhdk lesr lHkh eqYdksa dh uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA bZjku osQ ijek.kq dk;ZØe ls lacfa /r vejhdh uhfr;ksa dks gky osQ fnuksa esa çHkkfor djuk bldk

,d mnkgj.k gSA phu osQ lkFk ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ mYya?ku vkSj i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ ekeyksa ij /edh ;k lSfud 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus dh txg owQVuhfr] vkfFkZd fuos'k vkSj ckrphr dh bldh uhfr T;knk çHkkoh lkfcr gqbZ gSA lSfud rkdr osQ fglkc ls ;wjksih; la?k osQ ikl nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h lsuk gSA bldk oqQy j{kk ctV vejhdk osQ ckn lcls vf/d gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ nks ns'kksa μ fczVsu vkSj Úkal osQ ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSa vkSj vuqeku gS fd buosQ ”k[khjs esa djhc 550 ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSaA varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh osQ ekeys esa Hkh ;wjksih; la?k dk nqfu;k esa nwljk LFkku gSA vf/jk"Vªh; laxBu osQ rkSj ij ;wjkssih; la?k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksa esa n[ky nsus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu vusd ekeyksa esa blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh viuh fons'k vkSj j{kk uhfr gS tks dbZ ckj ,d&nwljs osQ f[kykiQ Hkh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bjkd ij vejhdh geys esa fczVsu osQ çèkkuea=kh Vksuh Cys;j rks mlosQ lkFk Fks ysfdu teZuh vkSj Úkal bl geys osQ f[kykiQ FksA ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ u, lnL; ns'k Hkh vejhdh xBca/u esa FksA ;wjksi osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa ;wjks dks ykxw djus osQ dk;ZØe dks ysdj dkiQh ukjktxh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fczVsu dh iwoZ ç/kuea=kh ekxZjsV FkSpj us fczVsu dks ;wjksih; ck”kkj ls vyx j[kkA MsuekoZQ vkSj LohMu us ekfLVªLV laf/ vkSj lk>h ;wjksih; eqæk ;wjks dks ekuus dk çfrjks/ fd;kA blls fons'kh vkSj j{kk ekeyksa esa dke djus dh ;wjksih; la?k dh {kerk lhfer gksrh gSA

55

,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ

2003 esa ;wjksih; la?k us ,d lk>k lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ;g dksf'k'k ukdke;kc jghA blh dks y{; djosQ ;g dkVwZu cuk gSA dkVwZfuLV us ;wjksih; la?k dks VkbVSfud ”kgkt osQ :i esa D;ksa fn[kk;k gS\

nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªkas dk laxBu (vkfl;ku) + ij ,d u”kj MkyasA vkiosQ nqfu;k osQ uD'ks [+;ky ls dkSu&ls ns'k ,f'k;k osQ nf{k.kh {ks=k esa vkus pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o ;q¼ ls igys vkSj mlosQ nkSjku] ,f'k;k dk ;g fgLlk ckj&ckj ;wjksih; vkSj tkikuh mifuos'kokn dk f'kdkj gqvk rFkk Hkkjh jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dher pqdkbZA ;q¼ lekIr gksus ij bls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu vkSj xjhch tSlh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA bls 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr osQ lkFk tkus osQ nckoksa dks Hkh >syuk iM+kA Vdjkoksa vkSj HkkxeHkkx dh ,slh fLFkfr dks nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k laHkkyus dh fLFkfr esa

ugha FkkA ckaMxaq lEesyu vkSj xqVfujis{k vkanksyu oxSjg osQ ekè;e ls ,f'k;k vkSj rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa ,drk dk;e djus osQ ç;kl vukSipkfjd Lrj ij lg;ksx vkSj esytksy djkus osQ ekeys esa dkjxj ugha gks jgs FksA blh osQ pyrs nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ laxBu (vkfl;ku) cukdj ,d oSdfYid igy dhA 1967 esa bl {ks=k osQ ik¡p ns'kksa us cSd a kWd ?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj djosQ ^vkfl;ku* dh LFkkiuk dhA ;s ns'k Fks baMksufs 'k;k] eysf'k;k] fiQfyihal] flaxkiqj vkSj FkkbZyMaS A ^vkfl;ku* dk mís'; eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd fodkl dks rst djuk vkSj mlosQ ekè;e ls lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl gkfly djuk FkkA dkuwu osQ 'kklu vkSj la;Dq r jk"Vª osQ dk;nksa

dYiuk dhft,] D;k gksrk vxj iwjs ;wjksih; la?k dh ,d iqQVcky Vhe gksrh\

56


iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dk ekufp=k :l

eaxksfy;k mÙkj dksfj;k nf{k.k dksfj;k

phu

tkiku mÙkj iz'kkar egklkxj

usiky HkwVku Hkkjr cakXykns'k E;kaekj (cekZ) caxky dh [kkM+h

gk¡xdk¡x ykvksl FkkbySMa dacksfM;k fo;ruke

eysf'k;k flaxkiqj

fgan egklkxj

fiQfyihal

czqusbZ eysf'k;k

baMksusf'k;k iwohZ freksj

vkLVsfª y;k phu] tkiku] dksfj;k vkSj vkfl;ku osQ lnL; ns'kksa dks bafxr djrk ekufp=kA lzksr% ¶;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ Vsdlkl ykbczsjh”k] vkfLVu ls lkHkkj¸

D;k Hkkjr nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dk fgLlk ugha gS\ Hkkjr osQ iwoksZÙkjh jkT; vkfl;ku ns'kksa osQ brus fudV gSaA

ij vk/kfjr {ks=kh; 'kkafr vkSj LFkkf;Ro dks ckSrs fd, ftuosQ }kjk gj lnL; ns'k us 'kkafr] fu"i{krk] lg;ksx] vgLr{ksi dks caMk vkfl;ku osQ çrhd&fpÉ esa /ku dh nl ckfy;k¡ nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ nl ns'kksa dks bafxr djrh gSa tks vkil esa fe=krk vkSj ,drk osQ /kxs ls ca/s gSAa o`Ùk vkfl;ku dh ,drk dk çrhd gSA lzksr% www.aseansec.org

gesa bldh vknr Mkyuh gksxh

Hkkjr us 1991 ls îwjc dh vksj pyks* dh uhfr viuk;hA blls iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa (vkfl;ku] phu] tkiku vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k) ls mlosQ vkfFkZd laca/ksa esa ckSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd,A buosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh tqVk,¡A

2- ÂSEAN way* ;k vkfl;ku 'kSyh D;k gS\ (d) vkfl;ku osQ lnL; ns'kksa dh thou 'kSyh gS ([k) vkfl;ku lnL;ksa osQ vukSipkfjd vkSj lg;ksxiw.kZ dkedkt dh 'kSyh dks dgk tkrk gSA (x) vkfl;ku lnL;ksa dh j{kkuhfr gSA (?k) lHkh vkfl;ku lnL; ns'kksa dks tksM+us okyh lM+d gSA

ç'ukoyh

1- frfFk osQ fglkc ls bu lcdks Øe nsa & (d) fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa phu dk ços'k ([k) ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; dh LFkkiuk (x) ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk (?k) vkfl;ku {ks=kh; eap dh LFkkiuk

ç'ukoyh

64


3- buesa ls fdlus ^[kqys }kj* dh uhfr viukbZ\ (d) phu ([k) ;wjksih; la?k (x)

tkiku

(?k)

vejhdk

4- [kkyh LFkku Hkjsa μ (d) 1992 esa Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp ------------------ vkSj ------------------- dks ysdj lhekorhZ yM+kbZ gqbZ FkhA ([k) vkfl;ku {ks=kh; eap osQ dkeksa esa -------------------------------------------- vkSj -------------------djuk 'kkfey gSA (x) phu us 1972 esa ------------------------ osQ lkFk nksrjiQk laca/ 'kq: djosQ viuk ,dkarokl lekIr fd;kA (?k) ------------------------ ;kstuk osQ çHkko ls 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk gqbZA (Ä) ------------------------ vkfl;ku dk ,d LrEHk gS tks blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh lqj{kk osQ ekeys ns[krk gSA 5- {ks=kh; laxBuksa dks cukus osQ mís'; D;k gSa\ 6- HkkSxksfyd fudVrk dk {ks=kh; laxBuksa osQ xBu ij D;k vlj gksrk gS\ 7- ^vkfl;ku fotu&2020* dh eq[;&eq[; ckrsa D;k gSa\ 8- vkfl;ku leqnk; osQ eq[; LraHkksa vkSj muosQ mís';ksa osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A 9- vkt dh phuh vFkZO;oLFkk fu;af=kr vFkZO;oOFkk ls fdl rjg vyx gS\ 10- fdl rjg ;wjksih; ns'kksa us ;q¼ osQ ckn dh viuh ijs'kkfu;k¡ lqy>kb±\ la{ksi esa mu dneksa dh ppkZ djsa ftuls gksrs gq, ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 11- ;wjksih; la?k dks D;k phtsa ,d çHkkoh {ks=kh; laxBu cukrh gSaA 12- phu vkSj Hkkjr dh mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa eas ekStwnk ,d/qzoh; fo'o O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh ns ldus dh {kerk gSA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ vius rdks± ls vius fopkjksa dks iq"V djsaA 13- eqYdksa dh 'kkafr vkSj le`f¼ {ks=kh; vkfFkZd laxBuksa dks cukus vkSj etcwr djus ij fVdh gSA bl dFku dh iqf"V djsaA 14- Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp fookn osQ ekeyksa dh igpku djsa vkSj crk,¡ fd o`gÙkj lg;ksx osQ fy, bUgsa oSQls fuiVk;k tk ldrk gSA vius lq>ko Hkh nhft,A

