MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
THE
growth and productive capacity of the man-made fibers industry have been accompanied by the appearance of more specialized yarns and forms of staple. Many of these new products are synthetics, but cellulose chemists have also been busy. Better rayon tire cord, triacetate. and cross-linked cellulose fibers may have many advantageous properties as well as a practical price range which will substantially enlarge markets for both cotton and rayon fibers. Ll'ool is being resin-treated to give it improved wash and wear properties.
1958 U.S. Production ( 7 A, 2 A ) % ' Change Million Pounds
from 1957
Total man-made fibers Acetate filament yarn Rayon Textile glass fiber Noncellulosic fibers
1606.7
-9
222.6 737.3 103.4 489
+7 -16 -5.5 -5
The treatments imparted to cotton, rayon. and wool are a chemical modification of natural fibers and in effect produce new fibers. The availability of so many new and different fibers is a great tribute to the skill and resourcefulness of the American industry, but has been confusing to millmen, converters. garment manufacturers, retailers, and consumers.
C. S. GROVE, Jr., professor of chemical engineering and director of engineering research a t Syracuse University, i s a graduate of Lenoir Rhyne College; he received his B.S. in chemical engineering from North Carolina State College ( 1 928), M.S. from MIT (1934), and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota (1 942). Before his appointment to Syracuse, Grove taught a t North Carolina State and Minnesota Universities and the State University of Iowa. In industry he was employed as research engineer in the rayon department of Du Pont from 194 1 to 1945 and as consultant to the W. A. Sheaffer Pen Co. from 1948 to 1950.
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N e w Fibers Many new fibers have entered industrial markets. In 1958, Eastman Kodak Co. announced a new polyester fiber called Kodel, at present offered only in staple form. Outstanding resistance to pilling. high heat resistance, dimensional stability without heat setting or special processing, good covering power: natural whiteness, ready dyeability, excellent performance on all spinning systems and on conventional production and dyeing equipment are among the properties claimed. Kodel fibers melt a t 290" to 295" C., about 30" C . higher than nylon-6 and Dacron (5B-7B). Kodel staple in ll/'z-denier per filament !vi11 cost $1.60 per pound and $4.50 per pound in 3 denier and 4l:'? denier per filament ( 7 7B). A polypropylene fiber has been introduced by a number of companies, although it is in only limited commercial production for industrial use. It has a high tenacity about equal to that of linear polyethylene. It does not lose strength when wet and cannot freeze because it does not absorb water. Potential uses are for rope, carpet fibers. upholster); yarn, filter materials, and fabrics. I t will become more interesting as problems of ultraviolet stability and dyeability are overcome (3B). Tn.0 cross-linked cellulosic fibers. Corval and Topel, developed by Courtaulds (Alabama)?are not only chemically but physically different from other cellulosic fibers. Corval gives a soft. bulky. somewhat woollike hand, making it suitable for blending with synthetic fibers.
Topel can be blended with cotton acetate and nylon, to yield fabrics with soft hand and good appearance. The fiber has low swelling properties (73B). Topel possesses a relatively low elongation a t brake and high resistance to alkali. It is therefore considered particularly good for blending with cotton. Topel is priced a t 34 cents a pound; Corval, at 40 cents (8B). Fiber 40 is a high wet modulus cross-linked rayon made by the American Viscose Corp. (73B), and is claimed to offer unique advantages to the textile manufacturer and finisher. T h e American Enka Corp. makes a similar cross-linked fiber. Du Pont's new rayon yarn 272-E Cordura eliminates the need for special dipping for adhesion for rubber belts and hose. The North American Rayon Corp. has introduced tivo high strength ra)-on staple yarns, Xarcon 1 and 2, designed for use in industrial fabrics such as tarpaulin? tires, and belts and in the coating industry. Among the acrylics, Creslan is the long awaited fiber of American Cyanamid. Prices are $1.20 a pound for 2 and 3 denier. $1.20 a pound for 5 denier, and $1.05 a pound for 15 denier (8B)' The Celanese Corp. of America and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., announced a joint subsidiary to make a synthetic textile fiber called Teron; it will be the fourth United States producer of polyester synthetic fibers. Beaunit, Inc., is building a plant in Tennessee to make a still unnamed polyester fiber. Du Pont has also brought out Type 64
ROBERT S. CASEY, chief chemist for W. A. Sheaffer Pen Co., has col-
JOSEPH L. VODONIK, of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., has assisted Casey and Grove in compiling this review since 1950. These authors rotate primary responsibility for the review. Vodonik studied chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota where he received the degrees of B.Ch.E. in 1939 and Ph.D. in 1947. From 1944 until 1946 he did exploratory research for the National Defense Research Corp. In 1 9 4 7 he joined Du Pont as research engineer, first in the rayon department and later in the continuous processing of polymer for fibers and film.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
laborated with Grove in preparing I&EC'S fiber reviews since they were inaugurated in 1947. He developed Skrip writing fluid for the Sheaffer Co. and has served as manager of the Skrip factory and manager of the company's research laboratory. Casey, a graduate of Trinity College (Conn.), i s a licensed professional engineer and in 1946 received the Anson Marson Award of the Iowa Engineering Society. He i s interested in chemical literature and documentation and takes part in the activities of many technical and professional associations.
