Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use - ACS Publications

9 Exposure of Strawberry Harvesters to Carbaryl 1

Downloaded via TUFTS UNIV on July 7, 2018 at 06:08:14 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.

G U N T E R ZWEIG , K . T. B O G E N

RU-YU

2

GAO ,

JAMES

M. WITT3,

WILLIAM

J.

POPENDORF,

and

School of Public Health and Sanitary Engineering Health Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720

A group of strawberry harvesters was monitored for dermal exposure to the insecticide carbaryl during finite periods in the morning and afternoon of three consecutive days. Dermal exposures were estimated by the use of cotton gloves and patches for hands and body, respectively. The results from this study showed that dermal exposure in the morning was higher than afternoon; that younger and smaller subjects exhibited lower dermal dose rates, and that most workers showed ambidextrous behavior during picking of fruit. The ratios of dermal exposure rate/dislodgeable foliar residues were similar to those found in studies involving other crops and pesticides. Background Dermal exposure to captan and benomyl by strawberry harvesters has been the subject of s e v e r a l p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s ( 1 . 2 , 3 ) . T h i s f i e l d s t u d y was d e s i g n e d to t e s t a number of h y p o t h e s e s and the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of dermal exposure r a t e measurements taken under f i e l d conditions. Most of our past studies have not been designed for a p a r t i c u l a r pesticide but were modified to accommodate the pesticide chosen by the grower to c o n t r o l a c e r t a i n p e s t . In t h i s case, the pesticide was carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) an i n s e c t i c i d e used to control the spittlebug and l e a f r o l l e r . Our results could then be compared w i t h those obtained by M a i t l e n and co-workers ( 4 ) who studied workers exposed to carbaryl i n an apple orchard. Furthermore, attempts w i l l be made to test possible positive correlations between age and dermal dose r a t e versus p r o d u c t i v i t y and dermal dose r a t e versus age of harvesters. Difference of dermal exposure due to age or 'Current address: D C 20460 Current address: Current address: O R 97331 'Current address:

2

3

Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, Nankai University, Tjanjin, People's Republic of China Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Agricultural Medical Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, I A 52242

0097-6156/85/0273-0123$06.00/0 © 1985 A m e r i c a n C h e m i c a l Society

Honeycutt et al.; Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985.

124

DERMAL EXPOSURE RELATED TO PESTICIDE USE

gender w i l l be t e s t e d . By m e a s u r i n g d i s l o d g e a b l e c a r b a r y l r e s i d u e s on s t r a w b e r r y f o l i a g e , r a t i o s o f d e r m a l dose r a t e s and d i s l o d g e a b l e r e s i d u e s c o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d and compared w i t h t h o s e f r o m p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s on o t h e r c r o p s and p e s t i c i d e s .

Experimental D e t a i l s D e s c r i p t i o n o f F i e l d Study* The study was conducted on a p r i v a t e l y owned s t r a w b e r r y farm near C o r v a l l i s , Oregon d u r i n g t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e d a y s i n J u n e , 1982. The f i e l d h a d b e e n s p r a y e d w i t h 2 l b s a.i./A o f c a r b a r y l 15 d a y s p r i o r t o t h e f i r s t d a y o f t h e s t u d y . E i g h t e e n s t r a w b e r r y h a r v e s t e r s v o l u n t e e r e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e study; t h e i r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and work e f f i c i e n c y a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e I .

Table I.

ID 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 26

P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and P r o d u c t i v i t y o f S t r a w b e r r y Harvesters Sex F F F F F F F F M M F F H

F F F M M

Age 40 12 18 29 13 32 15 16 13 13 12 12 14 14 37 16 12 15

Weight ke

Height cm

69.5 42.3 63.6 56.7 43.1 61.3 59.0 50.4 63.6 70.4 45.4 49.9 56.7 54.5 49.9 49.9 45.4 63.6

Source: Reproduced from Réf. 17. Society.

168 163 175 164 149 175 160 173 178 168 157 163 180 165 152 165 160 183

Surface^rea m 2

1.77 1.52 1.78 1.58 1.35 1.72 1.62 1.56 1.76 1.78 1.42 1.52 1.70 1.59 1.46 1.53 1.43 1.84

Daily Prod, cr/hr 1.04 0.68 0.91 0.99 0.78 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.97 0.57 0.74 0.60 1.04 0.60 0.89 0.96 0.70 0.72 0.83

MEAN Copyright 1983, American Chemical


9.

