Field Development of Photooxidative Dyes as Insecticides - American

Chapter 10

Field Development of Photooxidative Dyes as Insecticides 1

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Downloaded by KTH ROYAL INST OF TECHNOLOGY on February 2, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: May 7, 1987 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1987-0339.ch010

Lisa A. Lemke , P. G. Koehler , R. S. Patterson , Mary B. Feger , and Thomas Eickhoff 1

Insects Affecting Man and Animals Research Laboratory (IAMARL), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32604 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Hilton Davis Chemical Company, 2235 Langdon Farm Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237 2

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Erythrosin Β (Synerid) a photooxidative dye has been shown to have insecticidal properties against adult house f l i e s in small scale poultry tests conducted in FL. It provided up to 95% reduction of the adult house fly population in one of these tests. It is not, however, commercially satisfac tory as a house fly larvicide. Erythrosin B, acridine red, and rose bengal have all been used experimentally to control mosquito larvae in small pools. Erythrosin Β also shows promise as a single mound treatment for control of red imported fire ants (RIFA). It controlled RIFA colonies as effectively as Amdro through 56 day post -treatment. The photooxidative dyes are extremely safe to man and the environment. Erythrosin Β has an L D 50 of 6,000-7,000

mg/kg of body weight. S i n c e t h i s i s a symposium on l i g h t - a c t i v a t e d p e s t i c i d e s , i t o n l y seems r i g h t t h a t t h e f i e l d e v a l u a t i o n and c o m m e r c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e compounds be e x a m i n e d . The t r u e t e s t f o r any p e s t i c i d e i s how i t p e r f o r m s under actual f i e l d conditions. V a r i o u s s t u d i e s have shown t h a t a number o f i n s e c t s p e c i e s e x h i b i t p h o t o o x i d a t i v e t o x i c r e a c t i o n s when exposed t o c e r t a i n dyes. Dyes s u c h as e r y t h r o s i n Β and rose bengal a r e e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l agents a g a i n s t the a d u l t s t a g e o f t h e house f l y ( 1 - 4 ) , f a c e f l y {5), b l a c k i m p o r t e d f i r e a n t { § ) , and b o l l w e e v i l ( 7 - 8 ) . Toxic r e a c t i o n s t o these dyes i n the l a r v a l stage o f m o s q u i t o e s ( 9 - 1 1 ) , house and f a c e f l i e s ( 1 2 - 1 4 ) , y e l l o w mealworms ( 1 5 ) , cabbage b u t t e r f l i e s ( 1 6 ) , and b l a c k cutworms (17) have been o b s e r v e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . 0097-6156/87/0339-0156$06.00/0 © 1987 American Chemical Society

Heitz and Downum; Light-Activated Pesticides ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.


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Photooxidative Dyes as Insecticides

D e s p i t e the promising i n d i c a t i o n s of these e a r l y l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s , l i t t l e work has been c o n d u c t e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e i n s e c t i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e dyes i n t h e field. Most o f t h e f i e l d work so f a r i n v o l v e d t e s t s i n p o u l t r y f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f house f l i e s u s i n g e r y t h r o s i n Β under t h e name S y n e r i d F l y C o n t r o l B. A t p r e s e n t , t h i s i s t h e o n l y dye r e g i s t e r e d and commercially a v a i l a b l e f o r i n s e c t c o n t r o l . This product i s l a b e l l e d f o r c o n t r o l o f house f l i e s i n c o n f i n e d animal areas, i n c l u d i n g p o u l t r y f a c i l i t i e s . One o f t h e g r e a t e s t a d v a n t a g e s o f p h o t o o x i d a t i v e d y e s i s t h e i r low mammalian t o x i c i t y ( T a b l e I ) . E r y t h r o s i n Β i s r e l a t i v e l y h a r m l e s s t o mammals (18-19) and has an a c u t e o r a l L D 5 0 o f 6,700-7,000 mg/kg o f body weight i n r a t s (19). A number o f o t h e r d y e s a l s o show low mammalian t o x i c i t y when compared t o commonly used i n s e c t i c i d e s ( T a b l e I) ( 2 0 - 2 1 ) . B e s i d e s t h e i r low mammalian t o x i c i t y , t h e s e compounds d e g r a d e r a p i d l y i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t (22) and t h e r e i s l i t t l e t h r e a t o f c o n t a m i n a t i n g water s o u r c e s o r a c c u m u l a t i n g i n t h e f o o d chain. The p h o t o o x i d a t i v e d y e s a r e e x t r e m e l y s a f e and p o s e no t h r e a t t o t h e h e a l t h o r w e l f a r e o f t h e a p p l i c a t o r or environment i n f i e l d usage.