FIBERS dacron, which shows improved resistance to pilling and good dyeing characteristics. While it has a lower tenacity and abrasion resistance than ordinary Dacron, it has double the strength and greater abrasion resistance than wool (9B). D u Pont Fiber K has high elongation with excellent recovery, good flex life, abrasion resistance, and tensile strength. One textile material developed to meet a particular industrial need was Refrasil, a fibrous form of silica. Its main application is in the aircraft industry as a lightweight flexible insulating material around jet engines. It is available in the basic textile forms of bulk fibers, batt cloth, tape sleeving cordage, and yarn (4B). Barnebey-Cheney Co. is producing six standard types of carbon wool, pure carbon in fiber form. According to the producer, its physical and chemical properties are a low ash, color absorption. sound absorption, high temperature resistance, and chemical inertness ( I B ) . In Japan, Vinylon poly(viny1 alcohol) fiber has been manufactured for some time. The Air Reduction Chemical Co. is offering fiber made in Japan for commercial application. A United States plant is being designed. I n October 1958, Du Pont introduced a potassium titanate inorganic fiber for high temperature insulating use. Possible uses are electrical insulation, filter medium, plastic reinforcement, fibrous pigment for paints and paper, acoustical insulation, catalyst support, protective clothing, and filler for evacuated insulating panels. A new ceramic textile made from aluminum silicate fibers is light and withstands heats u p to 2000" F. Stainless steel or nickel-chrome alloy wire can be inserted if greater strength is needed. This material can be used to make rope for use in chemical and metallurgical plants. T h e Soviet Union has announced Enant, Anid, Lavsan, and Nitron. It is claimed that Enant is not only sturdier than natural wool but also far cheaper. Nitron has special resistance to sun and weather (72B). Another Soviet manmade fiber for use in garments and industrial equipment is based on Phtorlon, made by a new process that is claimed to give the fibers three to four times greater ability to withstand stretching than other fibers of the same type. Research Many segments of the textile industry are actively participating in research and development, as a result of tangible proof that research means knowledge, and that knowledge leads to new products, ne\v markets, and greater sales.
Progress has been made in manufacturing methods for older fibers, modification of fibers, and development of new fibers (7C). Resin finishing and other chemical treatments of fabrics are having a tremendous impact on the chemical industry, illustrated by the increasing research on new products and processes for better textiles. Many of the basic chemical companies recognize that chemicals for the textile industry can come from petrochemicals, the fluorocarbons, organometallics, phosphorus-organics, tinorganics, pharmaceuticals, rare earth chemicals, the air, and many other sources never previously related to the textile industry. The introduction of products and processes originally developed for other purposes has been of great practical importance to finishers of textiles: epoxy resin grease-proofing treatment, fluorocarbon spot- and stain-resistant finishing, ethyleneimine derivatives, reactive acrylic polymers for multitude of textile uses. cationic ion exchange type resins for antistatics, reactive silicones for dyeing, organometallics for fungicides, germicides, and deodorants. and a host of new textile finishing chemicals. The extension of uses for fluorochemical finishes on gloves, cloth shoes, hat bodies, and components has been reported. Paper makers are using fluorochemicals to process several kinds of paper, paperboard, and corrugating stock for packaging. The water and oil holdout has been very good. Natural Fibers Recent world production figures once more show the dominance of cotton in the natural fibers: cotton 18,000. wool 2500! flax 1600, rayon 5000, nylon 450, other synthetic fibers 300 million pounds. \-iscose and acetate fibers present the most serious competition to cotton. Hall (30, 4 0 ) discusses the general usefulness of cotton, and the modifications necessary for full competition with synthetic fibers. The history and economics of flax production are discussed by Haarer (20). The only other fiber with such excellent absorbent properties is ramie: which is in short supply. Once used in large quantities for bags for cement and sugar, jute is now mainly a packing material (70), used as an auxiliary in production and distribution rather than as a product in its own right. A new fiber called Kenaf, which will soon be available in Haiti, is made from the bark of stalks of a fast-growing plant which resembles the hollyhock. Kenaf products are lighter, stronger, and more durable than jute, and can be used not only for bags, but also for ropes,
