Densities and Viscosities of Binary Blends of Methyl Esters + Ethyl

Article pubs.acs.org/jced

Densities and Viscosities of Binary Blends of Methyl Esters + Ethyl Esters and Ternary Blends of Methyl Esters + Ethyl Esters + Diesel Fuel from T = (293.15 to 358.15) K Saeid Baroutian,*,† Kaveh Shahbaz,‡ Farouq S. Mjalli,§ Mohd A. Hashim,‡ and Inas M. AlNashef∥ †

SCION, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia § Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Oman ∥ Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ‡

ABSTRACT: In this work, density ρ and dynamic viscosity η of the binary mixtures of methyl esters (1) + ethyl esters (2) and ternary blends of methyl esters (1) + ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) were measured at various compositions and temperatures. The methyl and ethyl esters were produced through transesterification of palm and jatropha oils. The binary and ternary blends demonstrate temperature-dependent behaviors, and viscosities and densities of decreased nonlinearly and linearly with temperature, respectively. The results indicated that the increase in methyl ester contents increased the densities of the binary and ternary blends. The results also indicated that the blends of jatropha esters have higher densities and viscosities in comparison with those obtained from palm oil. In addition, with the decrease in the diesel fuel content the blends viscosities and densities increased due to the higher viscosities and densities of methyl and ethyl esters.

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bioresources.6 Methanol is the most preferable alcohol for biodiesel production because of its low cost and its physical and chemical advantages (being polar and the shortest chained alcohol).7 Engine tests demonstrate that methyl esters produce slightly higher power and torque than ethyl esters.8 On the other hand, ethyl ester biodiesel has a lower smoke opacity, lower exhaust temperature, lower pour point, and better lubricity properties.6 If a mixture of methyl and ethyl esters is used then this will take advantage of the better engine performance and lower production cost of methyl esters and desired lubricity characteristics of ethyl esters. Another advantage of using a mixture of methanol and ethanol is the fact that if part of the methanol is replaced by ethanol, there would be less dependence on synthetic sources for methanol.9 As mentioned before, biodiesel has many advantages over petroleum-based diesel fuel. However, there are some drawbacks of using biodiesel in diesel engines such as higher cost and poor low temperature properties. Blending is one of the methods to overcome the performance deficiency of using pure biodiesel in combustion engines.1 Physical properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity, and low temperature properties can be improved when it is mixed with diesel fuel.

INTRODUCTION Today world's population growth has brought about a surge of energy demand, especially in the transportation sector. Recently vegetable oil based alkyl esters (biodiesel) are receiving increasing attention as an environmental friendly and promising source of energy to replace the petroleum based fuel. Vegetable oil based fuel is considered to be a pivotal solution to combat global warming and to stabilize the climate, through the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Various types of vegetable oils can be used for biodiesel production including edible and nonedible vegetable oils. Of all of the world's edible oils produced, palm oil had the largest tonnage.1 Because of the large production quantities of palm oil in the South East Asia, palm oil can be utilized as the main feedstock for biodiesel production in this region. Among the nonedible vegetable oils, jatropha (Jatropha curcas) has great potential for biodiesel production. It can be grown in very poor soils or idle lands and the oil content of its seeds ranges approximately between 30 % to 40 %.2 Several studies have been carried out to convert jatropha oil into a renewable biofuel.3−5 Cultivating the jatropha plant does not only provide biofuel but can also ensure that agricultural lands devoted to food production will not be diverted to fuel crops.2 Different alcohols can be used for the biodiesel production. However, methanol and ethanol are used most frequently. Ethanol is preferred because it is an environmentally friendly and renewable alcohol due to its production from agricultural © 2012 American Chemical Society

Received: August 26, 2011 Accepted: March 27, 2012 Published: April 9, 2012 1387

dx.doi.org/10.1021/je2013445 | J. Chem. Eng. Data 2012, 57, 1387−1395

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data

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prepared at 298.15 K using different volume fractions of methyl and ethyl esters. Density Measurement. The density was measured using a DMA 4500 density/specific gravity meter (Anton Paar, Austria). The machine accuracy was checked by measuring and comparing density of degassed bidistilled water (at 298.15 K) with the corresponding value in the density tables.16 The accuracy check showed a difference of ± 0.00003 g·cm−3. Densities of pure components and the binary and ternary blends were measured at temperatures between (293.15 to 358.15) K with 5 K intervals. The measurements were performed three times, and the uncertainties in density and temperature were ± 0.00005 g·cm−3 and ± 0.01 K, respectively. Viscosity Measurement. Viscosities of methyl esters, ethyl esters, and diesel fuel and the binary and ternary blends were measured using a VT550 rotary viscometer (HAAKE, Germany) with a NV sensor. The NV is one of the sensor systems which is primarily used for viscosity measurements of low viscosity liquids such as oils, diluted solutions, fruit juices, and so forth, working in the medium shear rate range. To conduct the measurements at different temperatures between (293.15 to 358.15) K with 5 K intervals, a circulating water bath (RCS and RC6 LAUDA) was used. Hot water was circulated through the jacket of the viscometer, and the temperatures were checked with two digital thermometers in the water bath and the viscometer. The viscometer was calibrated using published viscosity values for ethanol and water.17 For each measurement three replicates were conducted, and the uncertainties of the viscosity and temperature values were within the range of ± 0.01 mPa·s and ± 0.01 K, respectively.