vè;k; 5

ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k ifjp; vkb,] vc ge 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fo'o osQ ,d cM+s I+kQyd ij gq, cnykoksa ls u”kj gVk dj viuk è;ku vius {ks=k ;kuh nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh vksj eksMAas+ chloha lnh osQ vkf[+kjh lkyksa esa tc Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us [kqn dks ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu jk"Vªkas dh fcjknjh esa cSBk fy;k rks ;g {ks=k vpkud iwjs fo'o dh u”kj esa egÙoiw.kZ gks mBkA Li"V gh fo'o dk è;ku bl bykosQ esa py jgs dbZ rjg osQ la?k"kks± ij x;kA bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek vkSj unh ty osQ c¡Vokjs dks ysdj fookn dk;e gSA blosQ vfrfjDr foæksg] tkrh; la?k"kZ vkSj lalk/uksa osQ c¡Vokjs dks ysdj gksus okys >xM+s Hkh gSAa bu otgksa ls nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk bykdk cM+k laons u'khy gS vkSj vusd fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd vkt fo'o esa ;g {ks=k lqj{kk osQ fygkt ls [krjs dh vk'kadk okyk {ks=k gSA lkFk gh ,d ckr vkSj gSA bl bykosQ osQ cgqr ls yksx bl rF; dh fu'kkunsgh djrs gSa fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k vxj vkil esa lg;ksx djsa rks ;g {ks=k fodkl djosQ le`¼ cu ldrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ge nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp ekStnw la?k"kks± dh çÑfr vkSj bu ns'kksa osQ vkilh lg;ksx dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsxa As nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw jktuhfr ls bu >xM+kas ;k lg;ksx dk fe”kkt r; gksrk gS vFkok og buosQ ewy esa gSAa bl otg ls vè;k; esa igys nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xk vkSj oqQN ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw jktuhfr dh ppkZ dh tk,xhA

;sxsuh MsykØks us lu~ 1830 esa ,d isafVax cuk;h FkhA bldk 'kh"kZd Fkkμ^fycVhZ yhfMax n ihiy*A isafVax esa Lora=krk dh nsoh dks turk dh vxqvkbZ djrs gq, fpf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ fn;k x;k fp=k mlh isafVax dk lqHkk"k jk; Ñr :ikarj.k gSA fgeky lkmFk ,f'k;u (tuojh] 2007)] n lkmFk ,f'k;u VªLV] usiky ls lkHkkj

66


D;k gS nf{k.k ,f'k;k\ Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp fØosQV&eSp fdruk rukoiw.kZ gksrk gSμ ;g ge c[kwch nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa tkurs gSaA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd fØosQV dh oqQN ,slh fo'ks"krkvksa dh igpku eSp ns[kus osQ fy, ikfdLrkuh vFkok Hkkjrh; îSQUl* tc ,d&nwljs osQ ns'kksa esa igq¡prs gSa djsa tks bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa esa rks leku :i rks mudk cM+k vknj&lRdkj gksrk gS_ xeZtks'kh ls ykxw gksrh gSa ijarq ls estckuh dh tkrh gSA ;gh gky nf{k.k if'pe ,f'k;k vFkok ,f'k;kbZ ekeyksa dk Hkh gSA ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ gS tgk¡ ln~Hkko vkSj 'k=kqrk] vk'kk vkSj ns'kksa ij ykxw ugha fujk'kk rFkk ikjLifjd 'kadk vkSj fo'okl gksrhaA lkFk&lkFk clrs gSaA 'kq#vkr ge ,d cqfu;knh loky ls djsa fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k gS D;k\ veweu ckaXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk dks bafxr djus osQ fy, ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* in dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA mÙkj dh fo'kky fgeky; ioZr&Jà[kyk] nf{k.k dk ¯gn egklkxj] if'pe dk vjc lkxj vkSj iwjc esa ekStwn caxky dh [kkM+h ls ;g bykdk ,d fof'k"V çkÑfrd {ks=k osQ :i esa u”kj vkrk gSA ;g HkkSxksfyd fof'k"Vrk gh bl mi&egk}hih; {ks=k osQ Hkk"kkbZ] lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vuwBsiu osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA bl {ks=k dh ppkZ esa tc&rc vI+kQxkfuLrku vkSj E;kaekj dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA phu bl {ks=k dk ,d çeq[k ns'k gS ysfdu phu dks nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk vax ugha ekuk tkrkA bl vè;k; esa ge ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* in dk bLrseky mi;qDZ r lkr ns'kksa osQ fy, djsaxsA bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr nf{k.k ,f'k;k gj vFkZ esa fofo/rkvksa ls Hkjk&iwjk bykdk gS fiQj Hkh Hkw&jktuhfrd èkjkry ij ;g ,d D;k bu ns'kksa dh dksbZ lqfuf'pr ifjHkk"kk gS\ {ks=k gSA ;g ifjHkk"kk nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ,d&lh cukrk dkSu gS\ jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ugha gSA vusd leL;kvksa

vkSj lhekvksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk esa fczVus ls vk”kkn gksus osQ ckn] yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk liQyrkiwoZd dk;e gSA Hkkjr esa yksdra=k osQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa vki ,d vkSj fO+kQrkc esa foLrkj ls ikSrkA 'ks[k eqthcqjgZ eku us iwohZ ikfdLrku dks T;knk Lok;Ùkrk nsus osQ fy, N% lw=kh çLrko j[kkA ekpZ 1971 % ckaXykns'k osQ usrkvksa }kjk vk”kknh dh mn~?kks"k.kkA vxLr 1971 % Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k us 20 lkyksa osQ fy, eS=kh laf/ ij nLr[+kr fd,A fnlacj 1971 % Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼_ ckaXykns'k dh eqfDrA tqykbZ 1972 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp f'keyk&le>kSrkA ebZ 1974 % Hkkjr us ijek.kq&ijh{k.k fd,A 1976 % ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k osQ chp owQVuf;d lac/ a cgky gq,A fnlacj 1985 % ^n{ksl* osQ igys lEesyu (kSrs ij gLrk{kj gq,A 1988&91 % ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky esa yksdra=k dh cgkyhA 1993 % ^n{ksl* osQ lkrosa lEesyu (kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd, gSaA ^lkÝVk* ij gLrk{kj bLykekckn osQ 12osa lkoZQ&lEesyu esa gq,A nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh jktuhfr esa phu vkSj la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSAa

3- ikfdLrku osQ yksdra=khdj.k esa dkSu&dkSu lh dfBukb;k¡ gSa\ 4- usiky osQ yksx vius ns'k esa yksdra=k dks cgky djus esa oSQls liQy gq,\ 5- Jhyadk osQ tkrh;&la?k"kZ esa fdudh Hkwfedk çeq[k gS\ 6- Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp gky esa D;k le>kSrs gq,\ 7- ,sls nks elyksa osQ uke crk,¡ ftu ij Hkkjr&ckaXykns'k osQ chp vkilh lg;ksx gS vkSj blh rjg nks ,sls elyksa osQ uke crk,¡ ftu ij vlgefr gSA 8- nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa f}i{kh; laca/ksa dks ckgjh 'kfDr;k¡ oSQls çHkkfor djrh gSa\