carpets, linoleum backing, and possibly reinforcement of molded plastics. T h e fiber has not been produced in commercial quantities before, because of the expense of cutting the tough stalks and skinning off the bark. This can now be done by machine and Kenaf can be spun on existing jute mills. Nylon, Polyesters, and Acrylic Fibers The total production capacity of the 12 producers of nylon fibers in the Lnited States has been continually increasing. I n 1957 and 1958, close to 100 million pounds of added capacity came into being. Despite this, the full versatility of the fiber has not yet been utilized, and market expansion is expected to continue. The textured yarns are expected to provide a major field for expansion. Kylon staple has also been used for reinforcement of cotton and rayon fabrics, and for industrial purposes. A further potential for filament nylon exists in cordage, sewing thread, coating fabrics, fish nets, sails, belts, luggage, webbing, and belting. Product development work toward utilizing nylon in nonwoven structures and reinforcement of plastics is going on continuously. More than one third of all tires made currently contain nylon cord (7E). T h e American Enka Corp. has expanded its nylon-6 output by bringing into production its plant at Enka, Tenn., with a capacity of 5 million pounds per year ( 6 E ) . The use of nylon in carpets is discussed by Rohmer ( 7 E ) . According to present plans, the production capacity of polyester fiber in the LTnited States will increase sharply during the next two years, to somewhat short of 200 million pounds yearly. D u Pont Tennessee-Eastman Co., Beaunit hlills, and Fiber Industries (owned jointly by the Celanese Corp. and Imperial Chemical Industries) have plants under construction. T h e acrylic fiber industry is stepping u p marketing activities in line with its increased capacity. A uniform fabric of 707, acrylic fiber and 30%, rayon is finding acceptance among many major oil companies. Its resistance to stain and battery acid and its placing the uniforms in the wash and wear category are being stressed togainacceptance. The good performance of a textile material is generally based on the presence of not just one but several properties. Blending offers ways of achieving new and better fabrics in which the I features of one fiber augment and complement the good features of the other. Hoffman and Peterson ( 4 E ) discuss the basic principles and methods of blending when one of the components is Orlon acrylic fiber, Dacron polyester fiber, or
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The continued penetration of the man-made fibers into the industrial markets is highly encouraging to chemical manufacturers nylon. High strength rayon is being blended with Dacron polyester fiber and Acrilan acrylic fiber. The heat shaping of fabrics of dynel acrylic fiber is discussed by Snyder ( 8 E ) . This development utilizes the thermopliability of dynel to achieve molded and embossed or stiffened shapes by a simple heating, shaping, and cooling process. Typical items are protective packaging for delicate instruments, industrial valve covers, ribbed battery separators, stiffened inner linings for outer wear, and many decorative uses. The technique of heat drawing and molding Dyne1 fabrics was discussed
(ZE, 3E, 5E). At the annual meeting of the Textile Research Institute, a number of papers on melt-spun fibers were presented. The potential uses of saran yarns lvere discussed by Jones who cited the use of monofilaments in gasoline tank filters, seat cover upholstery and radio grill fabrics, outdoor furniture, awnings, and shade cloth. I t also has applications as a carpet fiber. T h e relative economy and simplicity of the production of nylon6 polymer from caprolactam promise still further development. Advantages of nylon-6 were listed as dyeability, energy absorption, elastic recovery, fatigue resistance, retractive force levels, and thermostability, considered of major importance in engineering and consumer applications.