ZWEIG ET A L .

Carbaryl

Exposure

to Strawberry

Harvesters

125

D e r m a l e x p o s u r e r a t e s o f c a r b a r y l w e r e m e a s u r e d on t h e w o r k e r s b y h a y i n g them wear l i g h t c o t t o n g l o v e s (hand exposure) and c o t t o n p a t c h m o n i t o r s f a s t e n e d t o t h e i r l o w e r l e g s and forearms* D e t a i l s f o r t h e s e m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s may be found i n a r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n (3). G l o v e s were k e p t on f o r 1-2 h d u r i n g t h e morning o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d and were exchanged f o r a new s e t o f g l o v e s i n t h e a f t e r n o o n . Patches were worn d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e d a i l y w o r k p e r i o d . The p r o c e d u r e f o r h a n d m o n i t o r i n g was changed s l i g h t l y on Day-2 by p l a c i n g t h e g l o v e s on t h e w o r k e r s ' hands about two hours a f t e r t h e morning h a r v e s t had begun. The reasons f o r t h i s change w i l l be e x p l a i n e d i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n . D i s l o d g e a b l e f o l i a r r e s i d u e s from s t r a w b e r r y p l a n t s were o b t a i n e d by c o l l e c t i n g 48 c i r c u l a r l e a f p u n c h e s on a random b a s i s , s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e f i r s t day p o s t - a p p l i c a t i o n o f c a r b a r y l , f i n i s h i n g on t h e l a s t day o f t h e study (Day-17 p o s t - a p p l i c a t i o n ) . A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l l e a f p u n c h and t h e c o l l e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e may be f o u n d e l s e w h e r e (1). W e a t h e r d a t a f o r t h e t h r e e d a y s o f t h e s t u d y w e r e r e c o r d e d as shown i n T a b l e I I . Sample E x t r a c t i o n . Gloves and c o t t o n patches were s u r f a c e - e x t r a c t e d w i t h a c e t o n i t r i l e , and t h e e x t r a c t s w e r e f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h 0.22u MILLIPORE f i l t e r s . A p p r o p r i a t e a l i q u o t s were d i r e c t l y a n a l y z e d by H i g h Performance L i q u i d Chromatography (HPLC) w i t h o u t f u r t h e r c l e a n u p or c o n c e n t r a t i o n , as w i l l be d e s c r i b e d below. D i s l o d g e a b l e f o l i a r p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s and l e a f d u s t w e r e i s o l a t e d by methods d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p u b l i s h e d l i t e r a t u r e (5.6.7.8). B a s i c a l l y t h e method f o r t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f d i s l o d g e a b l e c a r b a r y l

Table

II.

M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Data at C o r v a l l i s S t r a w b e r r y Farm D u r i n g C a r b a r y l M o n i t o r i n g Study

Type o f Measurement Temperature (°C) Wind Speed (km/hr) Precipitation Humidity (^relative)

Date o f O b s e r v a t i o n June 22. 1982 June 23 June 24 AM AM PM PM AM PM 12-21 16-22 27 17-26 32 26 5.76 3 .07 3.73 0 0 0 65-100 50 90 50 70 60