ç'ukoyh

1- ns'kksa dh igpku djsa μ (d) jktra=k] yksdra=k&leFkZd lewgksa vkSj vfrokfn;ksa osQ chp la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk dk okrkoj.k cukA ([k) pkjksa rjiQ Hkwfe ls f?kjk ns'kA (x) nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk og ns'k ftlus lcls igys viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k fd;kA (?k) lsuk vkSj yksdra=k&leFkZd lewgksa osQ chp la?k"kZ esa lsuk us yksdra=k osQ Åij ckth ekjhA (Ä) nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ osaQæ esa vofLFkrA bl ns'k dh lhek,¡ nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ vf/dka'k ns'kksa ls feyrh gSaA (p) igys bl }hi esa 'kklu dh ckxMksj lqYrku osQ gkFk esa FkhA vc ;g ,d x.kra=k gSA (N) xzkeh.k {ks=k esa NksVh cpr vkSj lgdkjh ½.k dh O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k bl ns'k dks X+kjhch de djus esa enn feyh gSA (t) ,d fgeky;h ns'k tgk¡ laoS/kfud jktra=k gSA ;g ns'k Hkh gj rjiQ ls Hkwfe ls f?kjk gSA

ç'ukoyh

80


9- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh jkg rS;kj djus esa n{ksl (lkoZQ) dh Hkwfedk vkSj lhekvksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh csgrjh esa ^n{ksl* (lkoZQ) T;knk cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk losQ] blosQ fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxs\ 10- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k ,d&nwljs ij vfo'okl djrs gSaA blls varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij ;g {ks=k ,dtqV gksdj viuk çHkko ugha tek ikrkA bl dFku dh iqf"V esa dksbZ Hkh nks mnkgj.k nsa vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks etcwr cukus osQ fy, mik; lq>k,¡A 11- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k Hkkjr dks ,d ckgqcyh le>rs gSa tks bl {ks=k osQ NksVs ns'kksa ij viuk ncnck tekuk pkgrk gS vkSj muosQ van:uh ekeyksa esa n[ky nsrk gSA bu ns'kksa dh ,slh lksp osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu lh ckrsa ftEesnkj gSa\

vè;k; 6

varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ifjp; bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa ikSrs osQ fu;e vkSj 'krks± dk ikyu djsxkA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn vc la;qDr jk"Vªla?k FkksM+h vyx Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS μ ge ,slk vuqeku dj ldrs gSAa vejhdk vkSj mlosQ [kses osQ ns'k fotsrk cudj mHkjs gSAa ,sls esa cgqr ls yksxksa vkSj ljdkjksa dks bl

ckr dh fpark lrk jgh gS fd vejhdk dh vxqvkbZ esa if'peh ns'k brus rkdroj gks tk,¡xs fd mudh bPNkvksa&vkdka{kkvksa ij yxke dluk vlaHko gksxkA D;k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vejhdk osQ lkFk laokn vkSj ppkZ esa ennxkj gks ldrk gS vkSj D;k ;g laxBu vejhdh ljdkj dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxk ldrk gS\ ge bu lokyksa osQ mÙkj vè;k; osQ var esa [kkstsaxsA

la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk fodkl igys fo'o;q¼ us nqfu;k dks bl ckr osQ fy, txk;k fd >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus dk ç;kl ”k:j fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ^yhx vkWo us'kal* dk tUe gqvkA 'kq#vkrh liQyrkvksa osQ ckotwn ;g laxBu nwljk fo'o;q¼ (1939&45) u jksd ldkA igys

1942 dh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk osQ vk/kj ij nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku (1943 esa) vejhsdk osQ ;q¼ lwpuk foHkkx (;wukbVsM LVs~Vl vkWfiQl vkWo okj baiQkWjes'ku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k iksLVjA bl iksLVj esa mu ns'kksa osQ >aMksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgkasus fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ ;q¼d ç;klksa osQ leFkZu djus dk ladYi fd;k FkkA ;g iksLVj ,d vFkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g fn[kkrk gS fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh tM+sa ;q¼ esa FkhaA

85

varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu

la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk izeq[k vax lgk;d fudk; lSU; lfefr] varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/ U;k;kf/dj.k (iwoZ ;wxksLykfo;k] jokaMk) 'kkafr laLFkkid vfHk;ku vkSj fe'ku lac¼ laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ (IAEA) vke lHkk vkSj lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ nksuksa osQ çfr mÙkjnk;hA

dk;ZØe vkSj dks"k O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu ( UNCTAD) i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ( UNEP) fodkl dk;ZØe ( UNDP) ckydks"k ( UNICEF) tula[;k&dks"k ( UNFPA) 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx (UNHCR) fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe ( WFP )

fo'ks"k dk;ks± osQ fy, vk;ksx ekuokf/dkj] eknd nzO;] fVdkÅ fodkl] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr {ks=kh; vk;ksx vkfFkZd vk;ksx (vÚhdk] ;wjksi] nf{k.k vejhdk vkSj oSQjsfc;kbZ ns'k) vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vk;ksx (,f'k;k&ç'kkar vkSj if'pe ,f'k;k)

varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; blesa 15 U;k;/h'kksa dk pquko 9 o"kksZ± osQ fy, vke lHkk vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn~ nksuksa esa iw.kZ cgqer }kjk gksrk gSA eq[;ky; gsx esaA

lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ 15 lnL; gSAa ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa phu] izQkal] :l] fczVus vkSj vejhdk dks ohVks (fu"ks/kf/dkj) dk vf/dkjA nl vLFkk;h lnL;ksa dk pquko vke lHkk }kjk nks o"kksaZ osQ fy,A fu.kZ; lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjhA 'kks/ vkSj çf'k{k.k laLFkku lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, 'kks/ laLFkku (UNRISD)

vke lHkk 192 lnL;ksa osQ çfrfuf/A lHkh dks ,dleku erA çeq[k fu.kZ;ksa osQ fy, nks frgkbZ vkSj ckdh esa lkekU; cgqer dh ”k:jrA fu.kZ; lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjh ughaA

lgk;d fudk; lfefr;k¡ vkSj rnFkZ fudk;

vU; bdkbZ;k¡ ekuokf/dkj mPpk;ksx dk dk;kZy; (OHCHR) la;D q r jk"Vª fo'ofo|ky; (UNU) ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dk;ZØe (UNAIDS)

lac¼ laxBu jklk;fud gfFk;kjksa ij fu"ks/ osQ fy, laxBu (OPCW)

vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn~ lnL; ns'kksa dk pquko vke lHkk }kjk rhu o"kksZa osQ fy,A lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa dks çfrfuf/Ro nsrs gq, 54 lnL;A lac¼ laxBu fo'o O;kikj laxBu

fo'ks"k ,tsfa l;k¡ (foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fcuk) varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO) [kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kS{kf.kd] oSKkfud ,oa lkaLd`frd laxBu (UNESCO) fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k (IMF) varjkZ"Vªh; ekSle&foKku laxBu (IMO) varjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k (ITU) U;kflrk ifj"kn~ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh U;kflrk iz.kkyh osQ varxZr vkus okyh vafre ^VªLV VsjhVjh* iykm osQ vktkn gksus osQ lkFk 1 uoEcj 1994 ls ;g ifj"kn~ LFkfxrA fu;qDr djus okys osQ çfr lh/h tokcnsgh n'kkZrk gS

(WTO)

http://www.newint.org/issue375/pics/un-map-big.gif ij

lfpoky; vU; izeq[k laxBuksa osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; LVkiQA bldk iz/ku egklfpo gksrk gS ftldh fu;qfDr lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dh lykg ij vke lHkk ik¡p lkyksa osQ fy, djrh gSA

foÙkh; lgk;rk foghu lac/ a n'kkZrk gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr n'kkZrk gSA ;g ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa osQ fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks) ls fu;af=kr gksrh gSA

vk/kfjr

86


la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh vusd ,tsfa l;ksa dk ;gk¡ ftØ fd;k x;k gSA gjsd ,tsl a h dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ ckjs esa ,d lekpkj [kkstAas

