Educational and Res,ea
F.acilities COLLEQE 01 EU-Q,
HAROLD IC. WORK Iwy IO= m, Iwy Y O X ,
U. I.
Mof New York. New J -, and P e n ~ ~ l - BBoauae the thresstatea under L a M c t rich in educational and research faailiconsideration were settled durtir. Thm outatanding fatof the h t i t u t i o l u of ing the period of the "enlightenment" in Europe, one of the hi&.r ducation m the hrqo size ofmany of tha .chooL. earliest concerns was with popular education, the banin on which urd th. faat h t the distriut hu mop. than ita .hmof a aystsm of schools, including inatitutiona of hkhw learnhg, Institutions sranting dwmm up to tha doetor of philosowas to grow. frdlitir of tha Mm particularly The relatively heavy population of the region wan m o u n t e d phy. The -h noteworthy. A substantid p.nunt.A. of d tha Musfor by other factor8 besides its geographical position and historical sge. It is remarkable, not 80 much for the ahundenes of ita trbl d-kw of th. country m located there. natural remuroe8 an for their d i v e r s i t y e important wmiderso m a majority of the c o . d and aonrulting hbozutoriu. The two oldest research iautitutm may b. stion in the early dayn of o w country. Its natural harhon and found in tha -a. and ita u n i d t i w have a most diatinnavigsble rim gave it the impetus which wan to result h ita beooming a cantar of conmema and finance for the country. guishdncoldinnuar~h. It aboundn in technologically based industries mch an ateel, oil mliniug, chemic& aluminum, and electroniw. MoreoverNY appraisal of the educational and research facilities Of of the profoundly && the and is a factor an area must take into account two factors that are by no education and reeegmh--msny of ol& meme synonpous: quantity and quality. It a simple located in this area were established to exploit a single enough matter to set down O u t r w the quSntiti@ inor product, but have mMved through the saaimilntion volved, but q d t y is more diEicult to meamm or evaluate. of new products and p r o c w developed through & In the following diacuesion, the quantitative figures PIt &,in the rigat of this background that the educational and sented, and an attempt to d e & quality is made wherever PO* researchfacilities of the tristate ares should he cooaidered. sible. In general, the emphasis ia placed on education and re. search in science and enginearing, but many of the Ikum also EDUCATIONAt FACILITIES include medicine and the social sciences. According to the 195162 report ( 6 )of the 05ce of Education, The educational and researoh activities of a region are inevithe distribution of institntions for higher education in thb area bbly conditioned by the social, e ~ ~ n o m iand c , industrid wndiis Mfollows: tiona prevailing there. To place the data for the trintate area in Na of W t u t i - for the proper frame of reference, it may be helpful to review hri& Dai.lution HiJlorEduoatmtlon Rank k
The
,-
1
vur*.
A
thenatureof theregion. Here, within 3.4% of the land area of the nation, is concentrated aO% of its total population. Situated on the Atlantic mhosrd, it wan an early populated region, and had already e!tablished many aocial matit~ti0110 and attained a wnniderahle aSgree of indn&idisation a t a time when major portions of our muntry were still unsettled frontier tmritorim.
-
*
NenYork NonJenay, p-1-
Ri.t.toua
unitedst.ta
137
39
111 287 1859
1
ll((ti4
7.4 2.1 0.0
L
16.6 100
in 8.4% of the Becaw 15.5%. of these institutio land area,which wntehf aO% of the population, it is obvious thst
514
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 45, No. 3
in the area that would be considered large, as well as many fine small schools. An analysis of the degrees conferred in these states during 1950-51 is pertinent to the question. Number of Degrees Conferred in Higher Educational Institutions (7) Baohelorsa xo.
New York S e w .Jersey Pennsylvania Trifitate area United States a Or equivalent.
Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
there are fewer institutions per rapita in this area than in the sountry as a whole. However, this is compensated by the size of &heinstitutions loeated here. The five largest universities (6) in the United States and their enrollments are as follows: (1) New York University (46,357), (2) University of California j39,492), (3) College of the City of Kew York (33,203), (4) Columbia University (27,636),and (5) University of Illinois (22,250). Thus, three of the five largest schools in the country are in New York City, and these three schools alone total more than 100,000 stridents. In addition, there are at least a dozen or more schools
%
41,841 7,608 24,280 73,629
10.9 2.0 6.3 19.2
384,353
100 0
MastersaKO.
