market dieas for the agricultural needs of the late ’40’s and early ’50’s. In other cases, conditions were not so favorable. The (entire industry knows instances of producers’ having absorbed freight equalization costs of $20 or more per ton to maintain economic operational levels. Today the North Central states have the greatest growth potential. If an) place now exist:) where it might be most favorable to put up an ammonia plant in 195s-59-and no producer will even say he’s thinking along those lines-it would be in the Corn Belt, probably betwetw eastern Nebraska and Des Moines, Iowa. The smallest economical ammonia unit is about 50 ions per day-but 150 to 200 tons is more usual. To realize operating econoniies, groups of smaller companies have sometimes joined forces to build one large plant rather than several smaller ones. The most profitable nitrogen material today, from the manufacturer’s standpoint, is probably ammonium nitrate, followed by ammonia and ammoniating solutions. Synthetic ammonium sulfate has undoubtedly been poorest from d profit view. Its recent rise in price to $34 per ton (causing a $2.00 differential betwoen it and coke-oven sulfate) will help. Last year, and in first-quarter 1957 (prior to the increase for synthetic), 45% of total Ammonium sulfate was coke-oven. U. S. Steel still looks at coke-oven wlfate primarily as a method of cleaning up the coke-oven gas (by scrubbing with sulfuric acid). Ammonia recovery is secondary with the steel companies. To date, the use of phosphoric acid instead of sulfuric has not caught on. Diammonium phosphate is today produced mainly by Colorado Fuel & Iron, Shell Chemical, Ford, and TVA. Kaiwr is producing qome. Future
Ammonia producers are now trying to ride out the problems of overcapacity and hoping for the best in the future. Those with large captive outlets for ammonia and other nitrogen materials are naturally in the best situation. Energetic selling, educational, and similar programs are being used by all. AG AND FOOD asked some of the newer lxoducers why they hiiilt now with an unfavorable economic outlook ahead-for at least five years. They point to increased use of nitrogen by t‘$e farmer ahead; the trend to 1-1-1 ratio, and eventually perhaps even to 2-1-1. They planned to get in ultimately, and felt it was wiser to get in now and to start building R market for the yearr ahead.
PLANT NUTRIENTS AND REGULATORS Fertilizer Technology, Surfactants in Fertilizers E. 1. Fox and W. A. Jackson
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Phosphate Ore, Fertilizer from Leached-Zone Ore 1. P. Hignett, M. R. Siegel, 1. M. Kelso, and R. S. Meline
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578
587
PESTICIDES Pesticide Field Trials, Effectiveness of 4,4’-Dichloro-a-(trichloromethyl)benzhydrol (FW-293) for Control of Citrus Mites in California 1. R. Jeppson, H. S. Elmer, M. 1. Jesser, and 1. 0. Complin
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592
Pesticide Residues, Field Persistence of the Acaricide 4,4’-Dichloro-a(trichloromethy1)benzhydrol (FW-293) on and in Mature Lemons and Oranges F. A. Gunther, R. C. Blinn, I. R. Jeppson, 1. H. Barkley, G. J. Frisone, and R.D.Garmus
595
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Fumigant Adsorption by Soils, Adsorption of 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropone Vapor by Soils J.J.Jurinak 598
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Insecticide Determination, Color Reaction of 2,6-Dibromo-N-chloro-pquinoneimine with Thiophosphate Insecticides on Paper Chromatograms 1. 1. Menn, W. R. Erwin, and H. 1. Gordon
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60 1
Food Antioxidant Analysis, Infrared Analysis of Commercial Butylated Hydroxyanisole Kermit Whetsel, Max Krell, and F. E. Johnson
602
Tangerine Carotenoids, The Carotenoids of Tangerines A. 1. Curl and G. F. Bailey
605
FOOD PROCESSING
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FOOD PROCESSING/NUTRITION Nutrients in Frozen Foods, Amino Acids in Nine Frozen Vegetables D. M. Murphy, B. E. Kline, R. N. Robbins, I. 1. Teply, and P. H. Derse
.
60 8
Molasses Fermentation, Continuous Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation of Blackstrap Molasses. Penicillin as Contamination Control Agent Walter Borzani and Eugenio Aquarone.
61 0
Correspondence
61 6
FERMENTATION
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a,
AUGUST 1957
577