126

r e s i d u e s i n v o l v e d s u r f a c e e x t r a c t i o n w i t h a d i l u t e aqueous s o l u t i o n o f a s u r f a c t a n t (SURTEN), f o l l o w e d b y t r a n s f e r o f t h e r e s i d u e i n t o d i c h l o r o m e t h a n e , and a f i n a l s o l u t i o n i n a c e t o n i t r i l e . A l i q u o t s o f the f i n a l e x t r a c t were a n a l y z e d by HPLC. Leaf dust was o r i g i n a l l y washed o f f d u r i n g s u r f a c e - e x t r a c t i o n o f l e a f d i s k s and r e m a i n e d a t t h e i n t e r f a c i a l s o l v e n t - w a t e r l a y e r i n t h e separatory funnel during the f i r s t water-solvent transfer. This c o u l d be q u a n t i t a t i v e l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o a p r e - w e i g h e d g l a s s f i l t e r . A f t e r d r y i n g a t 110° o v e r n i g h t , t h e f i l t e r was weighed and t h e d u s t c a l c u l a t e d by d i f f e r e n c e . A n a l y t i c a l Methods. The a n a l y t i c a l method f o r c a r b a r y l and 1-naphthol by h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y (HPLC) was r e c e n t l y d e s c r i b e d f o r a q u e o u s s a m p l e s ( 9 ) . S i m i l a r l y , t h e s e t w o compounds were a n a l y z e d i n these s t u d i e s u s i n g a Waters 6000A S o l v e n t D e l i v e r y System, WISP A u t o m a t i c Sample P r o c e s s o r , Data Module and A u t o m a t i c I n t e g r a t o r , and M o d e l 4530 V a r i a b l e Wave Length D e t e c t o r , s e t a t 230 nm. A W a t e r uBondapak C^g r e v e r s e - p h a s e c o l u m n (25 cm χ 2 mm i.d.) was employed. The f o l l o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s were m a i n t a i n e d : m o b i l e phase; flow rate:

a c e t o n i t r i l e - w a t e r (40:60) 2 mL/min

Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , c a r b a r y l and 1-naphthol have r e t e n t i o n t i m e s o f 4.6 a n d 5.1 m i n , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S e n s i t i v i t y i s 2 ng f o r e a c h compound· R e c o v e r y s t u d i e s f o r p a t c h e s and SURTEN s o l u t i o n s were c a r r i e d out by t h e a d d i t i o n o f known amounts o f c a r b a r y l and 1-naphthol and ranged f r o m 85-107% (see T a b l e I I I ) . For r o u t i n e a n a l y s e s , the e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s were m o d i f i e d as f o l l o w s : m o b i l e phase: a c e t o n i t r i l e - w a t e r (50:50) flow rate: 1.3 m l / m i n U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , c a r b a r y l and 1 - n a p h t h o l a r e n o t r e s o l v e d ( r e t e n t i o n t i m e 5.85 min; see F i g u r e 1). H e n c e f o r t h , a l l r e s u l t s w i l l be r e p o r t e d as c a r b a r y l concentrations. E s t i m a t i o n o f Dermal Exposure. Hand exposure r a t e s , expressed i n mg/h, were c a l c u l a t e d from the c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c a r b a r y l found i n the g l o v e m o n i t o r s , d i v i d e d b y t h e h o u r s t h a t t h e g l o v e s w e r e w o r n . To c a l c u l a t e d a i l y exposure r a t e s , m o r n i n g and a f t e r n o o n v a l u e s were t i m e - w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e s . To d e t e r m i n e d e r m a l e x p o s u r e r a t e s f o r a n a t o m i c a l r e g i o n s o t h e r than hands, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n found on t h e p a t c h m o n i t o r s was e x t r a p o l a t e d b y t h e m e t h o d o f P o p e n d o r f a n d L e f f i n g w e l l (10) u s i n g t h e 50-percent i l e man f o r body s u r f a c e and a nomograph (11) r e l a t i n g body w e i g h t and h e i g h t t o s u r f a c e . S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s . T - t e s t s , K r u s k a l l - W a l l i s and a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e s were p e r f o r m e d u s i n g SAS, a s t a t i s t i c a l computer s o f t w a r e program developed by S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s Systems, Inc.


9. ZWEIG ET AL.

Carbaryl

Exposure

to Strawberry

127

Harvesters

Table I I I . Recovery Studies f o r Carbaryl and 1-Naphthol Compound

Sample No.

Amount Per cent Recovery added found

Carbaryl

Patch-1 Patch-2 Patch-3 Patch-4 SURTEN #1 SURTEN #2 SURTEN #3 Leaf punch

69.0 69.0 172.5 172.5 828.0 828.0 828.0 0

63.9 64.8 184.2 180.0 703.2 805.2 706.7 2.0

92 . 6 93 . 9 106 . 7 104 . 3 84 .9 97 . 3 85 .3 η /a

1-Naphthol

Patch-3-1 Patch-3-2 Patch-3-3

76.0 152.4 152.4

77.2 153.1 150.7

101 . 5 106 . 5 98 . 9



128

oc A)

5S

Minutes

F i g u r e 1. A n a l y s i s o f c a r b a r y l b y h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . (A) s t a n d a r d (137.5 ng o f c a r b a r y l ) ; (B) g l o v e e x t r a c t . R e t e n t i o n t i m e f o r c a r b a r y l under e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s f o u n d i n t e x t i s 5.80-5.85 m i n .