%
Doctors No. %
11,932 18.3 890 1.4 5.6 3,640 ____ 16,462 26.3
1,311 177 _406 _ 1,894
17.9 2.4 .5 _ 5_ 25.8
100 0
7,338
100 0
65,332
The total number of bachelors’ degrees (19.201,) is roughly proportional to the population (20%) which is contained in 3,4y0of the land area, but more masters’ degrees (25.3%) and doctors’ degrees (25.8%) were granted in the tristate area than could be expected on the basis of population. It is apparent that, in spite of their relatively small number, the institutions in this area, because of their &e and academic standing, serve the section’s educational needs to a degree at least equal to that of other parts of the country. Moreover, many of the schools listed above draw their students-especially their graduate students-from all over the United States. The size of the schools is further illustrated by an analysis of their offerings in the field of chemical engineering, aa. presented by a record of chemical engineering degrees (2). While 118 schools offer such degrees, only 34 have more than 150 students in this field during the academic year; and of these 13, or more than one third, are in the tristate area. In the first twelve, seven are in the tristate area. Thcy are, with their rank: (1) Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, (3) Newark College of Engineering, ( 7 ) Kew York ‘CJniversity,(8) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, (9) College of the City of New York, (10) Pennsylvania State College, and (12) Carnegie Institute of Technology, Comments on the general nature of the schools are in order. For the most part, the schools in the tristate area are privately supported institutions. Some of the oldest schools in the country are located in this area; they include four of the eight “Ivy
Johns-Manville Research Center (upper Zeft), Bell Telephone Research Laboratories (lower left), Gulf Oil Research Laboratories (right)
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
March 1953
.
David &off
Rslrarch Center of RCA
Lsague” schookwbich may not mean too much in athletic prowess, but d a e in tradition of acholurabip. Among the schools thst grant aegreea up to the level of doctor of philosophy, the mea is well represented.
Hiehut Lwei of Degma, Ph.D. (5) A M
x
No. of Sohmlm
New Y o r t
ma
19
N a J-y
3.2
5
8.4 83.9
13
P e l .n i a
Tri.t.ts M United B h t e
38
1w
155
in the area. But this does not adequately repreneat another typeof univemityresearchwhich has mown tremendoualv in the past-10 or 15 ye--mearch momred hy induatry or governot. Phe N a t i o n a l Research meil (8) gives a list of unin i t k onering their Services to muuntry. Another directory (3) by the Engineering College Research Council lists schmla doing remuch work in engineering and the field of interest of the school. The most comprehensive atudy of univerdty research, recently completed by a committee of the Enginwring College Re search Council (4) indicatad that universities of the country are doing scientific m r c h equivalent to that of 19,ooO full-time research workers and are wending approximately $SO,ooO,ooO per year. Some 617 schools are included in the study, and their various intereatn are tabulated. Of these 517, t h w listed for the triatate area are aa followa: ~
Area
RESEILRCH FACILITIEB
Distribution of Laborstoriea Lao.tion New York New J e w ,
-
I.
I
18.7 12.2 11.5 36.7
341
Tri.trte united stated
.
Rank
521 322 1.184
PS-lrlvuUS
.
Number
2 4
100
3.313
Location of Research W o r h (8)
-
NBW York N a n Jmoy
PenWlv8ni.
T&t.te United S t a t e
&asarch Worken Pmfaaiolul Supporth 12.101 10.566 0.116 13,133 6.758 8.84 28.035 38.029 94.455 70.677
__
Total 28 110
1-
22:249 16,099
66.664 166,032
Rank
76
1
17.4 13.5 8 5 40 I
2 3 Total
Examination of these 6gum showa that the triatate mea, with 20% of the population in 3.4% of the land area, has 35.7% of the industrial m b laboratories and 40.4o/c of the reaearch workem. The atriking thing about these figuresis the strong poaition
of New J-y, which haa about four times aa many laboratories and research workers as would be expected from the population. This may be attributable to the convenient location of New J-y to the New York headquarters of many companies,with the additional advantages of low land values and freedom from the Xew York date income tax. In general, industrial research laboratories are conceutrsted around large centera of population. University Reswch. The extent of university research has heen somewhat indicated by the listing of Ph.D. degrees granted
Meles 8
e4 37
Unitod State
The &facilities of the t r h t a aren are even atronger r e b tively thnn the educational facilities. The dietrict contains many induntrial research, University Irseearch, and government reseamb 0 r g 8 ~ h t i 088 ~ ,well M research foundations and commemial laboratorb. Industrid Laboratories. A study of the industrial reeeamh IaboratmIw of the country waa made hy the National Research Council and published in 1950. This WBB further analyzed by Fund ( 9 )and his data are aummariaed here:
-h
as
The percentage of doctorate-granting achools in the area (23.8%) is higher than that for the country as a whole, and higher bbao would he expected on the bash of population.
