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RECEIVED for review July 30,1991. Accepted December 10, 1991.
Determination of Chlorite and Chlorate in Chlorinated and Chloraminated Drinking Water by Flow Injection Analysis and Ion Chromatography Andrea M. Dietrich,* Tracey D. Ledder, Daniel L. Gallagher, Margaret N. Grabeel, and Robert C. Hoehn
Environmental Engineering and Environmental Sciences Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0105
Thls research Investigated the determlnatlon of chlor'e and chlorate concentratlons In drlnklng water by flow InJectlon analyrls (PIA) wlth lodometrlc detection and Ion chromatog raphy (IC)wlth conductlvlty detectlon. The FIA and IC methods were accurate and effectlve for reagent water. The IC method was accurate for measurement of chlorite and chbrate concentrath h drkrkkrg water even In the presence of other oxldants Includlng chloramlnes. However, F I A was affected by chbramlnea and other oxldants In drlnklng water, rewltlng In Inaccurate determlnatlons. Whlle chlorlte concentratlono were unstable In chlorlnated drlnklng water, addltkn d sodlun oxalate Increased the stabUtly to up to 3 days and addltlon of ethylenedlamlne Increased stablllty to up to 18 days. Chlorate concentratbn were stable In drlnklng water for up to 18 days with or without a preservative.
INTRODUCTION Chlorine dioxide (C102)is a widely used disinfectant and bleaching agent that is currently being used by many drinking water treatment utilities in the United States, Canada, and Europe for oxidation and di~infection.'-~It is frequently applied as an initial oxidant during treatment, followed by chlorination (gaseous Clz or HOC11 as a final disinfectant. When used as an oxidant, chlorine dioxide reacts to form chlorite (CIOz-) and chlorate (C103-),which have been shown to cause hemolytic anemia in laboratory animals." Both C10, and C103- concentrations are currently under consideration for regulation by EPA and because of possible adverse health effects will likely be regulated with a maximum contaminant limit of