Table

I.

The L D 5 0 f o r V a r i o u s Dyes Which Show Insecticidal Properties. 3

Compound A r t i e w h i t e Tx D&C r e d #22 FD&C b l u e #02 FD&C r e d #03 FD&C y e l l o w #06 Methylene blue Sodium f l u o r e s c e i n Erythrosin Β Eosin yellow

Acute O r a l 16,000 2,344 A

1,264 12,750 1,180* 6,721* 6,700* 2,340

1

Intravenous

1

550 93* 700

82

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R T E C S , N i o s h a , S u p t . o f Documents, U.S. Government P r i n t O f f i c e : W a s h i n g t o n , DC, 1983. T h i s f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t s mg/kg o f body w e i g h t ( f o r m i c e ) r e q u i r e d t o k i l l 50% o f t h e t e s t population. * R a t s were u s e d as t e s t o r g a n i s m . 1

House F l y F i e l d

Experiments

Larvicide Tests. F i e l d t e s t s were n e c e s s a r y t o s a t i s f y EPA r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n . Poultry f a c i l i t i e s o f f e r a p e r f e c t environment f o r t e s t i n g products a g a i n s t house f l i e s s i n c e t h e y a r e i d e a l f l y - b r e e d i n g h a b i t a t s .



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LIGHT-ACTIVATED PESTICIDES

T h i s i s b e c a u s e i n most caged l a y e r o p e r a t i o n s the manure i s a l l o w e d t o a c c u m u l a t e under c a g e d hens p r o v i d i n g e x c e l l e n t o v i p o s i t i o n and l a r v a l d e v e l o p m e n t s i t e s (23). Unchecked f l y d e v e l o p m e n t r e s u l t s i n a d u l t f l i e s creating a nuisance. Since house f l i e s a r e d e v e l o p i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o many o f the c u r r e n t l y u s e d p r o d u c t s l i k e t h e s y n t h e t i c p y r e t h r o i d s and c y r o m a z i n e ( 2 4 - 2 5 ) , the poultry i n d u s t r y needs a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r house f l y c o n t r o l . The new, s a f e r p h o t o o x i d a t i v e dyes may f i l l this requirement. One o f t h e e a r l i e s t f i e l d t e s t s u s i n g S y n e r i d was c o n d u c t e d a t the M i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y to c o n t r o l house f l i e s i n l a r g e and s m a l l s c a l e f i e l d t e s t s (26). In b o t h s t u d i e s , manure was s p r a y e d w e e k l y w i t h an aqueous s o l u t i o n o f e r y t h r o s i n Β f o r 4 weeks. Manure samples were c o l l e c t e d i n o r d e r t o a s s e s s l a r v a l p o p u l a t i o n s , w h i l e s t i c k y t r a p s were u s e d t o a s s e s s a d u l t house f l y p o p u l a t i o n s . House f l y p o p u l a t i o n s were r e d u c e d up t o 94% >ird 89% i n t h e s m a l l and l a r g e s c a l e t e s t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The d a t a a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t l a r v a l d e n s i t i e s of the a s s o c i a t e d b e n e f i c i a l s o l d i e r f l y , Hermetia i l l u c e n s , were not r e d u c e d . T h i s i s an i m p o r t a n t observation s i n c e the most d e s i r a b l e c o n t r o l a g e n t s a r e t h o s e t h a t do not n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t b e n e f i c i a l i n s e c t s w h i l e simultaneously c o n t r o l l i n g pest populations. Further a n a l y s i s o f t h e manure d u r i n g t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t e r y t h r o s i n Β r a p i d l y d e g r a d e d under the e n c o u n t e r e d environmental conditions. This feature a l l e v i a t e s c o n c e r n s a b o u t p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s i n c h i c k e n manure w h i c h i s o f t e n u s e d as fertilizer. F o l l o w i n g t h i s s t u d y , e r y t h r o s i n Β was registered by S t e r l i n g Drug I n c . as I n t e r c e p t t o be m a r k e t e d as a l a r v i c i d e f o r house f l y c o n t r o l i n caged l a y e r facilities. L a t e r , t h i s compound was r e r e g i s t e r e d as S y n e r i d by H i l t o n D a v i s . A f t e r EPA r e g i s t r a t i o n o f the dye, H i l t o n D a v i s C h e m i c a l Company c o n d u c t e d f u r t h e r f i e l d t e s t s o f the p r o d u c t f o r l a r v a l f l y c o n t r o l i n C a l i f o r n i a , South C a r o l i n a , I n d i a n a and F l o r i d a . Results of these s t u d i e s , w i t h one e x c e p t i o n , r e m a i n u n p u b l i s h e d . The C a l i f o r n i a s t u d y e v a l u a t e d S y n e r i d and Synerid 100 (70% e r y t h r o s i n Β and 30% sodium f l u o r e s c e i n ) i n b o t h s m a l l and l a r g e p l o t s ( 2 7 - 2 8 ) . In s m a l l field t e s t s , t h r e e r a t e s o f S y n e r i d and S y n e r i d 100 were tested. O n l y one r a t e o f e a c h p r o d u c t was u s e d i n t h e large scale f i e l d tests. In b o t h t e s t s , t h e materials were a p p l i e d on a w e e k l y b a s i s . S y n e r i d 100 t r e a t m e n t s r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y fewer l a r v a e and a d u l t s r e l a t i v e t o the c o n t r o l s . Adult f l y p o p u l a t i o n s i n S y n e r i d t r e a t e d h o u s e s , however, d i d not d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y from e i t h e r S y n e r i d 100 or t h e control. The l a r g e s c a l e t e s t a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t