'khr;q¼ gks ;k u gks] ,d lq/kj rks lcls igys ”k:jh gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa osQoy yksdrkaf=kd usrkvksa dks gh vius ns'k dh uqekbanxh djus dk gd gksuk pkfg,A vkf[kj fdlh rkuk'kkg dks ns'k dh turk dh vksj ls cksyus dh vuqefr oSQls nh tk ldrh gS\

dh rqyuk esa bl egk;q¼ esa dgha ”;knk yksx ekjs x;s vkSj ?kk;y gq,A ^yhx vkWo us'kal* osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh osQ :i esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ nwljs fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ rqjra ckn lu~ 1945 esa bls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 51 ns'kksa }kjk la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ ?kks"k.kki=k ij nLr[+kr djus osQ lkFk bl laxBu dh LFkkiuk gks xbZA nks fo'o;q¼ksa osQ chp ^yhx vkWo us'kal* tks ugha dj ik;k Fkk mls dj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k us dhA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk mís'; gS varjkZ"Vªh; >xM+kas dks jksduk vkSj jk"Vªkas osQ chp lg;ksx dh jkg fn[kkukA bldh LFkkiuk osQ ihNs ;g vk'kk dke dj jgh Fkh fd ;g laxBu fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp tkjh ,sls >xM+kas dks jksdus dk dke djsxk tks vkxs pydj ;q¼ dk :i ys ldrs gSa vkSj vxj ;q¼ fNM+ gh tk, rks 'k=kqrk osQ nk;js dks lhfer djus dk dke djsxkA blosQ vykok] pwf¡ d >xM+s vDlj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ vHkko esa [kM+s gksrs gSa blfy, la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ,d ea'kk iwjs fo'o esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa dks ckus dh fn'kk esa fd, x, ç;klksa osQ fy, ej.kksijkar ukscsy 'kkafr iqjLdkjA lksfo;r la?k vkSj çQkal us vçQhdk esa budh Hkwfedk dh vkykspuk dhA ;w FkkaV (1961&1971)_ cekZ (E;kaekj) f'k{kd vkSj jktuf;d_ D;wck osQ felkby&ladV osQ lek/ku vkSj dkaxkss osQ ladV dh lekfIr osQ fy, ç;kl fd,A lkbçl esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh 'kkafrlsuk cgky dhA fo;ruke ;q¼ osQ nkSjku vejhdk dh vkykspuk dhA oqQrZ okYMghe (1972&1981)_ vkWfLVª;k_ owQVuf;d vkSj fons'kea=khA ukehfc;k vkSj yscukWu dh leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ ç;kl fd,A ckaXykns'k esa jkgr&vfHk;ku dh ns[k&js[kA rhljh ckj egklfpo in ij pqus tkus dh nkosnkjh dk phu us fojks/ fd;kA tsfo;j isjt s n owQb;kj (1982&1991) is#_ odhy vkSj jktuf;d_ lkbçl] viQxkfuLrku vkSj vy lYokMksj esa 'kkafr&LFkkiuk osQ fy, ç;kl fd,A ukehfc;k dh vk”kknh osQ fy, eè;LFkrkA iQkWdySMa ;q¼ osQ ckn fczVus vkSj vtsVaZ huk osQ chp eè;LFkrkA cqrjl cqrjl ?kkyh (1992&1996) felz_ jktuf;d] fof/ osÙkk vkSj fons'kea=kh_ ^,u vtsMa k iQkWj ihl* uked fjiksVZ tkjh dhA ekstkafcd esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk liQy vfHk;ku pyk;kA cksfLu;k] lksekfy;k vkSj jokaMk esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh vliQyrkvksa osQ fy, vkjksi yxsA xaHkhj vlgefr;ksa osQ dkj.k vejhdk us nqckjk egklfpo cuus dk fojks/ fd;kA dksiQh ,- vÂku (1997&2006) ?kkuk_ la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ vf/dkjh_ ,M~l] VhCkh vkSj eysfj;k ls yM+us osQ fy, ,d oSf'od dks"k cuk;kA vejhdh usrR` o esa bjkd ij gq, geys dks voS/ djkj fn;kA 2005 esa ekuokf/dkj ifj"kn~ rFkk 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA 2001 dk ukscy s 'kkafr iqjLdkj feykA fp=k www.un.org ls lkHkkj

88

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 

la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ 60 lky μ uohuhdj.k dk le; lzksr% www.un.org

vkb,] ge nksuksa gh fdLe osQ lq/kjksa ij u”kj nkSM+k,¡A bl ppkZ esa ge ”;knk tksj uk dfBu ugha fd ;s eqís Hkh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ fy, cM+s isapnkj gSaA 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dks D;k djuk pkfg,\ nqfu;k esa cgqr&ls >xM+s py jgs gSaA ;g vk;ksx fdlesa n[ky ns\ gj >xM+s esa n[ky nsuk D;k bl vk;ksx osQ fy, mfpr vFkok laHko gksxk\ Bhd blh rjg ;g loky Hkh iwNk tk ldrk gS fd vR;kpkjksa ls fuiVus esa fo'o&fcjknjh dh ftEesnkjh D;k gksxh\ ekuokf/dkj D;k gS vkSj bl ckr dks dkSu r; djsxk fd fdl Lrj dk ekuokf/dkj&mYya?ku gks jgk gS\ ekuokf/dkj&mYya?ku dh n'kk esa D;k dkjZokbZ dh tk, & bls dkSu r; djsxk\ cgqr ls ns'k vc Hkh fodkl'khy txr dk fgLlk gSAa ,sls esa ^lglzkfCn fodkl y{;* esa fu/kZfjr fodkl laca/h egRokdkaa{kh y{;ksa

;g ckr fcyoqQy X+kyr gSA vly esa ohVks dh ”k:jr rks detksj ns'kksa dks gS] mudks ugha ftuosQ ikl igys ls cgqr rkdr gSA

92


dks ekud cukuk dgk¡ rd O;kogkfjd gS\ D;k vkradokn dh dksbZ loZekU; ifjHkk"kk gks ldrh gS\ la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k yksdra=k dks crs gSa fd >xM+ksa vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ elys ij la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ tfj, 190 jk"Vªkas dks ,d lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgk¡ rd 'ks"k fo'o dh ckr gS rks mlosQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ,slk eap gS tgk¡ vejhdh joS;s vkSj uhfr;ksa ij oqQN vaoQq 'k yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ckr Bhd gS fd okf'kaXVu osQ fo#¼ 'ks"k fo'o 'kk;n gh dHkh ,dtqV gks ikrk gS vkSj vejhdk dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxkuk ,d gn rd vlaHko gS] ysfdu blosQ ckotwn la;qDr jk"Vªla?k gh og txg gS tgk¡ vejhdk osQ fdlh [kkl joS;s vkSj uhfr dh vkykspuk dh lquokbZ gks vkSj dksbZ chp dk jkLrk fudkyus rFkk fj;k;r nsus dh ckr dgh&lksph tk losQA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa FkksMh+ dfe;k¡ gSa ysfdu blosQ fcuk nqfu;k vkSj cngky gksxhA vkt fofHkUu lektksa vkSj elyksa osQ chp vkilh rkj tqMr+ s tk jgs gSAa bls îkjLifjd fuHkZjrk*

,eusLVh baVjus'kuy ,d Lo;alsoh laxBu gSA ;g iwjs fo'o esa ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, vfHk;ku pykrk gS A ;g la x Bu ekuokf/dkjksa ls tqMh+ fjiksVZ rS;kj vkSj çdkf'kr djrk gSA ljdkjksa dks ;s fjiksVZ vDlj ukxokj yxrh gSa D;ksafd ,eusLVh dk ”;knk tksj ljdkjksa }kjk fd, tk jgs nqO;Zogkj ij gksrk gSA cgjgky] ;s fjiksVZ ekuokf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r vuqla/ku vkSj rjiQnkjh esa cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

ç'ukoyh

g~;weu jkbV~l okWp

96


;g Hkh ekuokf/dkjksa dh odkyr vkSj muls lacaf/r vuqla/ku djus okyk ,d varjkZ"Vªh; Lo;alsoh laxBu gSA ;g vejhdk dk lcls cM+k varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj laxBu gSA ;g nqfu;k Hkj osQ ehfM;k dk è;ku ekuokf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku dh vksj [khaprk gSA blus ck:nh lqjaxksa ij jkssd yxkus osQ fy, ] cky lSfudksa dk ç;ksx jksdus osQ fy, vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; naM U;k;ky; LFkkfir djus osQ fy, vfHk;ku pykus esa enn dh gSA

fl¼ dj jgh gS fd vkus okys fnuksa esa fo'o esa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk cxM+s gq,A vyx jk"Vª cukus ij rqys vanj osQ vyxkooknh vkanksyuksa ls Hkh bu ns'kksa dks [krjk FkkA dksbZ iM+kl s h eqYd ,sls vyxkooknh vkanksyu dks gok ns vFkok mldh lgk;rk djs rks nks iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ chp ruko dh fLFkfr curh Fkh (fo'o osQ l'kL=k la?k"kksaZ esa 95 çfr'kr vc vkarfjd ;q¼ osQ varxZr gSAa lu~ 1946 ls 1991 osQ chp x`g ;q¼ksa dh la[;k esa nksxquh o`f¼ gqbZ gS tks fiNys 200 o"kksZa esa lcls yach Nykax gSA) bl rjg] iM+kslh ns'kksa ls ;q¼ vkSj vkarfjd la?k"kZ uo&Lora=k ns'kksa osQ lkeus lqj{kk dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh FksA

lqj{kk osQ ikjaifjd rjhosQ lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd fgalk dk bLrseky ;FkklaHko lhfer gksuk pkfg,A ;q¼ osQ y{; vkSj lkèku nksuksa ls bldk laca/ gSA Û;k;&;q¼* dh ;wjksih; ijaijk dk gh ;g ijorhZ foLrkj gS fd vkt yxHkx iwjk fo'o ekurk gS fd fdlh ns'k dks ;q¼ mfpr dkj.kksa ;kuh vkRe&j{kk vFkok nwljksa dks tulagkj ls cpkus osQ fy, gh djuk pkfg,A bl n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj fdlh ;q¼ esa ;q¼&lk/uksa dk lhfer bLrseky gksuk pkfg,A ;q¼jr~ lsuk dks pkfg, fd og la?k"kZfoeq[k 'k=kq] fugRFks O;fDr vFkok vkRelieZ.k djus okys 'k=kq dks u ekjsA lsuk dks mrus gh cy dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg, ftruk vkRej{kk osQ fy, ”k:jh gks vkSj mls ,d lhek rd gh fgalk dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg,A cy ç;ksx rHkh fd;k tk; tc ckdh mik; vliQy gks x, gksaA