Recently, some studies have been carried out to investigate the variation of biodiesel properties after blending with diesel fuels.1,10−15 However, no comprehensive study has been conducted to investigate the variations in density and viscosity of biodiesel prepared by blending of methyl and ethyl esters with diesel fuel. To address this lack of information, in this work several binary and ternary blends of methyl and ethyl ester biodiesels with diesel fuel were prepared, and the densities and viscosities were measured experimentally.

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EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Materials. Refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil and jatropha oil were purchased locally. The total acid number of the palm and jatropha oils were 0.5 and 1.2 mg KOH·g−1, respectively. Commercially available no. 2 grade automotive diesel fuel was used in this study. Ethanol (99.8 %), methanol (99.9 %), potassium hydroxide (98.9 %), and sulfuric acid (98.0 %) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, Malaysia. Reference standards, methyl and ethyl ester fatty acids of caprate, myristate, palmitate, palmitoleate, stearate, oelatae, linoleate, linolenate, arachidate, and behenate with > 99 % purity were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, Malaysia and used for chromatography analysis. The purities of all above chemicals are in mass fraction. Alkyl Ester Preparation. Palm oil was converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) through a base catalyzed transesterification in a batch reaction system. Methanol and ethanol were used as alcohol reactants and mixed with potassium hydroxide catalyst at 1.0 % (mass fraction). The reactions were carried out using 100 % excess alcohol at 333.15 K for 1 h. The jatropha oil was converted to methyl esters (FAME) and ethyl esters (FAEE) through a two-step transesterification reaction. The two-step process was used because of the high free fatty acid content of jatropha oil which causes fatty acid salts (soap) formation during alkali transesterification.2 In the first step, the conversion of free fatty acids was conducted in a batch reactor using methanol at 0.40 % (volume fraction) and sulfuric acid catalyst at 1 % (volume fraction) at 333.15 K for 3 h. In the second step, after reducing free fatty acid content, the treated jatropha oil was transesterified using homogeneous potassium hydroxide catalyst. Methanol or ethanol at 0.25 % (volume fraction) and potassium hydroxide at 0.88 % (mass fraction), to neutralize sulfuric acid from the first step and to catalyze the second step, were mixed with the treated oils at 333.15 K for 2 h. The produced methyl and ethyl esters of palm and jatropha were separated from the glycerol byproduct, washed with hot water, and dried by atmospheric evaporation. Composition Analysis. The fatty acid compositions of the methyl and ethyl esters were determined using a HP 6890 gas chromatogram (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). A 60 m × 0.248 mm × 0.15 μm DB-23 capillary column (J & W Scientific, USA) was used. The systems were calibrated by injecting the mixture of standards at different concentrations, and linear calibration curves were obtained. Blend Preparation. To prepare binary mixtures of palm methyl esters (1) + palm ethyl esters (2) and jatropha methyl esters (1) + jatropha ethyl esters (2), the components were blended at methyl ester volume fractions of 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 at 298.15 K. The ternary blends of palm methyl esters (1) + palm ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) and jatropha methyl esters (1) + jatropha ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) were

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Composition Analysis. For the fatty acid alkyl ester analysis, the system was calibrated by injecting the mixture of standards at five different concentrations, which generated calibration curves for the fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) for each curve exceeded 0.99 and indicated excellent linearity. Samples of palm oil and jatropha oil methyl and ethyl esters were injected three times to get mean values and precise results for the analysis. Table 1 shows the fatty acid composition of the Table 1. Chemical Composition of Methyl and Ethyl Esters of Palm Oil and J. curcas Oil mass percent fatty acid

palm FAME

palm FAEE

jatropha FAME

jatropha FAEE

caprate (C10:0) myristate (C14:0) palmitate (C16:0) palmitoleate (C16:1) stearate (C18:0) oelatae (C18:1) linoleate (C18:2) linolenate (C18:3) arachidate (C20:0) behenate (C22:0)

0.0 0.0 41.5 0.0 4.9 40.1 13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 42.6 0.0 4.7 39.3 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0.1 15.1 0.9 7.1 44.7 31.4 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 15.7 0.9 7.1 44.2 31.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

produced methyl and ethyl esters obtained from the GC analysis. As one can see, the major occurrence of fatty acids in the palm oil methyl and ethyl esters are the palmitic and oleaic 1388



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corresponding ethyl esters. A comparison between the densities of binary mixtures of palm based esters and those obtained from jatropha based esters shows that the blends of jatropha esters have higher densities. This is because of the difference in the fatty acid compositions of jatropha methyl and ethyl esters with the palm based esters. The densities of ternary blends of palm methyl esters (1) + palm ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) and jatropha methyl esters (1) + jatropha ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) at various temperatures are presented in Tables 5 to 10. Tables 5 and 6 show the ternary blend densities of palm and jatropha esters with diesel fuel at high methyl ester contents, respectively. The densities of ternary blends of palm and jatropha esters with equal methyl and ethyl esters contents are listed in Tables 7 and 8, respectively. Tables 9 and 10 show the densities of palm and jatropha esters mixed with diesel fuel at high ethyl ester contents, respectively. It was found that all of the ternary blends have temperature-dependent behaviors and the decrease in the diesel fuel contents increased the mixture densities due to the higher densities of methyl and ethyl esters. Results also indicate that the higher methyl ester content result in higher densities with the same reasoning stated above. To determine the density of methyl and ethyl esters, diesel fuel, and their binary and ternary blends in an easy way, empirical correlations are proposed. The empirical correlations for density are presented in Table 11. Viscosity Measurement. Dynamic viscosities of diesel fuel, methyl esters, and ethyl esters and the binary and ternary mixtures were measured at (293.15 to 358.15 K). All viscosity data reported here are means of triplicate determinations. The measured unary viscosities are presented in Table 3. These results revealed that viscosities of esters and diesel fuel decrease nonlinearly with temperature. When the liquid mixtures are heated, the cohesive forces between the molecules reduce; thus the forces of attraction between them reduce, which eventually reduces the viscosity of the liquids. The viscosities of binary blends of palm methyl esters (1) + palm ethyl esters (2) and jatropha methyl esters (1) + jatropha ethyl esters (2) are presented in Table 4. As can be seen, the binary blend viscosities decreased nonlinearly with temperature. It was found that the increase in the volume fraction of ethyl