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S y n e r i d 100 s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d house f l y l a r v a l d e n s i t i e s r e l a t i v e t o c o n t r o l samples f r o m a n o t h e r house. D e s p i t e these s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s the l e v e l of f l y c o n t r o l was c o m m e r c i a l l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . A second study conducted i n C a l i f o r n i a , a l s o , showed t h a t w e e k l y s p r a y i n g o f t h e manure w i t h l a b e l l e d r a t e s o f S y n e r i d d i d n o t c o n t r o l house f l y l a r v a e ( 2 9 ) . A d u l t house f l y p o p u l a t i o n s , m o n i t o r e d w i t h s t i c k y t a p e s , were n e v e r below p r e t r e a t m e n t l e v e l s i n b o t h t h e c o n t r o l and S y n e r i d t r e a t e d h o u s e s . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d i n l a r g e s c a l e f i e l d t e s t s c o n d u c t e d i n S o u t h C a r o l i n a ( N o l a n , I I I , M. P., Clemson U n i v e r s i t y , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) and i n a s m a l l f i e l d t e s t a t t h e USDA-ARS l a b o r a t o r y i n Gainesvilie, Florida. The p r e l i m i n a r y f i e l d t e s t i n F l o r i d a was c o n d u c t e d i n f o u r o u t d o o r f l y - p r o o f s c r e e n e d rooms (2.43 X 4.88 m) i n 1985. E a c h room was p r o v i s i o n e d w i t h a r a c k o f 13 c a g e s (.2 X .45 X .41 m) e a c h h o l d i n g two W h i t e L e g h o r n layers. Manure was a l l o w e d t o a c c u m u l a t e under t h e c a g e s and w i l d a d u l t house f l i e s were a l l o w e d a c c e s s t o the rooms t h r o u g h t h e d o o r s d u r i n g t h e c a r e o f t h e birds. Weekly t r e a t m e n t s o f e r y t h r o s i n Β were i n i t i a t e d and one o f f o u r t r e a t m e n t s was randomly a s s i g n e d ( u s i n g a random numbers t a b l e ) t o e a c h room. T r e a t m e n t s were as f o l l o w s : 139.5 mgr 209.3 mgr 294.0 mg/ 62.00 ml w a t e r / m , and no t r e a t m e n t - c o n t r o l . P o p u l a t i o n a s s e s s m e n t s were c o n d u c t e d by c o u n t i n g t h e number o f a d u l t house f l i e s c a u g h t on one s t i c k y t a p e i n a 24 hour period. The t a p e was hung under a randomly c h o s e n cage i n e a c h room. O n l y one t a p e was used p e r room t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e house f l y p o p u l a t i o n was n o t e l i m i n a t e d t h r o u g h i t s c a p t u r e on t h e t a p e . T a b l e I I i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e t o t a l number o f a d u l t f l i e s c a u g h t by t h e s t i c k y t a p e i n e a c h room d i d n o t d e c r e a s e from p r e t r e a t m e n t l e v e l s a f t e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of e r t h y r o s i n B. S i n c e o n l y one t a p e was u s e d i n e a c h room and t h e e x p e r i m e n t was n o t r e p l i c a t e d t h e r e s u l t s were i n c o n c l u s i v e . However, c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h researchers conducting similar studies in C a l i f o r n i a , S o u t h C a r o l i n a , and I n d i a n a s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e s e r e s u l t s were t y p i c a l . T h e r e f o r e , i t seemed p o i n t l e s s t o r e p l i c a t e such a l a b o r i n t e n s i v e study u n t i l more was known a b o u t t h e b i o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f the p r o d u c t . The s l i g h t d e c l i n e i n p o p u l a t i o n l e v e l s t h a t was s e e n a t t h e end o f t h e s t u d y was most l i k e l y t h e r e s u l t o f p a r a s i t i s m and p r é d a t i o n by b e n e f i c i a l a r t h r o p o d s . N i n e t y p e r c e n t o f t h e pupae r e t u r n e d t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y t o m o n i t o r f o r f l y emergence were p a r a s i t i z e d by M u s c i d i f u r a x r a p t o r , a common house f l y p a r a s i t e . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n c o r r o b o r a t e s t h e e a r l i e r s t u d y (26) w h i c h f o u n d e r y t h r o s i n Β had l i t t l e t o no e f f e c t on b e n e f i c i a l a r t h r o p o d s when t h e m a t e r i a l was s p r a y e d on t h e manure. 2