Industrial Uses Man-made fibers have been steadil! making inroads into industrial fabrics. Ll'ith the exception of tire cords and tarpaulins, virtually all the industrial end uses are in small markets but the total poundage is substantial. Jn most cases. painstaking development efforts on the part of the fiber producers are needed to introduce a man-made fiber. Coated nylon fabrics have made substantial inroads in the tarpaulin field and have, in many instances. replaced cotcon Builders are reported to like these fabrics in construction operation because of their tear resistance and because they d o not freeze since they do not absorb water. O n e of the weaknesses in using vinyl-coated nylon and Dacron fabrics for truck covers and oil rig shelters, where constant flexing takes place, has been the lack of durable adhesives. The flexing has caused the vinyls to separate from the base fabric, causing premature product failure. D u Pont has developed a new adhesive known as MVD, which has four times the strength of current adhesives ( 7 9 F ) . Runton (27F) reports on the wide
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range of properties of specially constructed fabrics. using various combinations of fibers and impregnants. Terylene is used for balloon fabrics because of its high strength-Lveight ratio and low water absorption. and in ropes Xvhen low water absorption is desired ( 7 7 F ) . Woven nylon fabric with synthetic rubber coatings inside and outside are used as liners in barges for bulk transport of liquids over water ( 4 F ) as well as in land transport. \\.'oven nylon is easy to store Tvhen empty. LVinter shelters. made from nylon coated with neoprene synthetic rubber, are an adaptation of the radomes used by the U. S. iiir Force to house radar antennae ( 6 F ) . Nylon webbing, used as crash barriers in jet plane runways, possesses the ideal combination of strength and elasticity to check speeding aircraft without damage. Hargreaves reviews the use of ivebbing materials in military equipment ( 7 6 F ) . Exposure data on nylon and polyester webbing are summarized ( 7 F ) . Industrial textiles enter every facet of life. A garment has been especially designed for sewer and tunnel workers. Special acrylic fabrics have been developed as acid protection clothing. First introduced about 15 years ago. nearly 2 million pounds of nylon and Dacron threads are now annually consumed by the shoe industry (13F). Many styles of nylon industrial gloves are available. Boiler suits have been designed with rubber seals at the wrists to prevent water infiltration lvhen the hands are raised. The fabric is also resistant to oils and greases (74F). The use of vinyl-coated fabrics in shoes is growing as leather costs rise. Nylon in fishing nets has proved superior to cotton, flax, or hemp in rot resistance. Continuous multifilament nylon has approximately- tivice the fishing capacity of cotton, monofilament nylon. about seven times that of cotton. During the last five years, practically ever!professional fisherman has changed to nylon nets. The high initial cost is offset by the higher catch of fish and longer life (2OF). Methods of finishing abrasive cloths, tenting, and awning ducks. have been discussed Xvith special reference to milddewproofing, flame-resistant finishing, and water repellency (23F). Every year, large quantities of cotton: high-tenacity rayon, and synthetic fibers are utilized in industrial belting. In many industries, belting is one of the highest production expenses. High strength is obviously important, as is resistance to the effects of moisture. However, finding a suitable construction is not easy. A belt cannot be too flexible; it is necessary to obtain a suitable
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
balance of properties (8F). Conveyor belt manufacturers are constantly changing the construction. An innovation is the use of a nylon weft (ZF). Nearly 6 miles of rubber-coated Terylene conveyor belting, some of it over 6 feet wide and 1 inch thick, were shipped to the Soviet Union this year. BTR Industries, Ltd., which designed this belting, chose Terylene because it combined outstanding strength, flexibility, and resistance to impact stretching and rot (72F). T h e Russian order demanded belting of exceptional width, designed to standards never before attained. Terylene is widely used in hospital laundry bags which need frequent cleaning. Other advantages are comparative lightness, softness and flexibility, and ease in handling. \Yater does not substantially increase their weight. Neither cleaning nor shrinkage presents problems and the bag dries very rapidly (9F). Industries installing water-cleansing filter systems have found that nylon filter cloths enable them to keep costs to a minimum (5F). A unique product is fabric-foil laminate which combines aluminum foil with cloth. Potentially profitable end uses are in protective garments, awnings, air conditioning ducts, hot air ducts, and heat-dissipating press covers. Electrical conductivity is very important for some uses ( 7 5 3 . Tacryl acrylic fiber is promising, for papermakers felts ( 2 2 7 ) . Considerable study has been devoted to the manufacture of p a p u s containing synthetic fibers. McLeod (78F) reviews the physical properties of paper made from blends of nylon, polyester, and polyacrylic fibers with cellulose fibers, with special reference to their suitability for map paper. Paper reinforced with nylon is being tested for use as tenting material and in parachutes, disposable uniforms, and temporary shelter. The use of fibers as strengthing and filling agents in the plastics field is steadily increasing. Both cotton and q l o n fibers are used in wheels for factory trucks and trolleys ( 3 F ) . Teflon fiber has found wide application in its two years of commercial production. I t is used as a bearing material, which requires no lubrication. As packing for valves in the chemical industry, it withstands almost every known acid, even at high temperatures. In the form of felt, Teflon is one of the newest recruits to filtration. Except for molten alkaline metals and certain fluorinated organic liquids, it will do its j o b in any corrosive environment and u p to 525' F. It has found use as retaining bags in electrolytic processes. Teflon cannot be exposed to temperatures of 400' F. for long periods
without degradation, and its maximum operating temperature is 525’ F. Above this the mineral fibers have to take over. Over 400’ F. dangerous vapors are evolved from Teflon ( 7 W ) . Textiles also find wide application in the electrical industry (77F) where their main function is to provide a carrier for an insulating varnish. Textiles used in the manufacture of electrical cables are cotton, cambric, silk, wool, asbestos, jute, glass fiber, rayon, nylon? and Terylene. Asbestos and glass fiber are used to a much greater extent to meet special installation requirements. Varnish Terylene is replacing varnish cambric in certain situations. I t will withstand temperatures u p to 130’ C., compared to the 80’ C. limit for cambric (7F).