105

ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk

lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk bl laHkkouk ls bUdkj ugha djrh fd ns'kksa osQ chp ,d u ,d :i esa lg;ksx gksA buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS μ fujL=khdj.k] vL=k&fu;a=k.k rFkk fo'okl dh cgkyhA fujL=khdj.k dh ek¡x gksrh gS fd lHkh jkT; pkgs mudk vkdkj] rkdr vkSj çHkko oqQN Hkh gks] oqQN [kkl fdLe osQ gfFk;kjksa ls ckt vk;saA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1972 dh tSfod gfFk;kj laf/ (ckW;ksykWftdy ohiUl oaQos'a ku BWC) rFkk 1992 dh jklk;fud gfFk;kj laf/ (osQfedy ohiUl daosa'ku& CWC) esa ,sls gfFk;kj dks cukuk vkSj j[kuk çfrcaf/r dj fn;k x;k gSA 155 ls ”;knk ns'kksa us BWC laf/ ij vkSj 181 ns'kksa us CWC laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd, gSaA bu nksuksa laf/;ksa ij nLr[+r djus okyksa esa lHkh egk'kfDr;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA ysfdu egk'kfDr;k¡ μ vejhdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k lkewfgd lagkj osQ vL=k ;kuh ijekf.od gfFk;kj dk fodYi ugha Nks M + u k pkgrh Fkha blfy, nks u ks a us vL=k&fu;a=k.k dk lgkjk fy;kA vL=k fu;a=k.k osQ varxZr gfFk;kjksa dks fodflr djus vFkok mudks gkfly djus osQ lac/ a esa oqQN dk;ns&dkuwuksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA lu~ 1972 dh ,aVh cSyfs LVd

bl fp=k osQ Hkhrj fy[kk gS μ D;k ns'k ij [krjs osQ ckny eaMjk jgs gSa\ vxj blesa vki dksbZ iSQlyk ugha dj ik jgs rks x`g j{kk&foHkkx osQ bl vkradekih dk bLrseky djsaA ;g ehVj vkidks crkrk gS fd ns'k ij vkrad dk lk;k fdruk ?kuk gSA vkradlwpd lwbZ dks Åij fn, x, [kkuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ij ys tk;sa tks vkiosQ tkurs ekStwnk [kkSI+kQ dh lgh rLohj is'k djrk gksA blls irk pysxk fd vejhdh turk vkradh geys dks ysdj fdruh vk'kafdr gSA vkrad gekjs gj rjiQ gS vkSj og dHkh Hkh ge ij >iV ldrk gSA bl vkradekih osQ cwrs vkidks irk py tk,xk fd vkidks fdruk Hk;Hkhr jguk gSA lko/kuhiwoZd lwbZ ?kqek,¡¸

felkby laf/ (ABM) us vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dks cSyfs LVd felkbyksa dks j{kk&dop osQ :i esa bLrseky djus ls jksdkA ,sls ç{ksikL=kksa ls geys dh 'kq#vkr dh tk ldrh FkhA laf/ esa nksuksa ns'kksa dks lhfer la[;k esa ,slh j{kk&ç.kkyh rSukr djus dh vuqefr Fkh ysfdu bl laf/ us nksuksa ns'kksa dks ,slh j{kk&ç.kkyh osQ O;kid mRiknu ls jksd fn;kA tSlk fd geus vè;k; ,d esa ns[kk gS] vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k us vL=k&fu;a=k.k dh dbZ vU; laf/;ksa ij gLrk{kj fd, ftlesa lkefjd vL=k ifjlheu laf/&2 (LVSVª ftd vkElZ fyfeVs'ku Vªhª Vh& SALT II) vkSj lkefjd vL=k U;wuhdj.k laf/ (LVsVª ftd vkElZ fjMD'ku VªhVh&(START) 'kkfey gSaA ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ (U;wfDy;j ukWu çksfyiQsjs'ku VªhVh&NPT (1968) Hkh ,d

okg js! igys rks bu yksxksa us ;s ekjd vkSj egaxs gfFk;kj cuk,] fiQj bu gfFk;kjksa ls [kqn dks cpkus osQ fy, ;s tfVy laf/;k¡ dhaA bls dgrs gSa lqj{kk!

106


vFkZ esa vL=k fu;a=k.k laf/ gh Fkh D;ksafd blus ijekf.od gfFk;kjksa osQ miktZu dks dk;ns&dkuwu osQ nk;js esa yk [kM+k fd;kA ftu ns'kksa us lu~ 1967 ls igys ijek.kq gfFk;kj cuk fy;s Fks ;k mudk ijh{k.k dj fy;k Fkk mUgsa bl laf/ osQ varxZr bu gfFk;kjksa dks j[kus dh vuqefr nh xbZA tks ns'k lu~ 1967 rd ,slk ugha dj ik;s Fks mUgsa ,sls gfFk;kjksa dks gkfly djus osQ vf/dkj ls oafpr fd;k x;kA ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ us ijekf.od vk;q/ksa dks lekIr rks

tk,¡ rks tk,¡ dgk¡

,aMh flaxj

D;k gesa 'kkafr foHkkx osQ fy, oqQN yk[k MkWyj fey loQrs gSaA

brus ugha--- kZ'r dks cn k t fd;k

'kkafr&vfgalk fo/s;d ikfjr djks

[kpsZ ugha ldrkA

vfgalk foHkkx dh LFkkiuk djksA

300 vjc MkWyj bjkd ;q¼

,aMh flaxj] osQxYl dkVZwu

sQ ksa o ud f S k Zl s iwo ey jc Hkwr ek v

67

425 vjc lkykuk j{kk foHkkx

100 vjc vkarfjd lqj{kk viQxku ;q¼

40 vjc

2 vjc

vejhdk esa lqj{kk ij rks Hkkjh&Hkjde [kpZ gksrk gS tcfd 'kkafr ls tqM+s ekeyksa ij cgqr de gh [kpZ fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dkVwZu bl fLFkfr ij ,d fVIi.kh djrk gSA D;k gekjs ns'k esa gkyr blls oqQN vyx gS\

ugha fd;k ysfdu bUgsa gkfly dj ldus okys ns'kksa dh la[;k ”k:j de dhA lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kj.kk esa ;g ckr Hkh ekuh xbZ gS fd fo'okl cgkyh osQ mik;ksa ls ns'kksa osQ chp fgalkpkj de fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'okl cgkyh dh çfØ;k esa lSU; Vdjko vkSj çfr}fU}rk okys ns'k lwpukvksa rFkk fopkjksa osQ fu;fer vknku&çnku dk iQSlyk djrs gSaA nks ns'k ,d&nwljs dks vius iQkSth edln rFkk ,d gn rd viuh lSU; ;kstukvksa osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA ,slk djosQ ;s ns'k vius çfr}U}h dks bl ckr dk vk'oklu nsrs gSa fd mudh rjiQ ls vkSpd geys dh ;kstuk ugha cuk;h tk jghA ns'k ,d&nwljs dks ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd muosQ ikl fdl rjg osQ lSU;&cy gSaA os ;g Hkh crk ldrs gSa fd bu cyksa dks dgk¡ rSukr fd;k tk jgk gSA la{ksi esa dgsa rks fo'oklh cgkyh dh çfØ;k ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd çfr}U}h ns'k fdlh X+kyriQgeh ;k xiQyr esa iM+dj tax osQ fy, vkeknk u gks tk,¡A oqQy feykdj ns[ksa rks lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk eq[; :i ls lSU; cy osQ ç;ksx vFkok lSU; cy osQ ç;ksx dh vk'kadk ls lac¼ gSA lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kj.kk esa ekuk tkrk gS fd lSU; cy ls lqj{kk dks [krjk igqp ¡ rk gS vkSj lSU; cy ls gh lqj{kk dks dk;e j[kk tk ldrk gSA

lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk fliQZ lSU; [krjksa ls lac¼ ughaA blesa ekuoh; vfLrRo ij pksV djus okys O;kid [krjksa vkSj vk'kadkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA bldh 'kq#vkr gksrh gS ikjaifjd lqj{kk dh /kj.kk osQ Hkhrj Lohdkj fd, x, lanHkhZ

