BOOK REVIEWS a r t of producing ferrites, thus, is one of varying the composition and the processing variables to obtain the desired combination of properties. They are made by sintering well-mixed, finely-divided oxides, carbonates, or other mitable compounds. The magnetic perticlos are oriented by a magnetic fiold during compaction while in t.he mold to form a "green" compact. The orientation persists during the sintering operation to a greater or less degree, depending upon the temperature, the sintering atmosphere, and other factors. Rather than a book for chemists or ceramists, klling how to make ferrites, the authors present the physics of magnetism and theories concerning the origin of magnetism in ferrites. Besides diamagnetism, paramenetism, and ferromagnet,ism, words t,hat are generally
familiar to chemists, we now encounter ferrimagnetism, antiferromagnetism, remanent magnetism, internal demagnetization, magnetostatic mode, and other new concepts. The ingenuity with which the properties have been related to crystal structure and orimtatian of the various ions is admirahle and well documented. I t is shown that there are three different ways of learning about the distribution of the ions among the available crystal sites in such magnetic eompounds, namely, use of X-ray diffrsction and neutron diffraction and hy a. determination of the magnitude of the saturation magnetization a t zero degrees Kelvin. One of the chief uses of neutrons in crystal stn~cturcanalysis has been in this field. While the authors use physical models rather than following a mathemat,iexl approach, and in spite of the fart that, they
claim that this book treats ferrites on s n "intermediate" level, it is not one for the novice. Pior is it a hook for the engineer who wishes to take advantage of the widely varying magnetic properties of ferrites in designing new electronic eircuits. Rather it will b e d serve the needs of the p h r ~ i c a l chemist who wants to understand the properties of these extraordinary compounds as related to theircrystallinestruct~treandconstitution. LAURENCE S. FOSTER
Waterlotun Arsenal Waledown, Massachusetts
Exploring the Structure of Mower
JeanJacpues Trillnl, Professor a t the Sorbonne and Director of the X-Ray Laboratories, French National Centre for Scientific Research. Translated by F. W . Kent. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1959. 214 pp. 9% figs., 23 plates. 15 X 22 cm. $4.85. This book deals with the fundamental principles of microradiography by X-rays and electrons, elcctran microscopy, and clectron and neutron diffraction, and r i t h their application to a wide variety of problems in physics, chemistry, metallurgy, hiology, and related areas. Only a general familiarity of the reader ufth the fundamental principles of atomic physics is assumed. 1)erivations and explanations are straightforward and the text is nicely supplemcntod with numerous diagrams and photographs. Samo advanced topics are also included, notably a discussion of Rikuehi line phenomena. The volume offers to the novice a good survey of the subject matter mentioned earlier, and is also of use to workers in the field. Unfortunately, there are several defects which detract from the treabment. The book suffers in translation; phrases such as "The surface u4l berame the seat of a secondary diffusion. . . " (p. 30), "In this province of light alloys. . . " (p. 100), ". . .euperfirial atoms. . . " (p. 1491, show too great a n adherence to the elegnnee of tho original French text. Of grcnter consoquenre are mist,ranslations in scientific terminology such RS "SUTstrrwtrm rays" (p. 150) for mprr8t,nleture lines, the unfortnnate use of the phrase "diffusion of X-rays" (p. 120) when scattering is meant, and the statement that a radiation produced hy neutron bomhardment of 8 ' is "vigorously ionized" ( p 190). The reviewer also objects to statements such as: . . " T h e minute structure of matter calls for the investigation [ d l processes which, in most cases, involve radiations which have wave form (light, X-rays, ultraviolet ar infrared rays, etc.) or c o r p u ~ ~ u l aform r (electrons, elementary pnrt,ieles). . ."(p. 1 or ' , X-ray? are elretromagnetic waves, whilst electrons are material particles having a ~tranglymarked dual character, cnrposculxr and undulatory, that is to say, material corpuscles grtidd hy 'waves of probshility' " (p. 120). In a hook offering experimental proof of the inadcqnaey of "particle" and "wave" ( C o n t i w e d on page .4456)
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BOOK REVIEWS concepts, the maintensnee of this dichotomy is most unfortunate and tends to distract attention from the r e d differences among these matter or energy manifestations, which involve mass, charge, and spin. Of even greater consequence is the fact that the book is dated. Instruments described in some detail were outmoded a t the time the original French edition was published in 1956; many of the more recont advances in instrumentstion are omitted. For example, there is oonsiderable discussion concerning long focal length electron lenses, while the trend to short focal length lenses is not discussed. The Siemens electron microscope capable of 5 A resolution is not mentioned; stead, the 1946 resolution limit of 20 A is still cited (p. 57). The latest literature reference dates to 1954; no attempt seems to havo been made to bring the trsnslstion further up to date. Some of the dincussionsignore important contributions. For example, in the section on the field emission microscope, na mention is made of the remarkable experiments by Gomer and his school. I t is, of course, unfair to expect a general descriptive volume to he all inclusive and completely up to date. Nevertheless, the writeup could have been better halanced by dwelling less on earlier results and concentrating more on the work of the last decade. I t is unfortunate that
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these factors detract from an otherwise very readable acoount of teohniques and observations in the study of matter. The hook contains an addendum on "Aesthetic sense and scientific research," this being an extract of a. paper read by the author before the Acild6mie des Sciences, Belles Lettres e t Art8 de Ressnw n in 1952.
J. M. HOXIG Lincoln Laboratory, MIT Lexington, Massachusetts
Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Meropolomia
Martin Lew?~, Temple University, Philadelphia. Elsevi~rPublishing Company, Amstordam, 1959; distributed in U.S. hy D. Van Nostrand Comprtny, Ino., Princeton, New Jersey. xi 242 pp. 16 figs. 15 X 23 cm. $7.50.
+
This is a historicslsurveyof thematerials
known and the utensils and chemical processes cmployed in the various cultures of the region of t h ~Tigris and Euphrates rivers from about the middle of the fourth millennium B.C. to about the middle of the B.C. f i r ~ millennium t After x short introduction by R. J. Forhes and a preliminary general chapter largely on the sources of information, the author describes in n series of three chapters certain apparatus that was used, such
a s crucibles and furnaces, and certain operations that were performed, such as extraction and distillation. This is followed by a chapter on food and its teehnology and by successive chapters on special materials or clames of materials such as alum, dyes, perfumes, and oils, fats, and waxes. The last three chapters deal with the metals and their alloys. A large part of the last chapter is concerned with result.~of t,he chemical and metallographic examination of bronze objects. Unfortunately, the chemical rtnalyses listed are only qualitative or semiqnsntitativc. A very valuable feature of this book is the comprehensive list of references given a t the end of each chapter. Valuable aka are the man." translations of recipes from cuneiform tahlets: The illustrations are excellent. Although, a8 the author remarks a t the heginning of his preface, thie book was mainly written for historians of chemistry and for chemists who are interested in the connections between general culture and the origins of chemistry, this reviewer is of the opinion that it should be of considerable interest to chemi~ts and t,o scientific readers generally. This original, srholarl.~,and well written work deserves a place in every large chemical lihrary.
EARLE R. CALEY The Ohw State University Colwnbm
(Continued on page A4381