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D u r i n g t h i s s t u d y , however, a d u l t house f l i e s w i t h r e d abdomens were f o u n d r e s t i n g on t h e w a l l s o f t h e room f o l l o w i n g t h e s p r a y i n g o f manure w i t h e r y t h r o s i n B. We assumed t h a t t h e s e f l i e s were p r o d u c e d f r o m t r e a t e d l a r v a e , w h i c h a p p e a r e d p i n k i n c o l o r , and, would therefore ultimately die. However, none o f t h e s e f l i e s brought i n t o the l a b o r a t o r y d i e d . I n s t e a d t h e abdomens of a l l the f l i e s r e t u r n e d to t h e i r normal c o l o r w i t h i n 24 h; t h e f l i e s c o n t i n u e d t o l i v e and r e d f e c a l and o r a l s p o t s were o b s e r v e d i n t h e c a g e s . This indicated that f l i e s were a b l e t o s u c c e s s f u l l y c l e a n t h e i r abdomens o f the d y e .

Table

Julian Date 102 109 116 123 130 137 144 152 a

II.

T o t a l Number o f House F l y A d u l t s T r a p p e d on a S t i c k y Tape F o l l o w i n g t h e S p r a y i n g o f t h e Manure w i t h 1 o f 3 R a t e s o f E r y t h r o s i n Β i n a Small-Scale F i e l d Test. ( G a i n e s v i l l e , F l o r i d a 1985) 3

Treatment Medium Low 16 55 575 650 500 450 225 450 200 85 175 200 225 175 175 110

Control 161 600 275 550 150 400 250 175

High 37 830 650 500 300 225 200 150

T r e a t m e n t s were a p p l i e d on J u l i a n d a t e 102, 1985. R a t e s were: low=139.5 mg, medium=209.3 mg, and h i g h = 279.0 mg/62.00 ml w a t e r / m . 2

