NEW BOOKS Disperse Systems in Gases; D u s t , Smoke, and Fog. A general discussion held by the Faraday Society, April, 1936. 25 x 16 cm.; pp. 1041-1300. London and Edinburgh: Gurney and Jackson, 1936. Price: 12s. 6d. This book is a report of the meeting held by the Faraday Society in Leeds in 1936, a t which the many aspects of disperse systems in gases were discussed from various points of view. The report includes all the papers contributed to the meeting, together with the discussion thereon, and in it much detailed information is assembled in such a form that the reader can obtain from this one source a thorough knonledge of recent developments in this field of investigation. The subject is considered under two main heads, viz., the general properties and behavior of disperse systems, and the industrialaspect of such systems. Subdivision of the first part is made into disperse systems composed of solid and liquid non-volatile particles (smoke, dust, oil, fogs, etc.) and those consisting of aqueous and other volatile particles (mist, cloud, hygroscopic nuclei, town and country fogs). The first of these subsections includes such matters as methods for determining the number of particles in smokes and size distribution in smokes and mineral dusts, the dust-free space surrounding hot bodies, and cohesion between smoke particles. The effects of such influences as pressure temperature gradients, sonic and supersonic vibrations, and ionic currents are also discussed. The second subsection deals, amongst other matters, n i t h the nature of dispersoids in country and t o n n air, the determination of the mass and size of atmospheric condensation nuclei, hygroscopic nuclei in the formation of fog, sorption of fog by liquids. sulfuric acid mist, and n i t h the removal of mist by centrifugal methods. The industrial section contains papers on the inflammation of dust clouds, the spread of smoke and gases from chimneys, the dissipation of fog, the physical basis of electrical gas purification, and the physical and chemical problems involved in the design of a plant for removal of smoke and oxides of sulfur from flue gas. This section also includes a n interesting paper on tffenty-five years' progress in smoke abatement, n hich deals with air pollution records of some twenty-three centers in Great Britain. I t is very pleasing to have available in one volume such a comprehensive treatment of this extremely varied subject, and in a form in Tvhich there is so much of interest both to the pure scientist and to those n-ho seek to apply in industry the physicochemical principles involved. H. W ,CREUER. Die Chemze der naturlichen und kunstlzchen organischen Farbstoffe. By G. Schiemann. 20 5 x 13 cm.; viii 136 pp. Leipzig: Leopold Voss, 1936. Price: 7.20 R X The author of this introductory survey of the theory and practice of color chemistry is to be congratulated on tahe selection and arrangement of the material. This admirable book a t reasonable cost is eminently suitable for chemists to obtain an outline of the chemistry of coloiing matters or to avoid pitfalls \Then they use dyes in their researches. T h e subject is treated a s a n-hole b y including natural and synthetic coloring matters together in the appropriate chapters which are arranged according to the com1227
+
1228
XEW BOOKS
mon chromophore o r the chemical class of the compounds under discussion. A brief introduction on the relation between color, constitution, and dyeing properties is amplified in the light of modern theories in subsequent chapters. The preparation of sufficient examples of each class of dyes is outlined, the main uses and properties of the dyes are stated, and the whole is well illustrated by formulas. Some errors have escaped correction in the proofs.
F. Lr. ROWE. Review of Ebulliornetry. By WOJCIECHSWIETOSLAWSKI. First edition. 196 pp. Jagellonian University Press, 1936. The author of this monograph is responsible for the development of a refined and highly specialized technique of boiling-point determination. Although he has retained the Cottrell principle of using a vapor lift t o spray the boiling liquid upon the thermometer bulb, the apparatus which he and his coworkers have designed has been mechanically simplified, refined, and modified to serve a variety of purposes. The construction of the apparatus and the technique of its use are adequately described with the aid of a number of line drawings. The book includes very few references to methods which were not developed in the author’s laboratory a t Warsaw; for example, Llenzies’ differential thermometer is not mentioned. In the reviewer’s opinion, the value of the book as a comprehensive monograph would be increased if a critical discussion of other common methods were included, even when these methods are inferior to those proposed by the author. In addition t o the description of experimental methods, the book contains a brief discussion of the general principles of distillation. The chapters on azeotropy and aeeotropic methods of purifying liquids are especially interesting. Second Edition, 204 pp. Chemical Publishing Co., 1937. Price $3.00. The second edition of this monograph differs from the first in only two particulars; a six-page supplement, descriptive of some recent researches, has been added, and the printing and binding are noticeably inferior. ROBERTLIVINGSTON.
Structure and Molecular Forces i n ( a ) Liquids and ( b ) Pure Solutions. A General Discussion. 25 x 16 cm.; 282 pp. London: Gurney and Jackson, 1937. Price: 12s. 6d. net. The study of liquids, particularly from the point of view of structure and statistical theory, is receiving considerable attention a t the present time, and the recent Discussions of the Faraday Society were opportune in bringing certain important aspects to the fore. Seventeen papers were contributed to the first part of the discussions, and fifteen t o the second; perhaps one may be forgiven for concentrating on one or two particular aspects for review. The structure of liquids has been studied a great deal of recent years by the x-ray method (as one of the least indirect); this work was in fact started by Debye in 1916. Since t h a t time ideas of structure and groups of molecules in liquids have gradually developed, and were expressed most effectively for organic materials by Stewart. Many liquids have also been studied rather more quantitatively by utilizing Fourier analysis of the scattering curves, and this in particular has led to a greater understanding of the small groups of atoms or molecules coordinated for small periods of time. Such results have been of great value, and a notable example of Rhat can be done in this way is the work of Bernal and Fowler on water. But no outstanding contribution to statistical theory, capable of deriving the physicai