acids, while oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids are the dominant fatty acids in the methyl and ethyl esters of Jatropha curcas. The composition of diesel fuel no. 2 based on relative percentages of paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics per carbon number is presented in Table 2.18 Table 2. Compositions of Diesel Fuel No. 218 volume percent carbon number

paraffins

cycloparaffins

aromatics

C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19

0.9 2.3 3.8 6.4 8.8 7.4 5.8 5.5 4.3 0.7

0.6 1.7 2.8 4.8 6.6 5.5 4.4 4.1 3.2 0.6

0.4 1.0 1.6 2.8 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.4 1.8 0.3

Density Measurement. Densities of diesel fuel, methyl esters, and ethyl esters and the binary and ternary mixtures were measured at (293.15 to 358.15) K. During the density measurements no bubbles were observed, and no significant variation was noted at any temperature. The measured densities for diesel fuel and methyl and ethyl esters of palm oil and jatropha oil are listed in Table 3. The results indicate that the liquid densities decreased linearly with the increase in temperature. As expected, because of the greater molecular degree of motion at high temperatures, the volume is expanded, and thus the density is decreased. The densities of binary blends of palm methyl esters (1) + palm ethyl esters (2) and jatropha methyl esters (1) + jatropha ethyl esters (2) are presented in Table 4. The results indicate that the binary blend densities decreased linearly with temperature. It was found that the increase in the volume fraction of methyl esters slightly increased the densities of the binary blends. This is attributed to the fact that the methyl esters densities are higher than the densities of the

Table 3. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T for Palm Methyl Esters, Jatropha Methyl Esters, Palm Ethyl Esters, Jatropha Ethyl Esters, and Diesel Fuel No. 2a palm FAME T K 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 a

ρ

jatropha FAME η

−3

g·cm

0.87264 0.86896 0.86531 0.86158 0.85788 0.85424 0.85070 0.84702 0.84337 0.83977 0.83606 0.83242 0.82880 0.82519

mPa·s 6.92 6.12 5.42 4.82 4.22 3.72 3.22 2.92 2.72 2.52 2.32 2.22 2.12 2.02

ρ g·cm

palm FAEE η

−3

0.87673 0.87308 0.86943 0.86576 0.86208 0.85839 0.85468 0.85097 0.84723 0.84349 0.83973 0.83596 0.83217 0.82837

mPa·s 6.96 6.15 5.45 4.84 4.24 3.74 3.24 2.94 2.74 2.54 2.34 2.24 2.13 2.02

ρ g·cm

jatropha FAEE η

−3

0.87002 0.86649 0.86270 0.85902 0.85521 0.85159 0.84792 0.84433 0.84054 0.83698 0.83330 0.82971 0.82602 0.82248

mPa·s 7.09 6.29 5.59 4.99 4.39 3.89 3.39 3.09 2.89 2.69 2.49 2.39 2.29 2.19

ρ

diesel η

−3

g·cm

0.87413 0.87053 0.86693 0.86324 0.85942 0.85572 0.85196 0.84827 0.84442 0.84074 0.83703 0.83327 0.82944 0.82569

mPa·s 7.14 6.33 5.63 5.02 4.42 3.92 3.42 3.13 2.92 2.72 2.51 2.42 2.31 2.20

ρ g·cm

η −3

0.82099 0.81689 0.81271 0.81009 0.80629 0.80226 0.79981 0.79653 0.79183 0.78953 0.78554 0.78130 0.77907 0.77479

mPa·s 4.91 4.33 3.92 3.47 3.02 2.73 2.43 2.14 2.02 1.81 1.75 1.60 1.52 1.51

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc are Uc(ρ) = 0.00005 g·cm−3 and Uc(η) = 0.01 mPa·s. 1389



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Table 4. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T, and Volume Fraction Φ for the Binary Blends of Palm Methyl Esters (FAME) (1) + Palm Ethyl Esters (FAEE) (2) and Jatropha Methyl Esters (FAME) (1) + Jatropha Ethyl Esters (FAEE) (2)a ρ

T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15 323.15 323.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25

g·cm

η −3

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) 0.87186 0.87103 0.87055 0.86831 0.86770 0.86703 0.86491 0.86442 0.86360 0.86080 0.86009 0.85955 0.85708 0.85618 0.85574 0.85386 0.85343 0.85254 0.85027 0.84982 0.84888 0.84612 0.84526 0.84472 0.84266 0.84208 0.84131 0.83898 0.83826 0.83755 0.83579 0.83549 0.83435 0.83177 0.83105 0.83034 0.82789 0.82685 0.82643 0.82428 0.82339 0.82289