Tires One of the most important industrial outlets for industrial textiles is tires. .4t present the major contenders are nylon and rayon. This year 300 million pounds of rayon and 125 million pounds of nylon (60 million in 1956) will go into tires; 1 pound of nylon does the work of 1.7 pounds of rayon. The struggle for the market has accelerated research on rayon and resulted in a super-super cord called Tyrex (3G). Only 1 3 / 4 pounds is needed per tire, compared with 2 pounds of the old cord. T h e new yarn is quoted a t 63 cents per pound, only 5 cents higher than the 1650-denier yarn. The new yarn has 507c greater strength than the 1650denier, no appreciable elongation, and heat resistance equal to nylon. Postinflation of nylon cord truck tires yields a tire with low growth and improved resistance to separation and channel cracking and improves treat wear (4G). Buchan describes tests developed by British Nylon Spinners to evaluate nylon for tire use (7G). Caprolam nylon-6 has entered the tire yarn field. Its most emphasized properties are greater resistance to degradation from heat, built into the fiber through a heat-stabilizing component put into the polymer. Tire cord strength may be permanently lost a t high temperature or temporarily lost as long as the higher temperature is maintained. All conventional fibers except glass and steel appear to be adversely affected by high temperature. T h e Goodyear Tire 8r Rubber Co. recently introduced a new over-the-road truck tire built of steel cords instead of fabric plies, called Unisteel which may have up to three times greater tread milage than tires made with fabric cords. T h e tires are composed of one steel cable ply running radially bead to bead, and reinforced by three diagonal steel breaker
plies. This construction is said to permit the tread to roll on the road without the wearing, scrubbing movement usually in over the road tires. Flexing is confined to buoyant side wall. Because the tire requires a radical departure from conventional manufacturing methods, present production is limited (ZG).
Nonwovens The present annual estimated use of fibers for nonwoven fabrics is 90 million pounds, about 1.57, of the 6.5 billion pounds of all textile fibers consumed each year in this country. Nonwoven fabrics may use 37c of all fibers in this country in the next five years and ultimately 5%. The most successful uses of nonkvovens today are in backing for automotive side panels and seats and plastics and leathers, fabric interliners, milk filters, quilted structures, air filters, packaging materials, and upholstery stuffing. Shearer described the equipment needed and the market ( 4 H , 5”). Stoll ( 6 H ) discussed the bonding agents used in manufacturing nonwoven. Binding of the fibers is accomplished by cement or glue and by a mixture of thermoplastic fibers which weld the fiber web together. Acrylics and latex impregnations are widely used (7H, 7 H ) . Buzelin has provided an extensive bibliography of manufacture (2”). hfore than half of nonwovens go into thermo- and electrical insulation materials, plastic films and laminates, electrical tapes, filters, and similar uses (3H).