107

ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk

(lqj{kk fdldh\) ij loky mBkdjA ,slk djrs gq, lqj{kk osQ rhu vkSj rÙoksa μ fdu phtksa dh lqj{kk] fdu [krjksa ls lqj{kk vkSj lqj{kk osQ rjhosQ ij Hkh ç'ufpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA tc ge lanHkhZ dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; gksrk gS μ ^lqj{kk fdldks pkfg,\ lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kj.kk esa Hkw{ks=k vkSj laLFkkvksa lfgr jkT; dks lanHkhZ ekuk tkrk gSA lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk esa lanHkhZ dk nk;jk cM+k gksrk gSA tc ge iwNrs gSa fd ^lqj{kk fdldks*\ rks lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk osQ çfrikndksa dk tokc gksrk gS μ ^^fliQZ jkT; gh ugha O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ;k dgsa fd lewph ekuork dks lqj{kk dh ”k:jr gSA** blh dkj.k lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk dks êkuork dh lqj{kk* vFkok ^fo'o&j{kk* dgk tkrk gSA ekuork dh j{kk dk fopkj turk& tuknZu dh lqj{kk dks jkT;ksa dh lqj{kk ls ch laink vkSj ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* tSlh /kj.kkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh ih laink dh lqj{kk lk>h laink mu lalk/uksa dks dgrs gSa ftu ij fdlh ,d dk ugha cfYd iwjs leqnk; dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA la;qDr ifjokj dk pwYgk] pkjkxkg] eSnku] oqQvk¡ ;k unh lk>h laink osQ mnkgj.k gSaA blh rjg fo'o osQ oqQN fgLls vkSj {ks=k fdlh ,d ns'k osQ laçHkq {ks=kkf/dkj ls ckgj gksrs gSaA blhfy, mudk çca/u lk>s rkSj ij varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa ôSf'od laink* ;k

121

i;kZoj.k vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u

vaVkoZQfVdk ij fdldk LokfeRo gS\ vaVkoZQfVd egkns'kh; bykdk 1 djksM+ 40 yk[k oxZ fdyksehVj esa iQSyk gqvk gSA fo'o osQ futZu {ks=k dk 26 çfr'kr fgLlk blh egkns'k osQ varxZr vkrk gSA LFkyh; fge dk 90 çfr'kr fgLlk vkSj /jrh ij ekStwn LoPN ty dk 70 çfr'kr fgLlk bl egkns'k esa ekStwn gSA vaVkoZQfVd egkns'k dk 3 djksM+ 60 yk[k oxZ fdyksehVj rd vfrfjDr foLrkj leqæ esa gSA lhfer LFkyh; thou okys bl egkns'k dk leqæh ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k vR;ar moZj gS ftlesa oqQN ikni (lw{e 'kSoky] dod vkSj ykbosQu)] leqæh Lru/kjh tho] eRL; rFkk dfBu okrkoj.k esa thou;kiu osQ fy, vuqowQfyr fofHkUu i{kh 'kkfey gSaA blesa fØy eNyh Hkh 'kkfey gS tks leqæh vkgkj kÜ [a` kyk dh /qjh gS vkSj ftl ij nwljs tkuojksa dk vkgkj fuHkZj gSA vaVkoZQfVd çns'k fo'o dh tyok;q dks larfq yr j[kus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA bl egkns'k dh van:uh fgekuh ijr xzhu gkÅl xSl osQ teko dk egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk&lzksr gSA lkFk gh] blls yk[kksa cjl igys osQ ok;qeaMyh; rkieku dk irk fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'o osQ lcls lqnwj Baa>kokrh egkns'k vaVkoZQfVdk ij fdldk LokfeRo gS\ blosQ ckjs esa nks nkos fd;s tkrs gSaA oqQN ns'k tSls μ fczVsu] vtsUZ Vhuk] fpys] ukos]Z çQkal] vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj U;wthySaM us vaVkoZQfVd {ks=k ij vius laçHkq vf/dkj dk oS/kfud nkok fd;kA vU; vf/dka'k ns'kksa us blls myVk #[k viuk;k fd vaVkoZQfVd çns'k fo'o dh lk>h laink gS vkSj ;g fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ {ks=kkf/dkj esa 'kkfey ugha gSA bl erHksn osQ jgrs vaVkoZQfVdk osQ i;kZoj.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh lqj{kk osQ fu;e cus vkSj viuk;s x,A ;s fu;e dYiuk'khy vkSj nwjxkeh çHkko okys gSaA vaVkoZQfVdk vkSj i`Foh osQ /zqoh; {ks=k i;kZoj.k&lqj{kk osQ fo'ks"k {ks=kh; fu;eksa osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA 1959 osQ ckn bl bykosQ esa xfrfof/;k¡ oSKkfud vuqla/ku] eRL; vk[ksV vkSj i;ZVu rd lhfer jgh gSaA ysfdu bruh de xfrfof/;ksa osQ ckotwn bl {ks=k osQ oqQN fgLls vof'k"V inkFkZ tSls rsy osQ fjlko osQ ncko esa viuh xq.koÙkk [kks jgs gSaA

êkuork dh lk>h fojklr* dgk tkrk gSA blesa i`Foh dk ok;qeMa y] vaVkoZQfVdk] leqæh lrg vkSj ckgjh varfj{k 'kkfey gSaA ôSf'od laink* dh lqj{kk osQ loky ij varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dk;e djuk Vsh laink lk>h laink dk vFkZ gksrk gS ,slh laink ftl ij fdlh lewg osQ çR;sd lnL; dk LokfeRo gksA blosQ ihNs ewy roZQ ;g gS fd

;g ”kk;t fl¼kar gS! gekjs ns'k esa tkjh vkj{k.k dh uhfr dh rjg! gS u\

124


yksx dgrs gSa fd ykfruh vejhdk esa ,d unh csp nh xbZA lk>h laink oSQls csph tk ldrh gS\

,sls lalk/u dh çÑfr] mi;ksx osQ Lrj vkSj j[k&j[kko osQ lanHkZ esa lewg osQ gj lnL; dks leku vf/dkj çkIr gksxa s vkSj leku mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkkus gksxa As mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lfn;ksa osQ pyu vkSj vkilh le>nkjh ls Hkkjr osQ xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa us lk>h laink osQ lanHkZ esa vius lnL;ksa osQ vf/dkj vkSj nkf;Ro r; fd, gSAa futhdj.k] xgurj [ksrh] vkcknh dh o`f¼ vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh fxjkoV lesr dbZ dkj.kksa ls iwjh nqfu;k esa lk>h laink dk vkdkj ?kV jgk gS] mldh xq.koÙkk vkSj xjhcksa dks mldh miyC/rk de gks jgh gSA jktdh; LokfeRo okyh oU;Hkwfe esa ikou ekus tkus okys ou&çkarj osQ okLrfod çca/u dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk lk>h laink osQ j[k&j[kko vkSj miHkksx dk Bhd&Bhd mnkgj.k gSA nf{k.k

Hkkjr osQ ou&çns'kksa esa fo|eku ikou ou&çkarjksa dk çca/u ijaijkuqlkj xzkeh.k leqnk; djrk vk jgk gSA

i;kZoj.k osQ elys ij Hkkjr dk i{k Hkkjr us 2002 esa D;ksVks çksVksdkWy (1997) ij gLrk{kj fd, vkSj bldk vuqeksnu fd;kA Hkkjr] phu vkSj vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks D;ksVks çksVksdkWy dh ckè;rkvksa ls NwV nh xbZ gS D;ksfa d vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj esa xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ mRl”kZu osQ ekeys esa budk oqQN [+kkl ;ksxnku ugha FkkA vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj dks ekStnw k oSf'od rkio`f¼ vkSj tyok;q&ifjorZu dk ftEesnkj ekuk tkrk gSA cgjgky] D;ksVks çksVksdkWy osQ vkykspdksa us è;ku fnyk;k gS fd vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa lfgr Hkkjr vkSj