ρ

mPa·s 6.95 7.02 7.05 6.16 6.21 6.26 5.45 5.49 5.54 4.85 4.90 4.93 4.26 4.32 4.34 3.76 3.80 3.86 3.26 3.30 3.35 2.98 3.01 3.06 2.76 2.81 2.85 2.56 2.60 2.65 2.34 2.40 2.43 2.26 2.30 2.35 2.18 2.22 2.25 2.06 2.10 2.15

Φ1 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25

η −3

g·cm

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) 0.87577 0.87491 0.87449 0.87227 0.87141 0.87099 0.86884 0.86838 0.86761 0.86481 0.86380 0.86355 0.86161 0.86115 0.86025 0.85775 0.85715 0.85639 0.85427 0.85382 0.85287 0.85020 0.84942 0.84879 0.84641 0.84553 0.84504 0.84279 0.84202 0.84143 0.83922 0.83858 0.83779 0.83554 0.83501 0.83411 0.83148 0.83071 0.83005 0.82763 0.82683 0.82624

mPa·s 7.02 7.06 7.11 6.22 6.25 6.29 5.49 5.54 5.58 4.89 4.94 4.98 4.28 4.31 4.36 3.78 3.83 3.89 3.28 3.33 3.37 2.98 3.04 3.07 2.78 2.83 2.87 2.58 2.62 2.67 2.37 2.42 2.45 2.28 2.33 2.37 2.19 2.22 2.27 2.06 2.10 2.17

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K, u(Φ) = 0.2 % and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc are Uc(ρ) = 0.00005 g·cm−3 and Uc(η) = 0.01 mPa·s. a

esters are lower than the corresponding values of methyl and ethyl oleate, the main fatty acid component of jatropha esters.19 The viscosities of ternary blends of palm methyl esters (1) + palm ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) and jatropha methyl esters (1) + jatropha ethyl esters (2) + diesel fuel (3) at temperatures from (293.15 to 358.15 K) are presented in Tables 5 to 10. Tables 5 and 6 show the ternary blend viscosities of palm and jatropha esters with diesel fuel at high methyl ester contents, respectively. The viscosities of ternary blends of palm and jatropha esters with equal methyl and ethyl ester contents are listed in Tables 7 and 8, respectively. Tables 9 and 10 show

esters increased the viscosities of the binary blends. This is attributed to the fact that the ethyl ester viscosities are higher than the viscosities of the corresponding methyl esters. A comparison between the viscosities of binary mixtures of palm based esters and those obtained from jatropha based esters shows that the blends of jatropha esters have higher viscosities. This behavior can be attributed to the difference in the fatty acid compositions of jatropha methyl and ethyl esters with the palm based esters. The viscosities of methyl and ethyl palmitate which are the predominant fatty acids of palm methyl and ethyl 1390



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Table 5. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T and Volume Fraction Φ for the Ternary Blends of Palm Methyl Esters (1) + Palm Ethyl Esters (2) + Diesel (3) at High Methyl Ester Contentsa T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15 323.15 323.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

T

g·cm−3

mPa·s

K

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.035 0.015 0.82351 5.00 0.070 0.030 0.82606 5.12 0.105 0.045 0.82862 5.21 0.140 0.060 0.83113 5.32 0.035 0.015 0.81942 4.41 0.070 0.030 0.82202 4.50 0.105 0.045 0.82457 4.61 0.140 0.060 0.82716 4.70 0.035 0.015 0.81530 3.99 0.070 0.030 0.81786 4.07 0.105 0.045 0.82048 4.14 0.140 0.060 0.82307 4.22 0.035 0.015 0.81260 3.54 0.070 0.030 0.81515 3.61 0.105 0.045 0.81770 3.67 0.140 0.060 0.82023 3.74 0.035 0.015 0.80881 3.08 0.070 0.030 0.81135 3.14 0.105 0.045 0.81391 3.21 0.140 0.060 0.81642 3.26 0.035 0.015 0.80478 2.77 0.070 0.030 0.80738 2.83 0.105 0.045 0.80992 2.89 0.140 0.060 0.81250 2.93 0.035 0.015 0.80231 2.46 0.070 0.030 0.80479 2.50 0.105 0.045 0.80732 2.55 0.140 0.060 0.80982 2.60

328.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

g·cm−3

mPa·s

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.035 0.015 0.79899 0.070 0.030 0.80148 0.105 0.045 0.80398 0.140 0.060 0.80644 0.035 0.015 0.79432 0.070 0.030 0.79690 0.105 0.045 0.79941 0.140 0.060 0.80197 0.035 0.015 0.79200 0.070 0.030 0.79444 0.105 0.045 0.79694 0.140 0.060 0.79941 0.035 0.015 0.78799 0.070 0.030 0.79050 0.105 0.045 0.79299 0.140 0.060 0.79548 0.035 0.015 0.78380 0.070 0.030 0.78631 0.105 0.045 0.78885 0.140 0.060 0.79133 0.035 0.015 0.78147 0.070 0.030 0.78396 0.105 0.045 0.78638 0.140 0.060 0.78885 0.035 0.015 0.77727 0.070 0.030 0.77972 0.105 0.045 0.78223 0.140 0.060 0.78471

2.17 2.22 2.25 2.31 2.05 2.09 2.13 2.17 1.84 1.88 1.91 1.95 1.78 1.81 1.83 1.86 1.63 1.66 1.70 1.72 1.54 1.59 1.62 1.64 1.53 1.56 1.58 1.62