9.

ZWEIG ET A L .

Carbaryl

Exposure

to Strawberry

Harvesters

129

R e s u l t s and D i s c u s s i o n Dermal Exposure. I t has been p r e v i o u s l y shown t h a t d e r m a l exposure t o p e s t i c i d e s by s t r a w b e r r y p i c k e r s o c c u r r e d m a i n l y on h a n d s , f o r e a r m s and l o w e r l e g s (1_). I t was, t h e r e f o r e , d e c i d e d t o m o n i t o r these t h r e e a n a t o m i c a l r e g i o n s i n i t i a l l y and e s t i m a t e t o t a l d e r m a l exposure. However, i n t h e p r e s e n t study i t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t l o w e r l e g e x p o s u r e s a m o u n t e d t o l e s s t h a n 4% o f t o t a l e x p o s u r e , b a s e d on t h e t h r e e a n a t o m i c a l s i t e s . The e x c e p t i o n was W o r k e r No. 13 whose l o w e r l e g e x p o s u r e e x c e e d e d t h i s v a l u e on Day-1 ( 1 8 % ) . T h i s h i g h exposure v a l u e was d i s c o u n t e d as b e i n g due t o a p o s s i b l e a c c i d e n t a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n f r o m heavy dew d e p o s i t s i n the e a r l y morning hours and W o r k e r No. 13 h a v i n g come i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h wet f o l i a g e ( s e e d i s c u s s i o n on t h e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t o f dew on g l o v e m o n i t o r s ) . F o r t h e s e reasons a l o n e , exposure v a l u e s f r o m hands and l o w e r arms were considered. T a b l e I V i s a summary o f d e r m a l e x p o s u r e r a t e s o f a l l w o r k e r s f o r t h r e e days o f o b s e r v a t i o n . The a p p a r e n t l y h i g h e r exposure r a t e s on the f i r s t day a r e supported by s t a t i s t i c s d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t the d a i l y means d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f o r the t h r e e days. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e h e a v y dew i n t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g h o u r s o f Day-1 ( s e e a l s o T a b l e I I f o r r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y ) may have a f f e c t e d the a b s o r p t i v i t y of g l o v e s used as m o n i t o r s . Once g l o v e s become wet, they might no l o n g e r f u n c t i o n as l i n e a r m o n i t o r s over t i m e . Thus, our i n i t i a l e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o t o c o l was changed on Day-2 so t h a t g l o v e s were f i r s t p l a c e d on the s u b j e c t s 2 h a f t e r they e n t e r e d the f i e l d i n s t e a d o f p r o v i d i n g them w i t h g l o v e s a t the b e g i n n i n g o f the morning s h i f t . By t h a t t i m e , most of the dew had d r i e d on the l e a v e s . C o n t r a r y t o our e x p e c t a t i o n s about t h e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t of m o i s t u r e on g l o v e s , D a y - l - g l o v e s e x h i b i t e d h i g h e r c a r b a r y l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s than on Day-2 and Day-3 (see Table I V ) . Dose r a t e s f o r hands on Day-1 and Day-3 w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e m o r n i n g t h a n a f t e r n o o n . No s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e o b s e r v e d on Day-2 when g l o v e s w o r n d u r i n g t h e m o r n i n g and a f t e r n o o n p e r i o d s r e m a i n e d r e l a t i v e l y dry. To f i n d an e x p l a n a t i o n f o r these r e s u l t s one m i g h t r e a s o n t h a t wet g l o v e s may possess a l a r g e r a b s o r p t i v e c a p a c i t y f o r p e s t i c i d e s d e r i v e d from d i s l o d g e a b l e r e s i d u e s than d r y g l o v e s . T h i s m i g h t be due to p a r t i t i o n i n g of p e s t i c i d e s b e t w e e n d i s l o d g e a b l e f o l i a r d u s t and t h e a q u e o u s p h a s e o f t h e wet g l o v e . The dew may p r o v i d e a m o r e e f f i c i e n t c o n t a c t s u r f a c e between f o l i a g e and g l o v e and c r e a t e more f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r the t r a n s f e r of p e s t i c i d e s . T h i s mechanism d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t observed i n t r e e c r o p s where d e r m a l body exposure i s m e a s u r e d by t h e u s e o f c o t t o n p a t c h e s and g l o v e s , and w h e r e m o i s t u r e p l a y s l i t t l e o r no r o l e i n m o n i t o r i n g (10). R e c e n t l y , two i n d e p e n d e n t s t u d i e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t d e r m a l exposure d e t e r m i n e d from g l o v e m o n i t o r s may y i e l d h i g h e r v a l u e s than those o b t a i n e d f r o m hand r i n s e s (12.13). The f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n (12) was conducted i n p a r a l l e l w i t h the p r e s e n t study and i n v o l v e d t h r e e s t r a w b e r r y h a r v e s t e r s exposed to c a r b a r y l . E l i m i n a t i n g the p o s s i b i l i t y of p r e f e r e n t i a l handedness i n h a r v e s t i n g (see b e l o w ) , i t was p o s s i b l e t o s t u d y g l o v e m o n i t o r s and hand r i n s e s on t h e same p e r s o n by m o n i t o r i n g h i s l e f t and r i g h t hands s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . Gloves gave c o n s i s t e n t l y much h i g h e r exposure r a t e s i f worn f o r a r e l a t i v e l y