I t was l a t e r n o t e d t h a t p r i o r t o s p r a y i n g t h e manure no red-abdomened f l i e s were o b s e r v e d . However, w i t h i n 4 h o f s p r a y i n g t h e manure, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% o f t h e a d u l t h o u s e f l i e s had r e d abdomens. From t h e s e observations i t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t : 1) r e d f l i e s were n o t t h e r e s u l t o f t h e i r f e e d i n g on e r y t h r o s i n Β d u r i n g t h e i r l a r v a l s t a g e , 2) a d u l t house f l i e s would f e e d on t h e e r y t h r o s i n Β s p r a y w h i l e i t was wet, and 3) some o f t h e a d u l t s t h a t d i d i n g e s t t h e dye were a b l e t o e l i m i n a t e i t t h r o u g h d e f e c a t i o n and r e g u r g i t a t i o n . Adulticide Tests. The o b s e r v a t i o n s made i n t h e F l o r i d a f i e l d t e s t i n d i c a t e d t h a t S y n e r i d may i n f a c t be an e f f e c t i v e a d u l t i c i d e when f e d t o a d u l t f l i e s i n l a r g e enough amounts. T h e r e f o r e , e r y t h r o s i n Β was r e t u r n e d t o the l a b o r a t o r y f o r a c l o s e r e v a l u a t i o n o f i t s adulticidal activity. Research from these l a b o r a t o r y



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Photooxidative Dyes as insecticides

161

s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t e r y t h r o s i n Β ( S y n e r i d ) showed more p r o m i s e as an a d u l t i c i d e t h a n a l a r v i c i d e (£) . F o l l o w i n g the l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s , s m a l l s c a l e f i e l d e v a l u a t i o n s o f e r y t h r o s i n Β as a l i q u i d a d u l t b a i t were c o n d u c t e d i n 1985 and 1986. The p u r p o s e o f the f i e l d t e s t i n g was t w o - f o l d : 1) t o e v a l u a t e c o n t r o l o f a d u l t house f l i e s w i t h e r y t h r o s i n Β and 2) t o o b s e r v e r a t e s o f f l y r e d u c t i o n when m u s c a l u r e was used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the dye. Laboratory experiments i n d i c a t e d that c e r t a i n l e t h a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of e r y t h r o s i n Β i n h i b i t e d i n g e s t i o n by house f l i e s . T h e r e f o r e , i t seemed n e c e s s a r y t o keep t h e f l i e s a t the b a i t s t a t i o n so t h a t a d u l t f l i e s would i n g e s t enough m a t e r i a l t o e n s u r e death. M u s c a l u r e was u s e d s i n c e i t a c t s as a f e e d i n g a r r e s t a n t f o r house f l i e s ( 3 0 - 3 1 ) . The r e s u l t s of t h e s e s t u d i e s have n o t y e t been p u b l i s h e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e m a t e r i a l s and methods a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d . T h r e e o f t h e f o u r f l y - p r o o f s c r e e n e d rooms u s e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d s m a l l s c a l e f i e l d t e s t were u t i l i z e d i n t h i s experiment. C h i c k w a t e r i n g t o w e r s were u s e d as t h e b a i t s t a t i o n s . E a c h d e v i c e had a c i r c u l a r t r o u g h c o n t a i n i n g dye s o l u t i o n s . S t e r i l e c o t t o n was p r o v i d e d as a s u p p o r t medium so t h a t f l i e s c o u l d r e s t on i t and i n g e s t the f l u i d s . A l l b a i t s t a t i o n s were p l a c e d on t h e g r o u n d i n t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f e a c h room c o n t a i n i n g the c h i c k e n c a g e s . S o l u t i o n s i n the w a t e r i n g t o w e r s were r e p l a c e d w e e k l y . One of t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s ( S y n e r i d , S y n e r i d + m u s c a l u r e and a c o n t r o l ) was p l a c e d i n e a c h room. A d u l t house f l y p o p u l a t i o n s i n a l l rooms were sampled d a i l y f o r f i v e d a y s p r e c e d i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h a m o d i f i e d Scudder g r i d . From t h e day t h e t r e a t m e n t s were a p p l i e d , s a m p l i n g was done d a i l y f o r 3 weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t e x c e p t on weekends. The s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e u s e d a m o d i f i e d 44 cm s q u a r e S c u d d e r g r i d c o n s i s t i n g o f 12 s t r i p s o f wood 44 cm l o n g and 2 cm wide s p a c e d 2 cm apart. The g r i d was r a n d o m l y p l a c e d on the g r o u n d i n e a c h room f o r 30 s e c o n d s and the number of f l i e s w h i c h r e s t e d on t h e g r i d a f t e r the 30 s e c o n d i n t e r v a l were counted. G r i d c o u n t s were r e p l i c a t e d 5 t i m e s i n e a c h room. R e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n o f S y n e r i d (1% by volume e r y t h r o s i n Β b a i t ) w i t h m u s c a l u r e r e s u l t e d i n an a v e r a g e 95% and 51% r e d u c t i o n of house f l i e s from pretreatment l e v e l s i n s t u d i e s 1 and 2, r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b l e I I I and I V ) . Synerid without muscalure r e s u l t e d i n an a v e r a g e 67% r e d u c t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l house f l y p o p u l a t i o n i n s t u d y 1 and 34% i n s t u d y 2. In c o n t r o l rooms house f l y p o p u l a t i o n s i n c r e a s e d from pretreatment l e v e l s by an a v e r a g e 10% i n s t u d y 1 and 31% i n s t u d y 2. A t p r e s e n t t h i s b r i n g s t h e f i e l d r e s e a r c h on e r y t h r o s i n Β f o r house f l y c o n t r o l u p - t o - d a t e . B e s i d e s the f i e l d e v a l u a t i o n s of e r y t h r o s i n Β f o r f l y c o n t r o l , a l i t t l e f i e l d work has been c o n d u c t e d a t e x a m i n i n g t h e