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K, u(Φ) = 0.2 %, and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc are Uc(ρ) = 0.00005 g·cm−3 and Uc(η) = 0.01 mPa·s. a

Table 6. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T and Volume Fraction Φ for the Ternary Blends of Jatropha Methyl Esters (1) + Jatropha Ethyl Esters (2) + Diesel (3) at High Methyl Ester Contentsa ρ

T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.035 0.015 0.82376 5.03 0.070 0.030 0.82651 5.12 0.105 0.045 0.82923 5.24 0.140 0.060 0.83201 5.33 0.035 0.015 0.81970 4.43 0.070 0.030 0.82243 4.53 0.105 0.045 0.82522 4.61 0.140 0.060 0.82798 4.70 0.035 0.015 0.81551 4.01 0.070 0.030 0.81834 4.09 0.105 0.045 0.82111 4.17 0.140 0.060 0.82390 4.25 0.035 0.015 0.81287 3.54 0.070 0.030 0.81559 3.61 0.105 0.045 0.81833 3.69 0.140 0.060 0.82107 3.76 0.035 0.015 0.80906 3.08 0.070 0.030 0.81181 3.16 0.105 0.045 0.81454 3.21 0.140 0.060 0.81732 3.28

ρ

T K 328.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 1391

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.035 0.015 0.79923 2.19 0.070 0.030 0.80191 2.23 0.105 0.045 0.80457 2.28 0.140 0.060 0.80729 2.31 0.035 0.015 0.79460 2.07 0.070 0.030 0.79729 2.11 0.105 0.045 0.80003 2.14 0.140 0.060 0.80274 2.17 0.035 0.015 0.79219 1.86 0.070 0.030 0.79487 1.90 0.105 0.045 0.79750 1.94 0.140 0.060 0.80016 1.98 0.035 0.015 0.78824 1.78 0.070 0.030 0.79089 1.81 0.105 0.045 0.79355 1.86 0.140 0.060 0.79622 1.89 0.035 0.015 0.78401 1.63 0.070 0.030 0.78671 1.68 0.105 0.045 0.78938 1.70 0.140 0.060 0.79210 1.75 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je2013445 | J. Chem. Eng. Data 2012, 57, 1387−1395


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Table 6. continued T K 318.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15 323.15 323.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

T

g·cm−3

mPa·s

K

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.035 0.015 0.80507 2.79 0.070 0.030 0.80779 2.84 0.105 0.045 0.81058 2.89 0.140 0.060 0.81333 2.95 0.035 0.015 0.80251 2.48 0.070 0.030 0.80525 2.53 0.105 0.045 0.80792 2.57 0.140 0.060 0.81062 2.60

353.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

g·cm−3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.035 0.015 0.78172 1.56 0.070 0.030 0.78430 1.59 0.105 0.045 0.78693 1.62 0.140 0.060 0.78953 1.66 0.035 0.015 0.77743 1.55 0.070 0.030 0.78010 1.58 0.105 0.045 0.78271 1.60 0.140 0.060 0.78535 1.62

a Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.01 K, u(Φ) = 0.2 %, and the combined expanded uncertainties Uc are Uc(ρ) = 0.00005 g·cm−3 and Uc(η) = 0.01 mPa·s.

Table 7. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T and Volume Fraction Φ for the Ternary Blends of Palm Methyl Esters (1) + Palm Ethyl Esters (2) + Diesel (3) at Equal Methyl and Ethyl Ester Contentsa ρ

T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15 323.15 323.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

mPa·s

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.025 0.025 0.82351 5.01 0.050 0.050 0.82599 5.12 0.075 0.075 0.82850 5.21 0.100 0.100 0.83106 5.32 0.025 0.025 0.81941 4.41 0.050 0.050 0.82197 4.51 0.075 0.075 0.82452 4.61 0.100 0.100 0.82703 4.70 0.025 0.025 0.81527 3.99 0.050 0.050 0.81784 4.07 0.075 0.075 0.82037 4.16 0.100 0.100 0.82296 4.23 0.025 0.025 0.81260 3.54 0.050 0.050 0.81511 3.60 0.075 0.075 0.81760 3.68 0.100 0.100 0.82011 3.76 0.025 0.025 0.80880 3.08 0.050 0.050 0.81129 3.14 0.075 0.075 0.81379 3.20 0.100 0.100 0.81634 3.27 0.025 0.025 0.80477 2.77 0.050 0.050 0.80733 2.84 0.075 0.075 0.80986 2.89 0.100 0.100 0.81236 2.93 0.025 0.025 0.80229 2.46 0.050 0.050 0.80476 2.51 0.075 0.075 0.80724 2.55 0.100 0.100 0.80971 2.60

ρ

T K 328.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.025 0.025 0.79899 0.050 0.050 0.80141 0.075 0.075 0.80386 0.100 0.100 0.80636 0.025 0.025 0.79432 0.050 0.050 0.79684 0.075 0.075 0.79935 0.100 0.100 0.80183 0.025 0.025 0.79197 0.050 0.050 0.79441 0.075 0.075 0.79683 0.100 0.100 0.79929 0.025 0.025 0.78800 0.050 0.050 0.79045 0.075 0.075 0.79289 0.100 0.100 0.79535 0.025 0.025 0.78379 0.050 0.050 0.78625 0.075 0.075 0.78872 0.100 0.100 0.79125 0.025 0.025 0.78147 0.050 0.050 0.78390 0.075 0.075 0.78632 0.100 0.100 0.78871 0.025 0.025 0.77724 0.050 0.050 0.77969 0.075 0.075 0.78215 0.100 0.100 0.78460

mPa·s 2.18 2.23 2.26 2.30 2.05 2.09 2.14 2.18 1.84 1.88 1.93 1.96 1.78 1.81 1.84 1.88 1.64 1.66 1.70 1.73 1.54 1.59 1.62 1.65 1.53 1.56 1.59 1.63