130

T a b l e IV·

Dermal Mean Exposure Rates of C a r b a r y l Harvesters

Anatomical Region , Both hands, AM Both hands, PM Left hand.AM+PM Right hand.AM+PM Both hands, AM+PM Lower arms Total 1

1

1

ί

Dav-1

3,01(1.70) 1.42(0.80) 1.09(0.59) 0.90(0.39) 1.99(0.92) 0.66(0.41) 2.65(1.14)

of S t r a w b e r r y

Day of Study Dav-2 Dav-3 mg/hr 1.23(0.62) 1.47(0.82) 1.12(0.73) 0.72(0.38) 0.69(0.36) 0.51(0.25) 0.51(0.28) 0.51(0.28) 1.20(0.54) 1.02(0.47) 0.41(0.27) 0.43(0.30) 1.55(0.61) 1.45(0.69)

Means 1.90(1.38) 1.09(0.71) 0.76(0.48) 0.64(0.37) 1.40(0.78) 0.50(0.35) 1.89(1.00)

)«standard deviation Exposure values are time-weighted averages f o r hours monitored.

Source:

R e p r i n t e d from Ref. 17. C o p y r i g h t

1983, American

Society.


Chemical

9.

ZWEIG ET AL.

Carbaryl

Exposure

to Strawberry

Harvesters

131

s h o r t t i m e , e.g. l e s s t h a n 1.5 h. When t h e m o n i t o r i n g t i m e was i n c r e a s e d t o 3 h, t h e e x p o s u r e r a t e s , a l t h o u g h s t i l l h i g h e r , w e r e l e s s d i v e r g e n t than v a l u e s e s t i m a t e d from hand washes. In t h e second study (13). apple t h i n n e r s were m o n i t o r e d f o r a z i n p h o s m e t h y l exposure by t h e use o f c o t t o n and n y l o n g l o v e s o r hand r i n s e s w i t h e t h a n o l . Both types o f g l o v e s gave h i g h e r exposure r a t e s than hand r i n s e s . Hand r i n s e s w i l l n o t account f o r d e r m a l a b s o r p t i o n and may thus l e a d t o l o w e r e x p o s u r e v a l u e s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , g l o v e m o n i t o r s w h i c h have n o t become m o i s t u r e - s a t u r a t e d may keep d e r m a l a b s o r p t i o n a t a m i n i m u m b y a c t i n g as a p h y s i c a l b a r r i e r b u t may still o v e r e s t i m a t e exposure. F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s needed t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h of these m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s a r e capable o f measuring a c t u a l d e r m a l exposure t o p e s t i c i d e s . Comparison o f Dermal Exposure W i t h Age and P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . One o f t h e g o a l s o f t h i s s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e age o f s t r a w b e r r y h a r v e s t e r s a f f e c t e d d e r m a l exposure t o p e s t i c i d e s . The 18 p i c k e r s o f t h i s study were d i v i d e d i n t o two groups a c c o r d i n g t o age, y o u t h s (15 y e a r s o f a g e ) . O t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w e r e body w e i g h t (< a n d >50 k g ) , h e i g h t (< a n d >165 cm), and body s u r f a c e (< and > 1.50 m ) . C o m p a r i n g t h e t w o age g r o u p s , a s shown i n T a b l e V, r i g h t - h a n d e x p o s u r e r a t e s o f y o u t h s was l o w e r t h a n c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s f o r a d u l t s . No o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t age r e l a t e d d i f f e r e n c e s were found. T a b l e V.