Hkkjr osQ ikou ou&çkarj cgqr ls iqjkus lektksa esa /kfeZd dkj.kksa ls çÑfr dh j{kk djus dk pyu gSA Hkkjr esa fo|eku îkou ou&çkarj* bl pyu osQ lqanj mnkgj.k gSaA bl çFkk esa ouksa osQ oqQN fgLlksa dks dkVk ugha tkrkA bu LFkkuksa ij nsork vFkok fdlh iq.;kRek dk okl ekuk tkrk gSA bUgsa gh îkou ou&çkarj* ;k ^nsoLFkku* dgk tkrk gSA bu ikou ou&çkarjksa osQ ns'kO;kih iSQyko dk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd ns'kHkj dh Hkk"kkvksa esa buosQ fy, vyx&vyx 'kCn gSAa bu nsoLFkkuksa dks jktLFkku esa okuh] osaQdM+h vkSj vksjku_ >kj[kaM esa tgsjk Fkku vkSj ljuk_ es?kky; esa fyaxnksg_ osQjy esa dko_ mÙkjk[kaM esa Fkku ;k nsoHkwfe vkSj egkjk"Vª esa nso jgfrl vkfn lSdM+ksa ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA i;kZoj.k&laj{k.k ls tqM+s lkfgR; esa ^nsoLFkku* osQ egÙo dks vc Lohdkj fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj bls leqnk; vk/kfjr lalk/u&çca/u osQ :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA ^nsoLFkku* dks ge ,sslh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa ftlosQ varxZr iqjkus lekt çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk bLrseky bl rjg djrs gSa fd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk lary q u cuk jgsA oqQN vuql/ a kudÙkkZvksa dk fo'okl gS fd ^nsoLFkku* dh ekU;rk ls tSo&fofo/rk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh&laj{k.k esa gh ugha lkaLÑfrd oSfoè; dks Hkh dk;e j[kus esa enn fey ldrh gSA ^nsoLFkku* dh O;oLFkk ou&laj{k.k osQ fofHkUu rkSj&rjhdksa ls laiUu gS vkSj bl O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ lk>h laink osQ laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ls feyrh&tqyrh gSaA ^nsoLFkku* osQ egÙo dk ijaijkxr vk/kj ,sls {ks=k dh vkè;kfRed vFkok lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA fganw leosr :i ls çkÑfrd oLrqvksa dh iwtk djrs gSa ftlesa isM+ vkSj ou&çkUrj Hkh 'kkfey gSaA cgqr&ls eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k ^nsoLFkku* esa gqvk gSA lalk/uksa dh fojyrk ugha çÑfr osQ çfr xgjh J¼k gh og vk/kj Fkh ftlus brus ;qxksa ls ouksa dks cpk, j[kus dh çfrc¼rk dk;e j[khA cgjgky] gky osQ lkyksa esa euq";ksa dh clkgV osQ foLrkj us /hjs&/hjs ,sls ^nsoLFkkuks*a ij viuk dC”kk dj fy;k gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ou&uhfr;ksa osQ vkus osQ lkFk dbZ txgksa ij bu ijaijkxr ouksa dh igpku ean iM+us yxh gSA ^nsoLFkku* osQ çca/u esa ,d dfBu leL;k rc vkrh gS tc ,sls LFkku dk dkuwuh LokfeRo ,d osQ ikl gks vkSj O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k fdlh nwljs osQ gkFk esa gks ;kuh dkuwuh LokfeRo jkT; dk gks vkSj O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k leqnk; osQ gkFk esAa bu nksuksa osQ uhfrxr ekud vyx&vyx gSa vkSj ^nsoLFkku* osQ mi;ksx osQ mís';ksa esa Hkh buosQ chp dksbZ esy ughaA

125

i;kZoj.k vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u vle

ikuh esa rwiQku & turk ijs'kku çnw"k.k] vf/eRL;u] ck¡/ fuekZ.k vkSj--ikuh osQ fudV jgus okys leqnk;ksa osQ lkeus çeq[k leL;k,¡ gSa%

mÙkj çns'k vkSj mÙkjk[kaM xaxk] ;equk] xkserh eYykg] /ksjh] osQoV vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] cka/ vkSj xsjkt] ikuh dks ”;knk nksgu

pacy] csrok] ueZnk xksfj;k] d.kZiYVk] iaf[k;k vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] vf/d eRL;u

fcgkj vkSj >kj[kaM xaxk] dkslh] lqo.kZjs[kk eYykg] eqlkt] osQoV] dkbZcrkZ vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] ck¡/] uxj fudkl

rVh; i;kZoj.k ls tqM+s eqís eNyh vkSj leqæh thou dk vfr'k; nksgu eNyh vkSj çku dh ch] dkanjk vkS- ç-] ck¡/] vf/eRL;u

vka/z çns'k xksnkojh] Ñ".kk vaxhoqQyk {kf=k;] cyhtk&oknk iV~Vkiw] tykjh vkS|ksfxd] ?kjsyw dpjk

rfeyukMq Hkokuh] dkosjh] uks;y Hkjkrj] iVuou] ioZrjktoqQye vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k

ufn;k¡ çeq[k leqnk; [krjs

osQjy /hjok] Hkjkrj] eksxkohjk] okyu] cksbl eksx;kj] pksyuk;du ?kjsyw ty fudkl] Hkwty dk vfr nksgu

xkscj VkbEl osQ iksLVj ij vk/kfjr

phu Hkh tYnh gh xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ mRl”kZu osQ ekeys esa fodflr ns'kksa dh Hkk¡fr vxyh drkj esa u”kj vk;sxa As 2005 osQ twu esa xziq &8 osQ ns'kksa dh cSBd gqbAZ blesa Hkkjr us è;ku fnyk;k fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa xzhu gkÅl xSlksa dh çfr O;fDr mRltZu nj fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ukeek=k gSA lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx f”kEesnkfj;ksa osQ fl¼kar osQ vuq:i Hkkjr dk fopkj gS fd mRltZu&nj esa deh djus dh lcls ”;knk f”kEesokjh fodflr ns'kksa dh gS D;ksfa d bu ns'kksa us ,d yach vof/ rd cgqr ”;knk mRltZu fd;k gSA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ tyok;q&ifjorZu ls lacaf/r cqfu;knh fu;ekpkj UNFCCC )

osQ vuq:i Hkkjr i;kZoj.k ls tqMs+ varjkZ"Vªh; elyksa esa ”;knkrj ,sfrgkfld mÙkjnkf;Ro dk roZQ j[krk gSA bl roZQ osQ vuqlkj xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ fjlko dh ,sfrgkfld vkSj ekStwnk tokcnsgh ”;knkrj fodflr ns'kksa dh gSA blesa tksj nsdj dgk x;k gS fd ^fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh igyh vkSj vifjgk;Z çkFkfedrk vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl dh gSA* gky esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ bl fu;ekpkj (UNFCCC) osQ varxZr ppkZ pyh fd rsth ls vkS|ksfxd gksrs ns'k (tSls czkthy] phu vkSj Hkkjr) fu;ekpkj dh ckè;rkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ mRltZu dks de djsAa Hkkjr bl ckr

eSa le> x;k! igys mu yksxksa us /jrh dks cckZn fd;k vkSj vc /jrh dks pkSiV djus dh gekjh ckjh gSA D;k ;gh gS gekjk i{k\

126


osQ f[kykiQ gSA mldk ekuuk gS fd ;g ckr bl fu;ekpkj dh ewy Hkkouk osQ fo#¼ gSA Hkkjr ij bl rjg dh ckè;rk vk;n djuk vuqfpr Hkh gSA Hkkjr eas 2030 rd dkcZu dk çfr O;fDr mRltZu ckSrksa dks leFkZu nsuk 'kkfey gSA if'peh ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd fparu dk osQa æh; ljksdkj ;g Fkk fd lalk/uksa rd igq¡p vck/ :i ls cuh jgs D;ksafd lksfo;r la?k bls [krjs esa Mky ldrk FkkA ,d cM+h fpark ;g Hkh Fkh fd [kkM+h osQ ns'kksa esa ekStnw rsy rFkk nf{k.kh vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa ekStnw [kfut ij fodflr ns'kksa dk fu;a=k.k cjdjkj jgsA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn ljdkjksa dh ekStnw k fpark lqjf{kr vkiwfrZ dks cuk, j[kus dh gSA vusd [kfu”k [+kkldj jsfM;ks/ehZ [kfu”kksa ls tqM+s O;kolkf;d I+kSQlyksa dks ysdj Hkh ljdkjksa dks fpark lrkrh gSA cgjgky] oSf'od j.kuhfr esa rsy yxkrkj lcls egÙoiw.kZ lalk/u cuk gqvk gSA chloha lnh osQ vf/dka'k le; esa fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk rsy ij fuHkZj jghA ;g ,d txg ls nwljh txg rd igq¡pk, tk ldus okys b±/u osQ :i esa vifjgk;Z cuk jgkA rsy osQ lkFk foiqy laink tqM+h gS vkSj blh dkj.k bl ij dC”kk tekus osQ fy, jktuhfrd la?k"kZ fNM+rk gSA isVªksfy;e dk bfrgkl ;q¼ vkSj la?k"kks± dk Hkh bfrgkl gSA ;g ckr if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj eè; ,f'k;k esa lcls Li"V :i ls u”kj vkrh gSA if'pe ,f'k;k] [+kkldj [kkM+h&{ks=k fo'o osQ oqQy rsy&mRiknu dk 30 çfr'kr eqgS;k djkrk gSA bl {ks=k esa fo'o osQ Kkr rsy&HkaMkj dk 64 çfr'kr fgLlk ekStwn gS vkSj bl dkj.k ;gh ,dykSrk {ks=k gS tks rsy dh ek¡x esa [k+kl ck gS vkSj muosQ chp lSU;&la?k"kZ gksrs jgrs gSaA ,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