Table 8. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T and Volume Fraction Φ for the Ternary Blends of Jatropha Methyl Esters (1) + Jatropha Ethyl Esters (2) + Diesel (3) at Equal Methyl and Ethyl Ester Contentsa T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

T

g·cm−3

mPa·s

K

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.025 0.025 0.82371 5.02 0.050 0.050 0.82646 5.13 0.075 0.075 0.82920 5.24 0.100 0.010 0.83188 5.34

328.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 1392

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

g·cm−3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.025 0.025 0.79918 2.18 0.050 0.050 0.80187 2.24 0.075 0.075 0.80453 2.28 0.100 0.010 0.80715 2.32 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je2013445 | J. Chem. Eng. Data 2012, 57, 1387−1395


Article

Table 8. continued T K 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15 323.15 323.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

T

g·cm−3

mPa·s

K

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.025 0.025 0.81966 4.44 0.050 0.050 0.82238 4.52 0.075 0.075 0.82513 4.63 0.100 0.010 0.82790 4.72 0.025 0.025 0.81548 4.00 0.050 0.050 0.81826 4.08 0.075 0.075 0.82106 4.17 0.100 0.010 0.82381 4.25 0.025 0.025 0.81281 3.54 0.050 0.050 0.81553 3.63 0.075 0.075 0.81827 3.70 0.100 0.010 0.82099 3.76 0.025 0.025 0.80901 3.09 0.050 0.050 0.81177 3.16 0.075 0.075 0.81450 3.23 0.100 0.010 0.81718 3.29 0.025 0.025 0.80502 2.79 0.050 0.050 0.80774 2.84 0.075 0.075 0.81048 2.89 0.100 0.010 0.81325 2.96 0.025 0.025 0.80249 2.48 0.050 0.050 0.80516 2.53 0.075 0.075 0.80784 2.57 0.100 0.010 0.81051 2.61

333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

g·cm−3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.025 0.025 0.79455 2.07 0.050 0.050 0.79723 2.10 0.075 0.075 0.79993 2.15 0.100 0.010 0.80266 2.19 0.025 0.025 0.79216 1.85 0.050 0.050 0.79479 1.89 0.075 0.075 0.79745 1.94 0.100 0.010 0.80006 1.98 0.025 0.025 0.78818 1.78 0.050 0.050 0.79082 1.83 0.075 0.075 0.79349 1.86 0.100 0.010 0.79613 1.88 0.025 0.025 0.78397 1.64 0.050 0.050 0.78666 1.68 0.075 0.075 0.78934 1.72 0.100 0.010 0.79196 1.76 0.025 0.025 0.78168 1.57 0.050 0.050 0.78424 1.59 0.075 0.075 0.78683 1.63 0.100 0.010 0.78945 1.67 0.025 0.025 0.77740 1.55 0.050 0.050 0.78001 1.58 0.075 0.075 0.78263 1.61 0.100 0.010 0.78524 1.63


Table 9. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T and Volume Fraction Φ for the Ternary Blends of Palm Methyl Esters (1) + Palm Ethyl Esters (2) + Diesel (3) at High Ethyl Ester Contentsa ρ

T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

mPa·s

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.015 0.035 0.82345 5.01 0.030 0.070 0.82596 5.11 0.045 0.105 0.82846 5.22 0.060 0.140 0.83095 5.33 0.015 0.035 0.81939 4.43 0.030 0.070 0.82190 4.52 0.045 0.105 0.82444 4.61 0.060 0.140 0.82693 4.70 0.015 0.035 0.81521 4.00 0.030 0.070 0.81779 4.07 0.045 0.105 0.82031 4.16 0.060 0.140 0.82286 4.23 0.015 0.035 0.81257 3.53 0.030 0.070 0.81503 3.62 0.045 0.105 0.81754 3.69 0.060 0.140 0.82003 3.75 0.015 0.035 0.80878 3.08 0.030 0.070 0.81123 3.14 0.045 0.105 0.81371 3.22 0.060 0.140 0.81623 3.27 0.015 0.035 0.80475 2.78 0.030 0.070 0.80727 2.84 0.045 0.105 0.80978 2.90 0.060 0.140 0.81226 2.94 0.015 0.035 0.80226 2.47

ρ

T K 328.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 1393

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.015 0.035 0.79893 0.030 0.070 0.80138 0.045 0.105 0.80382 0.060 0.140 0.80625 0.015 0.035 0.79429 0.030 0.070 0.79677 0.045 0.105 0.79926 0.060 0.140 0.80171 0.015 0.035 0.79190 0.030 0.070 0.79436 0.045 0.105 0.79675 0.060 0.140 0.79919 0.015 0.035 0.78797 0.030 0.070 0.79037 0.045 0.105 0.79283 0.060 0.140 0.79526 0.015 0.035 0.78376 0.030 0.070 0.78619 0.045 0.105 0.78864 0.060 0.140 0.79114 0.015 0.035 0.78144 0.030 0.070 0.78385 0.045 0.105 0.78624 0.060 0.140 0.78860 0.015 0.035 0.77722

mPa·s 2.17 2.22 2.26 2.31 2.06 2.10 2.13 2.17 1.85 1.88 1.93 1.97 1.77 1.82 1.85 1.88 1.63 1.66 1.71 1.74 1.55 1.59 1.63 1.65 1.53