D e r m a l Hand E x p o s u r e A c c o r d i n g t o Age and Body W e i g h t o f Strawberry Harvesters

Variable Youths Adults 50 kg 50 k g

Type

Ν

21 R i g h t hand (means, 3 days) 33 Left+right,PM 21 (means, 3 days) 33 Left+right,PM 7 11 (Day-1)

Source: Reproduced from Ref. 17. Society.

Exposure mg/h 0.54

Kruskall-Wallis X

ρ

4.94

0.026

2

0.74 0.80 5.87 1.27 0.88 1.76 Copyright 1983,

0.015

t~3.10 df~14.4 p= 0.0076 American Chemical

When t h e w o r k e r s w e r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i t was found t h a t s u b j e c t s w e i g h i n g l e s s than 50 k g showed l e s s hand e x p o s u r e i n t h e a f t e r n o o n t h a n a d u l t s . No s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s were found when the group was d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g t o h e i g h t and body s u r f a c e . L e f t v e r s u s Right-Hand Exposure. Table V I i s a d e t a i l e d c o m p i l a t i o n o f l e f t - and r i g h t hand d e r m a l e x p o s u r e by s u b j e c t , d a y , a n d o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d s . There a r e s i x o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d s f o r each o f 18 s u b j e c t s . I n a p r e v i o u s study i n v o l v i n g captan and benomyl exposures ( 3 ) , t h e r e w e r e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t d e r m a l hand exposure measurements m i g h t be c o n v e n i e n t i n d i c a t o r s f o r a s s e s s i n g l e f t - o r r i g h t - h a n d e d p r e f e r e n c e by i n d i v i d u a l s t r a w b e r r y h a r v e s t e r s . The p r e s e n t and more Honeycutt et al.; Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985.


6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 26

ID

Left 1.49 3.82 1.00 1.38 0.39 0.42 1.36 4.12 0.99 2.35 0.76 0.36 0.81 1.74 3.80 2.36 1.57 2.26

AM Right 0·99 0.81 1.22 1.69 0.18 0.60 0.86 0.84 0.83 1.91 1.50 0.44 1.09 2.18 3.20 2.52 0.69 1.61

Left 1.01 0.26 0.19 1.52 0.34 0.57 0.59 1.07 0.58 1.37 0.71 0.05 0.46 1.15 0.60 0.33 0.89 0.75

PM Right 0.99 0.48 0.16 1.20 0.51 0.56 0.51 2.10 1.08 0.56 0.57 0.27 0.49 1.25 0.50 0.32 0.34 1.18

Day-2 AM PM Left Right Left Right 0.98 0.83 0.52 0.38 0.12 0.14 0.09 0.10 0.21 0.16 0.54 0.42 0.68 0.82 1.15 1.37 0.83 0.53 0.65 0.35 0.19 0.12 0.55 0.86 1.03 0.78 0.67 0.47 1.12 0.54 0.97 0.53 1.07 0.74 1.30 0.13 0.69 0.78 0.10 0.08 0.74 0.80 0.16 0.14 0.47 0.23 0.27 0.51 1.96 0.29 0.27 1.83 0.37 0.61 0.27 0.00 0.20 0.15 0.98 0.91 0.84 0.89 0.10 0.13 1.26 0.12 1.78 0.38 0.57 0.34 0.77 0.48