Natural Fibers
(ID) Haarer, A. E., Fzbres E n g . and Chem. 19,No. 6, 167 (1958). (2D) Haarer. A. E., Fzbres International 20, No. 3, 79 (1959). (3D) Hall, A. J., Zbzd.,No. 1, 5 (1959). (4D) Zbid., No. 2, p. 43. Nylon, Polyesters, and Acrylic Fibers
(lE) Braniff, G. H., .Modern Textzies M a g . 40, No. 3, 49 (1959). [2E) Fzbres International 19, NO 6, 50 (1958). (3E) Zbzd., 20, No. 1, 35 (1959). (4E) Hoffman, R. M., Peterson, R. W., J . Textzle Znst. 49, No. 8, 418 (1958). (5E) .Materms 48, No. 1, 125 (1958). (GE) .tlodern T e x t d e s Mag. 29, NO. 8, 2 (1958). (7E) Needle, I. R., Rohmer, M., Zbzd., 39, No. 10, 55 (1958). (8E) Snyder, A. L., Zbzd., 39, No. 6 , 33 (1958). Industrial Uses
(1F) FibersZnternational19, No. 6 >46 (1958). (2F) Ibid., 19, No. 8, p. 65. (3F) Zbid., 19, No. 8: p. 70. (4F) Ibid., 19, No. 11, p. 86. (5F) Zbid.: 19, No. 11, p. 90. (6F) Zbid., 20, No. 1: 34 (1959). (7F) Zbid., 20, No. 1, p. 38. (8F) Zbid., 20, No. 2, p. 69. (9F) Zbid.,20, No. 2, p. 73. (10F) Zbid., 20, No. 3, p. 103. (11Fj Zbid., 20, NO.3, p. 108. (12F) Zbid., 20, No. 4, p. 142. (13F) Zbid., 20, No. 4, p. 144. (14F) Zbid., 20, No. 6, p. 213. (15F) Griffin, R. C., Jr., Modern Textiles .Vag. 39, KO. 8: 30 (1958). (16F) Hargreaves, Gladys, Materials i n D e s i j n E n g . 49,No.4, 108 (1958). (17F) Hollis, D. G., Fibres International 19, No. 8 , 62 (1958). 118FI McLeod. G. L... TaPPi .. 41, 430 (1958). (19F) .Modern Textiles Textzles M a p . 39, No. No 9, 66 (1958). (20F) Molin, Gosta, Fibtes Fzbtes International Znternatzonal 19, No. 8, 66 (1958). (21F’1 Runton, L. L. A , Maferzals Maferza!s zn Design E n g . 48, No. 1. 90 (1958). (22F) Sunden, 0 , TaPPz .. 41, 173.4 November 1958. (23F) Textile M’orid 108, No. 8 , 65 (1958). \
literature Cited Production
(lA) Modern Textiles M a g . 40, No. 5, 30 (1959). (2.4) Textile Economics Bureau, Textile Organon 28, No. 6, 77-92 (1957).
-
N e w Fibers
(1B) Carroll-Porczynski, C. Z., J . Textile Znst. 49,No. 8: A449 (1958). (2B) Erlich, V. L., Modern Textiles .Mag. 39, No. 6, 41 (1958). (3B) Zbid., No.11, p: 59. (4B) Fibres Internatzonal 20, No. 3, 104 (1959). (5B) Forrester, R. C., Jr., Modern Textiles M a g . 40, No. 2, 45 (1959). (6B) Ivey, W. R., Jr., Zbid., 49 (1959). (7B) Martin E. V.. Zbid.. 43 (1959’1. (8B) Modern Textile; Mag. 39, ‘No.9, 52 (19581. (9B) Ib;d., No. 9, p. 59. (IOB) I t i d . , p. 60. (11B) Ibid., No. 10, p. 31. (12B) Textile J . Austraali, pp. 706-7 (Aug. 20, 1958); Tech. Suruey 14, 809 (Nov. 22, 1958). (13B) Whytlaw, G. G., Modern Textile3 M a p . 40, S o . 4: 82 (1959). Research
(1C) Fibres E n g . and Chem. 19, No. 6, 175 (1 958).
Tires
(lG) Buchan, J., Fibres International 19, No. 9, 72 (1958). (2GI Modern Textzles M a e . 39, No. 10, 42 (1958). (3G) Textzle W o r l d 198, NO. 7, 8 (1958). (4G) Wyman, C. G., Rubber A g e (.V.I’.) 84, No. 6, 955 (1959).
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Nonwovens
(1H) A?. Dyestuff Reptr. 47, 765-71 (Kov. 3, 1938); Tech. Surcey 14, 809 (Nov. 22, 1958). (2H) Buzelin, A , , Teintex 23, No. 4, 245, 263 (1958); J . Textile Znst. 49, A670 (1958). (3H) Product Eng. 29, 12 (Nov. 3, 1958). (4H) Shearer, H. E., Modern Textiles M a g . 39, No. 11, 31 (1958). (5H) Zbid., No. 12, p. 33. (6H) Stoll, R. G., Zbid., 29, No. 6 , 49 (1958). (7H) Wilson, D., Fibres Znd. and Chem. 19, 49 (1958).
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