INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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The three chief buyers are Canada, Germany, and France, all of whom took smaller amounts. Aside from Canada, Australia is the principal non-European buyer. Vegetable, Animal, and Essential Oils Among the imports of expressed oils the chief one is coconut oil from the Philippines, trade in which reached practically the same proportions in 1928 as in 1927, the total being 290,637,000 pounds valued a t $23,061,000. Chinese wood oil increased from 89,650,000 pounds valued a t $11,810,000 in 1927 to 107,357,000 pounds valued a t $13,419,000 last year. Palm oil is third in importance. It showed imports of 171,366,000 pounds valued a t $11,161,000, a gain in both quantity and value over 1927. I n the export trade cottonseed oil shipments fell off materially, registering 51,702,000 pounds with a value of $4,657,000 as against 67,982,000 pounds valued at $5,938,000 in the year before. About four-fifths of these exports go to Canada. Coconut oil to the extent of 24,653,000 pounds valued a t $2,088,000 was exported last year, about 20 per cent more than in 1927. The chief animal oil imported is whale oil, of which we obtained 9,118,000 gallons valued a t $4,202,000 from foreign countries in 1928, an increase of some 75 per cent over 1927. Cod-liver oil amounting to 2,579,000 gallons and valued a t $2,517,000 was brought from abroad. Exports of animal oils, aside from lard and lard compounds, are mostly oleo oils, of which we sold 62,779,000 pounds valued a t $8,281,000 in 1928 as against 78,781,000 pounds valued a t $9,599,000 in the year before. Exports of inedible oils and greases were valued a t $7,035,000, considerably under the 1927 figure. Imports of essential and distilled oils were as follows in the last two years: I m p o r t s of Essential a n d Distilled Oils 1927 1928 Pounds Value Pounds Value Cassia and cinnamon 377,558 $488,000 319,431 $383,000 Otto of roses, ounces Geranium Bergamot 104,000 628,000 99,982 506,000 Citronella and lemon grass 1,465,665 612,000 1,408,460 569,000 296,309 708,000 Lavendar and spike lavendar 322,892 927,000
';$;: :E;$$,
Lemon Orange Sandalwood All other
TOTAL
'
a t $4,226,000 as compared with 112,002,000pounds valued a t $4,930,000 in 1927. Quebracho wood imports, on the other hand, showed a gain, 75,995 tons valued a t $1,228,000 being imported as against 60,926 tons valued at $1,068,000 in 1927. Logwood, the second largest item, was valued a t $611,000, a small gain over the previous year. Exports of chestnut extract almost doubled in 1928, the total for the year being 10,652,000 pounds valued a t $351,000. Logwood extract, 2,099,000 pounds valued a t $206,000, was the only important dyeing material exported aside from coaltar products. Rubber Crude rubber imports were higher in quantity but very much lower in total value in 1928 than in 1927, amounting to 978,107,000 pounds valued a t $244,855,000 last year as against 954,750,000 pounds valued a t $339,859,000 in the preceding year. There was no marked change in amounts received direct from the principal sources, British Malaya slightly decreasing her shipments and the Dutch East Indies rising from 170,000,000 pounds to 190,000,000 pounds. Naval Stores, Gums, and Resins The chief item of import under this heading, shellac, showed a slight decline in 1928, imports totaling 24,056,000 pounds valued a t $10,210,000 as against 25,102,000 pounds valued a t $10,395,000 in 1927. Other varnish gums and resins remained a t about the same figure. Chicle imports were 12,435,000 pounds valued a t $6,296,000, a small increase Over 1927. Crude natural camphor imports were much higher, 4,365,000 pounds valued a t $1,649,000 being brought from abroad as compared with 1,690,000 pounds valued a t $810,000 in 1927. In the export trade in naval stores, gums, and resins the year saw a marked decline, the total value for these wares being $ $26,433,000 ~ ~ as compared with $34,335,000 in the preceding year. Both rosin and turpentine shared in the decrease. Gum rosin was exported to the extent Of 1,022,000 ~barrels valued a t 815,563,000 as compared with 1,238,000 barrels valued a t $20,927,000 in 1927, and wood rosin exports were 152,111 barrels valued a t $2,053,000 as against 144,000 barrels valued a t $2,155,000. The largest decrease was in the trade with Germany which fell off nearly one-fourth. Turpentine exports reached a mark of 12,507.000 barrels valued at S6,67,5,000 as compared with 15,810,000 barrels valued a t $9,505,000 in the year before. Shipments to Germany were larger by some 13 per cent, but the United Kingdom, the largest buyer, took only 4,511,000 gallons as against 7,579,000 gallons in 1927.
~ ::: ~ $::
:;:$::
~ 4,080~ 16,000 ~ ;~~~;~~~ $ l$'gi$:: ~ 11,741 41,000 3,496,132 1,794,000 3,859,800 1,868,000 __-- ---- ---- ____ 6,449,000
Vol. 21, No. 4
6,6991000
Exports Jf essential and distilled oils had a value of $1,887,000 in 1928, as compared with $2,124,000 in 1927. About one-third of this trade is made up of peppermint oil. Dyeing and Tanning Materials As usual, quebracho extract was the largest import in this group, our purchases amounting to 94,901,000 pounds valued
Copper in the Manufacture of Oil Burners Approximately 5 million pounds of copper are consumed annually in the manufacture of oil-burning installations, according to a survey by the Copper and Brass Research Association. The survey discloses a striking recent exploitation of the field for household oil-heating apparatus. In 1919 the first approved oil heater for homes was listed. Five years later there were less than a dozen approved types. Today over one hundred domestic oil heaters are sanctioned by the fire underwriters. Sales of these domestic installations now total about 100,000 units per year. Domestic oil-burner sales apparently have outstripped automobile sales 10 to 1 over a corresponding initial period of industrial life. As the potential market for household oil heaters is estimated a t 2 million new units, an extensive field for expansion is afforded to the manufacturers of the domestic apparatus. The oil-heating industry may be subdivided into a t least two well-defined fields-domestic and industrial. A third field, the commercial, comes midway and overlaps the other two. Domestic and commercial burners are used entirely for heating buildings, the commercial heaters being either large-sized domes-
tic burners or small models of industrial burners. The strictly industrial burners (Diesel type apparatus not included) are used under boilers for raising steam for power or process use, and in furnaces for carrying out various heating operations. Copper, mainly in the form of its alloy, brass, is used for approximately 100 parts of the various assemblies in the several types of equipment. As many as 25 pounds of brass are used in some types of domestic apparatus, with an average of 10 pounds of brass and 2 of copper. Some models of industrial equipment use 50 pounds of brass and average 17 of brass and 3 of copper. The present rate of development in the oil-heating industry points to a copper consumption totaling 7 million pounds per year in the production of parts for oil heaters. The potential field for the commercial type of heater is estimated a t 260,000 units, and for industrial burners 175,000 units. I n the domestic field, twenty-two manufacturers produce about 70 per cent of the total output. Some eighteen or twenty manufacturers produce most of the industrial burners. Altogether there are upwards of five hundred firms now manufacturing oilburning heaters or parts.