Day 3 AM PM Left Right Left right 1.09 1.25 0.42 0.59 0.49 0.69 0.46 0.63 1.09 1.10 0.39 0.33 0.16 0.14 0.24 0.25 1.41 1.15 0.32 0.14 1.08 0.63 0.29 1.52 0.71 0.81 0.27 0.27 0.45 0.20 0.39 0.26 0.80 0.59 0.33 0.74 0.29 0.56 0.20 0.18 0.28 0.59 0.20 0.27 0.81 0.30 0.11 0.14 0.56 0.59 0.26 0.28 2.03 0.21 0.20 0.80 1.22 1.88 0.70 0.20 0.46 1.86 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.16 0.30 0.10 0.47 0.15 0.36 0.35

L e f t - and Right-Hand Exposure Rates of Carbaryl (mg/h)

Day-1

Table VI·

m

C/3

m c

5

H Ο

C/î

m

S g

5

r £ S g g * m r

f

α S3

9.

ZWEIG ET A L .

Carbaryl

Exposure

to Strawberry

133

Harvesters

d e t a i l e d study made i t p o s s i b l e t o a p p l y p a i r e d Student t - T e s t t o t h e d a t a i n T a b l e V I . T h i s a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d t h a t o n l y W o r k e r #25 appeared t o have a l e f t - h a n d e d p r e f e r e n c e d u r i n g p i c k i n g (p< 0.05), w h i l e t h e d e r m a l hand e x p o s u r e f o r t h e r e s t o f t h e g r o u p was n o t d i f f e r e n t f o r e i t h e r hand. D u r i n g a p r e - s t u d y i n t e r v i e w o f t h e s u b j e c t s, Workers #17 and 18 were t h e o n l y ones who e x p r e s s e d a l e f t h a n d e d p r e f e r e n c e f o r m a n u a l a c t i v i t i e s . More d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o v e r i f y i f t h e t e c h n i q u e o f d e r m a l hand e x p o s u r e i s s u i t a b l e f o r making a n t h r o p o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f work h a b i t s o f f r u i t harvesters. A c u r i o u s c o r r e l a t i o n between l e f t arm d e r m a l exposure r a t e s and body h e i g h t was o b s e r v e d (r=-0.404; N=53; p0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05

and t i m e p e r i o d s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t p r e d i c t o r s f o r e x p o s u r e v a r i a b l e s , and t h a t f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y do n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d e r m a l hand exposure r a t e s . Thus, t h e r e seems t o be g r e a t e r v a r i a b i l i t y between days and t i m e o f day f o r a n y i n d i v i d u a l t h a n b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s o n a n y g i v e n d a y . These r e s u l t s s u p p o r t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t m o i s t u r e a r i s i n g f r o m morning dew appears t o have an e f f e c t on t h e a b s o r p t i v i t y o f g l o v e s used as hand m o n i t o r s . P r o d u c t i v i t v C o r r e l a t i o n s . P r o d u c t i v i t y e x p r e s s e d as c r a t e s h a r v e s t e d / h o f e a c h w o r k e r ( s e e T a b l e I ) f o r d a y and t i m e a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t over the three-day course of t h e study ( K r u s k a l l - W a l l i s X «0.63-4.18; d f = 2 ; p>0.10). When e x a m i n i n g y o u t h s and a d u l t e ( s e e d e f i n i t i o n a b o v e ) , i t c o u l d be shown t h a t t h e d a i l y p r o d u c t i v i t y o f y o u t h s was l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e a d u l t g r o u p (0.72 c r / h v e r s u s 0.89 c r / h ) (F*11.56; d f = l , 4 8 ; p=0.0014). T h i s i s i n 2


134


agreement w i t h the f i n d i n g t h a t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h age (r=0.5; N « 5 1 ; w i t h AMo r P M - p r o d u c t i v i t y . No p r o d u c t i v i t y and d e r m a l e x p o s u r e e a r l i e r study i n v o l v i n g benomyl t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n was found ( 3 ) .

workers' d a i l y p r o d u c t i v i t y was p=0.0007). Age d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between r a t e s a t p

Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use - ACS Publications

Recommend Documents