Article

Table 9. continued T K 323.15 323.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

T

g·cm−3

mPa·s

K

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.030 0.070 0.80470 2.51 0.045 0.105 0.80715 2.56 0.060 0.140 0.80960 2.61

358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1

Φ2

ρ

η

g·cm−3

mPa·s

Palm FAME (1) + Palm FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.030 0.070 0.77964 0.045 0.105 0.78207 0.060 0.140 0.78449

1.56 1.59 1.64


Table 10. Experimental Values of Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η at Temperature T and Volume Fraction Φ for the Ternary Blends of Jatropha Methyl Esters (1) + Jatropha Ethyl Esters (2) + Diesel (3) at High Ethyl Ester Contentsa ρ

T K 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 303.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 308.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 318.15 323.15 323.15 323.15 323.15

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.015 0.035 0.82372 5.04 0.030 0.070 0.82637 5.14 0.045 0.105 0.82908 5.24 0.060 0.140 0.83177 5.36 0.015 0.035 0.81959 4.44 0.030 0.070 0.82231 4.52 0.045 0.105 0.82505 4.62 0.060 0.140 0.82774 4.73 0.015 0.035 0.81542 4.01 0.030 0.070 0.81821 4.10 0.045 0.105 0.82094 4.17 0.060 0.140 0.82370 4.26 0.015 0.035 0.81279 3.55 0.030 0.070 0.81545 3.62 0.045 0.105 0.81818 3.69 0.060 0.140 0.82087 3.78 0.015 0.035 0.80899 3.10 0.030 0.070 0.81165 3.16 0.045 0.105 0.81434 3.22 0.060 0.140 0.81708 3.30 0.015 0.035 0.80495 2.80 0.030 0.070 0.80769 2.84 0.045 0.105 0.81040 2.90 0.060 0.140 0.81308 2.97 0.015 0.035 0.80246 2.49 0.030 0.070 0.80511 2.53 0.045 0.105 0.80776 2.58 0.060 0.140 0.81040 2.62

ρ

T K 328.15 328.15 328.15 328.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 338.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 348.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 358.15 358.15 358.15 358.15

Φ1

Φ2

g·cm

η −3

mPa·s

Jatropha FAME (1) + Jatropha FAEE (2) + Diesel (3) 0.015 0.035 0.79919 2.19 0.030 0.070 0.80179 2.24 0.045 0.105 0.80441 2.28 0.060 0.140 0.80704 2.34 0.015 0.035 0.79452 2.07 0.030 0.070 0.79719 2.10 0.045 0.105 0.79985 2.15 0.060 0.140 0.80255 2.20 0.015 0.035 0.79217 1.86 0.030 0.070 0.79473 1.91 0.045 0.105 0.79736 1.94 0.060 0.140 0.79994 1.99 0.015 0.035 0.78816 1.80 0.030 0.070 0.79080 1.82 0.045 0.105 0.79339 1.86 0.060 0.140 0.79600 1.90 0.015 0.035 0.78394 1.65 0.030 0.070 0.78661 1.69 0.045 0.105 0.78926 1.71 0.060 0.140 0.79186 1.76 0.015 0.035 0.78165 1.57 0.030 0.070 0.78419 1.59 0.045 0.105 0.78675 1.63 0.060 0.140 0.78934 1.68 0.015 0.035 0.77738 1.55 0.030 0.070 0.77996 1.58 0.045 0.105 0.78255 1.62 0.060 0.140 0.78513 1.64


were mixed to prepare binary blended biofuel. The densities and viscosities of the binary blends of methyl esters + ethyl esters were measured experimentally. It was found that the increase in the volume fraction of methyl esters slightly increased the densities and decreased the viscosities of the binary blends. The variations of the viscosities and densities were also investigated by mixing the methyl and ethyl esters of palm and jatropha oils with the no. 2 grade automotive diesel fuel. The binary and ternary blends demonstrate temperaturedependent behaviors. Viscosities and densities of blends decreased nonlinearly and linearly with temperature, respectively. The results also revealed that the higher ethyl ester content in the binary and ternary blends results in lower densities and higher viscosities. Furthermore, with decreasing

the viscosities of palm and jatropha esters mixed with diesel fuel at high ethyl ester contents, respectively. The measured viscosities of the ternary blends indicate temperature-dependent behaviors. It can be seen that the decrease in the diesel fuel contents increased the mixture viscosities due to the higher viscosities of methyl and ethyl esters. Results also indicate that the higher ethyl ester content results in higher viscosities. The viscosity of methyl and ethyl esters, diesel fuel, and their binary and ternary blends are correlated, and the empirical correlations are presented in Table 11.

