(20) "Organic syntheses," Coll. Vol. I, 1932, pp. 2 9 2 5 . J. Gen. Chem. (U. S. S. R.), 2, (21) Kmrxov AND SLASTENINA. 777 (1932); C h m . Abstr., 27, 2674 (1933). (22) Ger. Pat. 566,094 (1929); Chem. Abstr., 27, 1001 (1933). (23) SLOTTA, BEHNISCH, AND SZYSZKA, Ber., 67, 1529 (1934). (24) BUCHERER AND STEINER, J. pplakt. Chem., [2], 140, 291
JRD.
GARRETT. AND OSBORNE. J. Am. C h m .
.%.. 55.
(19341 >----,.
(25) HOUBEN,"Die Methoden der organischen Chemie," 3rd ed., Geo. Thieme, Leipzig, 1930, Vol. 111, p. 568. AND STEINEE.Ref. 24, p. 303. (26) B~CHERER (27) WUNDT.Ber., 11, 826 (1878). R, 57.97 (1931). (28) SEKAAND M ~ ~ L L EMonatsh., Ref. 13, p. 771. (29 VANINO, AND LOMBARDI, h.chim. itat., 25, (301 GRASS-CHRISTALDI 224 (1895). AND KONIO,Ber., 28, 2947 (1895). (31) HINSBERG (32) BLAISE AND MAIRE,Bull. 806. chim., [41,3,658,667 (1908); KONIGAND SEIRERT,Ber., 56, 1853 (1923): TscHITSCHIBABIN AND OPARINA, iM.,.60. 1873 (1927); BARR, I.Am. Ckem. Soc., 52,2422 (1930). E SEYEWITZ. Bull. soc.chim.. 131.11.1044 (1894). (331 L ~ M I E RAND (35) (36) (37) (38)
HORMANN, Ann., 103, 351 (1857): Ger. Pat. 95,755, Friedl. 5, 158. HOWEN,Ref. 25, Vol. 11, 1925, p. 380. SKRAUP, Monatsh., 3, 536 (1882); Ger. Pat. 14,976, Friedl.
(39) (40) (41) (42)
B~scmoaa.Ber.. 31, 3248 (1898). INGOLD AND PIGGO~T, J. Chem. Soc., 123,2745 (1923). MILLERAND WAGNER, I. Am. Chem. Sac., 54, 3698 (1932). GRAEBE AND LAGODZINSKI, Ber., 25, 1733 (1892). COHEN,Ref. 17, p. 278. BARNETT, "The preparation of organic compounds," 2nd ed., P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, 1920, p. 239. COHEN,09. cit., P. 277. G~LDBERG, Ber., 39, 1691 (1906). Ger. Pat. 173,523, Friedl. 8, 161; Ger. Pat. 187,870, Friedl. 9, 126. BARNE~T, Ref. 44, P. 201. "Organic syntheses," Coll. Vol. I, p. 270. VOLHARD, Ann., 261, 379 (1891). ERE-LER, Bull, $06. chim., [3], 17,609 (1896). FRANKLIN AND ASTON,1.Chem. SOG., 79, 515 (1901)
1
(43) (44)
(45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52)
179
DISTILLATION EXPERIMENT SYDNEY M. EDELSTEIN University of Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee
A VERY simple experiment may be used to show the variation of the vapor-phase composition with temperature and liquid composition for two miscible liquids (pyridine and water). If a solution of pyridine in water, containing one volume of pyridine to three volumes of water, is distilled slowly a n d the distillate is allowed to collect i n a graduate; it is found that several distinct layers of solutions are present in the receiver, each layer coming over at a definite temperature range. Each of these layers is present in different amount, and each layer contains a different pyridine-to-water ratio. These layers do not mix unless shaken up, and samples may be removed with a pipet for analysis. Analysis for the composition may be made by acid titration. T h e layers may be more easily separated and analyzed if a separatory funnel is used to collect the distillate.
('""dl.
(59) K A M M AND WALDO. ibid.. 43.2223 (19211 ibi& 56, 478 (1934). (60) AXEAND FREEMAN, AND MACDOWELL, Qid., 56, 2199 (1934). (61) POLLARD Bull. soc. chim. b i d , 8, 203 (1926); Chem. Abstr., 20, (62) SIMON, "con ,.nnc\ ,'?,""I.
""0"
(63) "Organic syntheses," Coll. Vol. I, p. 537. (64) D$~W",S,?N AND BAUDISCR, I. Am. Chem. Soc., 48, 2379 (M*U,.
(65) JOHNSON AND FLINT,ibid., 53, 1079 (1931). (66) CHI AND CHEN,Trans. Science Soc. Chine, 8, 83 (1934); Chem. Abrtr., 29,457 (1935). Ann., 229, 10 (1885). (67) BEHREND, (68) Ger. Pat. 105,797, Friedl. 5, 84. (69) v. WALTEER AND BAMBERG, J. plakt. Chem., 121, 73, 209 flanfi) ,A""",.
(70) EISNERAND WAGNER, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56, 1938 (1934). &d., 57,583 (1935). (71) SPIELMAN, Z. Elektrochem., 9,470 (1903). (72) GOECKE, ATSUMARA, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57, 1533 (1935). ibid.. 57, 1296 (1935). 74) WAGNER,
LEO AFRICANUS ON ALCHEMY J O H A N N E S LEO (1494-1552), otherwise known as Leo Africanus, was born at G r a n a d a of noble Moorish stock. M u c h of his life was s p e n t in travels and his book long ranked as the b e s t authority on Mohamm e d a n Africa. H i s description of Africa was probably written i n Arabic, but the Italian text was printed in 1550. T h e English translation appeared in London in 1600. T h e following quotation is from p. 445, Volume V, of "Purchas His Pilgrims," by Samuel Purchas. "In this Citie likewise there are great store of Alchymists, which are mightily addicted to that mine practice: they are most base fellowes, and contaminate themselves with the steame of Sulphur, and other stinking smels. In the evening they use to assemble themselves a t the great Temple, where they dispute of their false opinions. They have of their Arte of Alchymie many Books written by learned men, amongst which one Geber is of principal1 account, who lived an hundred yeeres after Mahumet, and being a Greeke borne, is said to have renounced his owne Religion. This Geber his workes and all his precepts are full of Allegories or darke borrowed speeches. Likewise they have another Author, that wrote an huge Volume of the same Arte, intituled by the name of Attogrehi: this man was secretary unto the Soldan of Bagaded, of whom we have written in the lives of the Arabian Philosophers. Also the Songs or Articles of the said Science were written by one Mugairibi of Granada. whereupon a most learned Mamuluch of Damasco wrote a Commentary: yet so, that a man may much more easily understand the Text than the exposition thereof. Of Alchymists here are two sorts; whereof the one seeke for the Elissir, that is, the matter which coloureth brasse and other Metals; and the other are conversant about multiplication of the quantities of Metals. whereby they may conveniently temper the same. But their chiefest drift is to mine counterfeit money: for which cause you shall see most of them in Fez with their hands cut off."
(Contributed by F. B. Dains.)