ewyoklh (Indigenous People) vkSj muosQ vf/dkj

i`Foh ij ikuh dk foLrkj ”;knk vkSj Hkwfe foLrkj de gSA fiQj Hkh] dkVwZfuLV us ”kehu ikuh dh vis{kk ”;knk cM+s fgLls esa fn[kkus iQSlyk fd;k gSA ;g dkVZwu fdl rjg ikuh deh dks fpf=kr djrk gS\

dk dks dk dh

erHksn 21oha lnh esa iQlkn dh tM+ lkfcr gksAa bl thounk;h lalk/u dks ysdj fgald la?k"kZ gksus dh laHkkouk gS vkSj blh dks bafxr djus osQ fy, fo'o&jktuhfr osQ oqQN fo}kuksa us ^ty;q¼* 'kCn xh ijarq vyx&vyx f”kEesnkfj;k¡* ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\ ge bl fopkj dks dSls ykxw dj ldrs gSa\ 7- oSf'od i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqís 1990 osQ n'kd ls fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ çkFkfed ljksdkj D;ksa cu x, gSa\ 8- i`Foh dks cpkus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd fofHkUu ns'k lqyg vkSj lgdkj dh uhfr viuk,¡A i;kZoj.k osQ loky ij mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh ns'kksa osQ chp tkjh okrkZvksa dh jks'kuh esa bl dFku dh iqf"V djsaA 9- fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ lkeus lcls xaHkhj pqukSrh oSf'od i;kZoj.k dks vkxs dksbZ uqdlku igq¡pk, cxSj vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh gSA ;g dSls gks ldrk gS\ oqQN mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk le>k,¡A

fo'o lkekftd eap

,d eqDr vkdk'k

dksfeUVuZ tSlk laxBu cukuk [krjukd gksxk tks lewps vkanksyu dk çoDrk vkSj osaQæ ,d vksj iqjkus cuus dh dksf'k'k fdLe dh lrgh djsA okeiaFkh jktuhfr gS vkSj nwljh vksj vyx&vyx jaxksa okyh vjktdrkoknh rkdrsa gSaA budk lk>s eqíksa ij l?ku :i ls ,d gksuk ukeqefdu gSA

D;k iwt ¡ hokn dks [kRe djus dk bdykSrk rjhdk loZlÙkkoknh rkuk'kkgh gSA

uomnkjokn ubZ cksry esa iqjkuh 'kjkc gSA ;g iw¡thokn dk [krjukd :i gSA bls gj dher ij fodYiksa dh [kkst [kRe dj nsuk pkfg,A D;k ;g vkSj fuekZ.k dh yxkrkj oqQN vPNk Hkh gks ldrk gS\ pyus okyh ;g çfØ;k ge Hkh mrus gh Hkzfer gSa cgqyrk vkSj fofo/rk Hkjh ftrus dh vkiA gksxhA bldk lanHkZ xSj nyh; vkSj xSj ljdkjh gksxkA

lPph lektoknh O;oLFkk osQoy la?k"kZ ls ykbZ tk ldrh gS_ varghu vkSj fujFkZd cglksa ls ughaA

lzksr% xkscj VkbEl] Mkmu Vw vFkZ osQ iksLVj ij vk/kfjr

ifjp; iqLrd osQ bl vafre vè;k; esa ge oS'ohdj.k ij ckr djsaxsA oS'ohdj.k dh ppkZ bl iqLrd osQ dbZ vè;k;ksa esa vkSj dbZ fo"k;ksa dh iqLrd esa dh xbZ gSA ge 'kq#vkr oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk osQ fo'ys"k.k vkSj blosQ dkj.kksa dh tk¡p ls djsaxsA blosQ ckn ge oS'ohdj.k osQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifj.kkeksa dh ckr djsaxsA gekjh fnypLih ;g le>us esa Hkh gS fd oS'ohdj.k dk Hkkjr ij D;k çHkko iM+k gS vkSj Hkkjr oS'ohdj.k dks oSQls çHkkfor dj jgk gSA vkf[kj esa ge oS'ohdj.k dks ysdj gksus okys çfrjks/ ij u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj tkusaxs fd oSQls Hkkjr osQ lkekftd vkanksyu bl çfrjks/ dk fgLlk gSaA

vè;k; 9

k . j d oS'oh

csgrj gS fd eqc a bZ çfrjks/ 2004 rFkkdfFkr fo'o lkekftd eap dk fojks/ dj jgk gSA eqc a bZ çfrjks/ us fo'o lkekftd eap osQ vyksdrkaf=kd rkSj&rjhdksa rFkk lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa vkSj cM+s O;kikj osQ /u ij bldh fuHkZjrk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA fo'o lkekftd eap lkezkT;oknh oS'ohdj.k vkSj ;q¼ osQ f[kykiQ iui jgs tq>k#iu dks iVjh ls mrkjuk vkSj vius esa gte dj ysuk pkgrk gSA lkekftd eap fo'o iwt ¡ hoknh O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, la?k"kZ dks lq/kjokn dh rjiQ eksMu+ k pkgrk gSA blesa lkezkT;okfn;ksa osQ jktuhfrd vkdk vkSj dBiqryh ljdkjsa rks 'kkfey gSa ysfdu jk"Vªh; eqfDr vkanksyu osQ uqekbans ughaA

,u-th-vkslkezkT;okn osQ nyky gSaA ;s turk dks Hkjekrs&cjxkyrs gSa vkSj Hkz"V djrs gSaA

136

ledkyhu fo'o jktfufr

oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk

cgqr&ls usikyh etnwj dke djus osQ fy, Hkkjr vkrs gSaA D;k ;g oS'ohdj.k gS\

,d gÝ+rs osQ v[+kckj ij u”kj nkSM+kb, vkSj oS'ohdj.k osQ fo"k; esa tks oqQN Nik gks mldh drju ,df=kr dhft,A

tuknZu ,d dkWy&lsaVj esa dke djrk gSA og nsj nksigj esa dke osQ fy, fudyrk gS_ nÝrj esa ?kqlus osQ lkFk gh og tkWu cu tkrk gS_ u;k ygtk vf[+r;kj dj ysrk gS vkSj gtkjksa fdyksehVj nwj cls vius xzkgdksa ls ckr djus osQ fy, ,d u;h Hkk"kk cksyus yxrk gSA vius ?kj esa og u rks ;g Hkk"kk vkSj u gh bl ygts esa cksyrk gSA og lkjh jkr dke djrk gS tks njvly mlosQ fons'kh xzkgdksa osQ fy, fnu dk le; gksrk gSA tuknZu ,d ,sls vkneh dks viuh lsok çnku dj jgk gS ftlls cgqr laHko gS] og dHkh vkeus&lkeus dh eqykdkr u dj losQA ;gh mldh fnup;kZ gSA tuknZu dh Nqf^;k¡ Hkh Hkkjrh; oSQysaMj ls ugha cfYd vejhdk osQ oSQysaMj ls esy [kkrh gSa tgk¡ mlosQ xzkgd jgrs gSaA viuh ukS o"khZ;k csVh dks tUefnu dk migkj nsus osQ fy, jke/kjh ck”kkj x;k gSA mlus viuh csVh dks ,d NksVh&lh lkbfdy migkj esa nsus dk ok;nk fd;k gSA jke/kjh us ck”kkj esa tkdj ,slh lkbfdy

समकालीन विश्व राजनीति / Contemporary World Politics (Political Science 12) [12] 8174507108

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