.
Ne.of U n i v d U r with
517
I. 7.6 1.7 7.2
10.5 100 0
Ti& is in about the anme ratio 8. that of the inatitutions of higher education in the state to the country as a whole. No attempt was made to determine the 6nancial magnitude of the university research operatione in the s t a t e , for these are rapidly changing; hut one university in the area haa research expendituresappreciably greater than $l,ooO,ooO per month. Two unuaual laboratories are operated by universities in this area: Brookhaven National Labomtorv and the Cornell Aemnautical Laboratory.
DUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
is^for the Atamic Ehrgy Commiaaion by nine eadem universities. Ita function M din the nuclear scienoea, with empkaia on basic investigations and the development of peacetime a p p h h . One of the reamna for the location of BrooLhsvcm on Long Inland wna the fact that over 60% of the nation%phylioista, an listad by the dmericao Physicsl h i e t y , live within 80 milw of New York City, and about 26% of the natural arhntista in all hldn am within a radiun of 200 milea. One of the reasapa for the recant mccemed of u n i d t y re. leuah b ita unparalleled equipment and f d t i w . A bohdet on university remarch potential (4) devotaa a whole seation to the listing of auchfacilitiea. It neann appropriate to comment brieEy on the dBQ compliahmenta of the universitis in the trietate ares. These schools have been in mme measure reapmile for many important accompliabmenta, mch an the telegraph, long dintancs telephona, the regenerative circuit In radio, and chromium plab ing. Tbe Manhattan Pmjmt wlyl initiatad in thio ares, but ita activitiw mon sprasd a m m the ~ hStreptomycin . wan d e vdoptd h mob b d & t Y hborstory. QovuwMnt Resear& The gownment d kbour toria of the wuntry am listsd by Boott (10). Of the 246 liatsd for theUnited States, only 20 are in the Mststeares. It is mam b l e to -6, however, that thin in prtb due to the a d ability of indwtuid and university dor6animtionuin thin region for gavsrnmentsponsored n?mSrch, wbiob hss made unrlwwxuy the astsbliehment of many speoisl facilitfea for tbia purpow.
0ommsld.l LabomThe commercial hbontories furniah a€aqicw ranging through teating, wnsulting, and reaea&. Of the lint of labomtoriw published by the Association of Cosd t i n g Chsmiats and Engineem, Inc. ( Z ) , over 40% make their tmdquartam in New York City, and about 60% in the tristSte m. p e h w r c h F m ~T h e n s c a r o h f n r n d s t i o n a o r d iontibtaa of the country am a p u p of independent nonpm6t O r g d z a t i O I M that en gag^ in sponsored r e a d Their psttem is mmewhat ambjguoun, for mme of them are completely inds
Vol. 43, No. 3
pendent, while others are &iated with univdtkn In the latter case, bowever, they are not c l o d y inkgrated with eduw tional actiViti.33. The dfOUndatiOM reOent yesrS have shorn 8 lusty growth, and represent an imprtant part of the reaenmh activL tim of the country. The two oldest remarchfoundations, Franklin Institute and Mellon Institute, are locatad in this area.
O ~ C o M M E N T a The triatate area of New York, New Jeraey, and Psnnsylvania han an enviable position in respeot to both educational and m search facilities. Because of ita early settlement it hss d l astsblkhed institutions of higher learning, and does more than its per capita share of graduate training. In -oh, the ares is even more outatanding. A large f r w tion of the nation’s induntrial remarch workers are concentrated in thin region. The universitiw, commercial laboratorieo, and dinstitutes active in them atstea also form an i m p k v e PUP.
LITEBATURE CITED (1) Associstion of Conaultinr chemists snd Chemid Endneere. h a . , New York. “Conauitin~8erVicea.” lath ed.. 1961. (a) cibnr EW. NCW.30.1481 (19.52). (a) Engineering CoUem Reaasroh Counoil. ”Review of Currsnt ReaesrchandDireotory;’1961.
(4) -ring CoUege Reearcb Council, “Univerdty aaSaamh Potentisl,” June 19.51. (6)Federal Bsourity Agency. office of Eduaation, ”Education DIrectory.” p. 9, Psrt a. ”Higher Eduoation,” 196142. (6) Ibid.. w r i o u s pssss. (7) Feded Bsourity Agency. Office of Education. “Learned Dem o Conferred by Higher Educational Institutions." 161. (8) N s t i d Reaasro6 Caunoil, Washington, D. C., “Indudrial Remarch krboratorieo of the United Stab,” 9th ed., Appendix