■

CONCLUSIONS Methyl and ethyl esters of palm oil and jatropha oils were produced through homogeneous transesterification. The produced methyl and ethyl esters of palm oil and jatropha oil 1394



Article

Table 11. Empirical Correlations for Density ρ and Dynamic Viscosity η of Methyl Esters, Ethyl Esters, Diesel Fuel, and the Binary and Ternary Blends system palm FAME jatropha FAME palm FAEE jatropha FAEE diesel fuel palm FAME (1) + palm FAEE (2)

jatropha FAME (1) + jatropha FAEE (2)

palm FAME (1) + palm FAEE (2) + diesel (3)

jatropha FAME (1) + jatropha FAEE (2) + diesel (3)

empirical correlation −3

ρ/g·cm = 1.086 − (0.000730T/K) η/mPa·s = 27.396 − (0.0729T/K) ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.095 − (0.000744T/K) η/mPa·s = 27.535 − (0.0732T/K) ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.085 − (0.00073T/K) η/mPa·s = 27.724 − (0.0733T/K) ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.093 − (0.000747T/K) η/mPa·s = 27.724 − (0.0733T/K) ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.025 − (0.000699T/K) η/mPa·s = 19.330 − (0.0512T/K) ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.0849 − 0.0007T/K + 0.0027Φ1 η/mPa·s = 27.5554 − 0.0728T/K − 0.1771Φ1 ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.0915 − 0.0007T/K + 0.0027Φ1 η/mPa·s = 27.7706 − 0.0734T/K − 0.1786 Φ1 ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.027 − 0.0007T/K + 0.0512Φ1 + 0.0485Φ2 η/mPa·s = 20.5207 − 0.0539T/K + 1.020Φ1 + 1.171Φ2 ρ/g·cm−3 = 1.027 − 0.0007T/K + 0.0666Φ1 + 0.0390Φ2 η/mPa·s = 20.2430 − 0.0540T/K + 1.283Φ1 + 0.910Φ2

(5) Kumar Tiwari, A.; Kumar, A.; Raheman, H. Biodiesel production from jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with high free fatty acids: An optimized process. Biomass Bioenergy 2007, 31, 569−575. (6) Baroutian, S.; Aroua, M. K.; Raman, A. R.; Sulaiman, N. M. RBD palm olein-based methyl/ethyl esters. J. Oil Palm Res. 2009, 21, 659− 666. (7) Demirbas, A. Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2005, 31, 466−487. (8) Encinar, J. M.; Gonzales, J. F.; Rodriguez, J. J.; Tejedor, A. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: transesterification of Cynara cardunculus L. oils with ethanol. Energy Fuels 2002, 16, 443−450. (9) Issariyakul, T.; Kulkarni, M. G.; Dalai, A. K.; Bakhshi, N. N. Production of biodiesel from waste fryer grease using mixed methanol/ethanol system. Fuel Process. Technol. 2007, 88, 429−436. (10) Feitosa, F. X.; Rodrigues, M. d. L.; Veloso, C. B.; Cavalcante, C. l. L.; Albuquerque, M. G.; de Sant'Ana, H. B. Viscosities and densities of binary mixtures of coconut + colza and coconut + soybean biodiesel at various temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2010, 55, 3909−3914. (11) Kumar, S.; Yadav, J. S.; Sharma, V. K.; Lim, W.; Cho, J. H.; Kim, J.; Moon, I. Physicochemical properties of jatropha curcas biodiesel + diesel fuel no. 2 binary mixture at T = (288.15 to 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 497−501. (12) Parente, R. C.; Nogueira, C. A.; Carmo, F. R.; Lima, L. P.; Fernandes, F. A. N.; Santiago-Aguiar, R. l. S.; Sant'Ana, H. B. Excess volumes and deviations of viscosities of binary blends of sunflower biodiesel + diesel and fish oil biodiesel + diesel at various temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 3061−3067. (13) Mesquita, F. M. R.; Feitosa, F. X.; Santiago, R. S.; de Sant'Ana, H. B. Density, excess volumes, and partial volumes of binary mixtures of soybean biodiesel + diesel and soybean biodiesel + n-hexadecane at different temperatures and atmospheric pressure. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2010, 56, 153−157. (14) Moser, B. R. Influence of blending canola, palm, soybean, and sunflower oil methyl esters on fuel properties of biodiesel. Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 4301−4306. (15) Santos, R. O.; Compri, I. G.; Morandim-Giannetti, A. A.; Torres, R. B. Optimization of the transesterification reaction in biodiesel production and determination of density and viscosity of biodiesel/ diesel blends at several temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 2030−2038. (16) Bettin, H.; Spieweck, F. Die Dichte des Wassers als Funktion der Temperatur nach Einführung der Internationalen Temperaturskala von 1990. PTB-Mitt 1990, 100, 195−196. (17) Viswanath, D. S.; Ghosh, T. K.; Prasad, D. H. L. Viscosity of Liquids Theory, Estimation, Experiment, and Data; Springer: The Netherlands, 2007. (18) Riser-Roberts, E. Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated sites; CRC Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, 1992. (19) Pratas, M. J.; Freitas, S.; Oliveira, M. B.; Monteiro, S. l. C.; Lima, A. S.; Coutinho, J. A. P. Densities and viscosities of fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2010, 55, 3983−3990.

R2 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.91 0.99 0.92 0.99 0.91 0.99 0.91 0.99 0.92 0.99 0.91

the diesel fuel content in ternary mixtures, the densities and viscosities of mixtures increased.

■

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: +64 7 3435899. Fax: +64 7 3480952. Funding

The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the work through group project No. RGP-VPP-108. The authors express their appreciation to the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya and to the Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, for their support to this research project. Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

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REFERENCES

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Densities and Viscosities of Binary Blends of Methyl Esters + Ethyl

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