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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
TABLE krIII. COlfPARIsON O F PRESENT LfETHOD O F PREDICTINQ TERNARY DISTILLATION DATAWITH PREVIOUS XETHODS
System Methanol-ethanol-water Ethanol-Cellosolve-water Ethanol-bensene-water
Method Colburn et al. (X) White (98) Present White (98) Present White (38) Present
Arithmetic Av. Deviations of Calcd. Vapor Compn., Mole Fraction 1st 2nd 3rd compd. compd. compd. 0.024 0.042 0.022 0.035 0.022 0.018 0.034 0.017 0.028 0.018 0,016 0,005 0.024 0,022 0.006 0.025 0,018 0.017 0.011 0.029 0,025
The empirical method described in this work has also been used to predict the liquid-liquid equilibria; the results are shown in Figure 4. The sources of the data for these calculations are given In Table VII. The agreement between the observed data and the calculated curves is seen to be excellent; the method can be used with good assurance when the vapor liquid equilibria and mutual solubility data are known. The method has been applied to other s y s t e m where the vaporliquid equilibria was estimated from one known point, such as the azeotrope temperature and composition. The results in these instances were indifferent; this indicates the futility of applying an accurate treatment t o uncertain data. Where the basic vaporliquid equilibria are uncertain, the simplest method-namely, that of Hildebrand (I@, Fhich ignores the mutual solubility data-could preferably be used to approximate the liquid distribution data. The present method gives exceptionally good agreement with all the observed distribution data, even a t high solute concentrations. All the previous methods fail in some of these systemj.
Vol. 39, No. 10
Ewell, R. H., and Welch, L. M.,Ibid., 37, 1224 (1945). Fritaweiler, R., and Dietrich, K. R., Angew Chem., 46, 241 (1933).
Gilmont, R., and Othmer, D. F., IND.ENQ.CHEM.,36, 1061 (1944).
Griswold. J . . and Dinwiddie. J. A.. Ibid.. 34. 1188 (1942). Griswold, J.: and Dinwiddie, J. .4., IND. ENO.CHEW,’ANAL ED., 14, 299 (1942). Hand, D. B., J . Phys. Chem., 34, 1961 (1930). Hildebrand. J. H., “Solubility of Yon-Electrolytes,” 2nd ed. D. 184. Xew York. Reirihold Pub. Coro.. 1936. Hopkins, R. N., Yerger, E. S., and Lynch, C. C., J . Am. Chem SOC.,61, 2460 (1939). €Iovorka. F., Schaefer. R. A,. and Dreisbach. D.. Ibid., 58 2264 (1936). International Critical Tables, Vol. 111, p. 389 (1828). Jones, C. A , , Colburn, A. P., and Schoenhorn, E. M., ISD.E s o CHEM.,35, 666 (1913). Laar, J. J . van, 2. anorg. u. allgem. Chem., 185, 35 (1929). Lam, J. J. van, Z . physik. Chem., 72, 723 (1910): 83, 599 (19131.
Lewis, G. N., and Randall, &I,, “Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances,” New York, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., 1923. Othmer, D. F.,IXD.ESG. CHEM.,35, 614 (1943). Othmer, D. F., Friedland, D., and Scheibel, E. G., unpublished work. Othmer, D. F., and Tobias, P. E., IND.ENG. CH~M.,34,696 (1942). Othmer, D. F., White, R. E., and Trueger, E., I b i d . , 33, 1240 (1941). Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 2nd ed., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1941. Quiggle, D., and Fenske, M. R., J . Am. Chem. SOC.,59, 1829 (1937). Reinders, W., and De-Minjer, C. H., Rec. trav. chim., 59. 392 (1940). Schneider, C. H., and Lynch, C. C., Ibid., 65, 1063 (1943). Treybal, R. E., IND. ENG.CHEM.,36, 875 (1944). Treybal, It. E., private communication. Tyrer, D., J . Chem. SOC.(London), 101, 1104 (1912). Vateressian, K. A., and Fenske, >I. R., IND.ENG.CHEM.,28. 928 (1936). White, It. R., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. E ~ Q T s41, . , 539 (1945).
SUMMARY
The graphical methods presented in the previous sections can be used to predict ternary distillation data and liquid distribution data in nonideal systems with a reliability comparable to the accuracy of the binary vapor-liquid equilibria upon which themethod is based. The binary distillation data are known for numerous aystems or can be very readily determined when necessary. The ternary distillation data are relatively scarce and difficult to determine. The method has been found to have broader application than any previous methods and is much simpler to apply. Table VI11 shows a comparison of the application of the present method to diderent systems which have been studied by previous methods. In addition to these systems, the application of the present method has been demonstrated on the data on six other ternsrv system. reported in the literature.
CORRECTIONS Production of Alumina from Clay As a result of an error in drafting the flow sheet (Figure I, page 1055, August 1947), the alumina loss in the residue from the No. 2 filter is given as 491 pounds. The correct figure ie 49 pounds. This will bring the alumina input and output into balance, since the input is 349 pounds from the sinter and 16 pounds from the regenerated solution. The output is 316 pounds in the saturated solution and 49 pounds in the discarded residue. T. P. HIGNET-I TENNESSEE VALLEY~ U T H O R I T I WILSOXDAM,ALA.
LITERATURE CIThIJ ;1) Baker, E. AI,, Hubhard, R. 0. H., Huquet, J. €I., and hlichalowski, S. S., IND. E m . CHEM.,31, 1260 (1939). (2) Barbaudy, J., J . chim. phys., 24, 1-23 (1927). (3) Beech, D. G., and Glasstone, S., J . Chem. SOC.(London), 1938 67. (4) Benedict, M.,Johnson, C. -I.,Solomon, E., and Rubin, L. C.. Tram. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 41, 371 (1945). ( 5 ) Briggs, S. W., and Comings, E. W., IND.ENG.CHEM.,35, 411 (1943). (6) Bromiley, E. C., and Quiggle, D., Ibid., 25, 1136 (1933). (7) Carlson, H. C., private communication. (8) Carlson, H. C., and Colburn, A. P., IND.ENG.CHEW 34, 581 (1942). (9) Colburn, A. P,, and Schoenborn, E. M., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Enors.. 41. 421 (1945). (10) Drickamer, H . G.,’Brown, G: G., and White, R. R., I b i d . 41, 555 (1945). (11) Ewell, R. H., Harrison, J. M..and Berg, L., IND.ENCI.CHEM.. 36, 87 (1944).
Handling Fresh Alfalfa before Dehydration The heading for Table I11 of this article, which appeared 1n the September 1947 issue (pages 1163-1165) is incorrect. It should read as follows:
TABLE111. C.4ROTESE CONTENT O F FRESHALFALFA FROM FIELD NO. 2 As printed on page 1164, it is, inadvertently, a repetition of the heading for Table 11. RALPHE. SILHEH H. H. KINQ KAKSAS AQRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
U A N H A T T A N , KANS.