162


feasibility species.

of u s i n g t h e s e dyes to c o n t r o l

Table

P e r c e n t R e d u c t i o n o f House F l y P o p u l a t i o n s F o l l o w i n g A p p l i c a t i o n of Synerid i n a Small S c a l e P o u l t r y F a c i l i t y ( F l o r i d a , 1985).

III.

insect

3

Day posttreatment 2 4 8 10 14 18 22 Average 3

other

Control -35.36 19.51 -28.04 -50.00 52.43 15.85 -60.97 -10.00

Percent Reduction Synerid+muscalure Synerid 79.45 60.58 95.89 56.20 87.67 71.53 95.89 64.96 91.78 34.03 91.78 80.29 100.00 73.77 95.87 67.00

When p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i s p r e c e d e d by a minus s i g n t h i s r e p r e s e n t s an i n c r e a s e by t h a t p e r c e n t i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n from t h e p r e t r e a t m e n t level.

Table

IV.

P e r c e n t R e d u c t i o n o f House F l y P o p u l a t i o n s F o l l o w i n g A p p l i c a t i o n of S y n e r i d i n a Small S c a l e P o u l t r y F a c i l i t y ( F l o r i d a , 1986).

Days 2 4 8 10 14 18 22 Average

54, .50 89..16 79..45 -16, .96 -235, .74 -10, .10 -58, .12 -31, .48

Reduction

15. 06 27. 38 53. 30 8. 02 -23. 28 54. 33 41. 09 34. 60

64. 70. 80. 78. 30. 58. 51. 51.

t h i s r e p r e s e n t s an i n c r e a s e by t h a t p e r c e n t p o p u l a t i o n from t h e p r e t r e a t m e n t level.

Mosquito F i e l d

3

Percent

60 28 50 08 66 72 88 26

i n the

Tests

Two s m a l l s c a l e f i e l d s t u d i e s have e v a l u a t e d t h e u s e o f f l u o r e s c e n t d y e s and e r y t h r o s i n Β f o r c o n t r o l o f m o s q u i t o l a r v a e . In t h e f i r s t s t u d y w h i c h was u n d e r t a k e n i n Germany, r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a c r i d i n e r e d and r o s e b e n g a l showed e f f i c a c y i n d i l u t i o n s o f 1:100,000 ( 3 2 ) . E x p o s u r e o f A n o p h e l e s l a r v a e t o a c r i d i n e r e d i n 6 o f 10 t r e a t e d s m a l l p o o l s r e s u l t e d i n 90 t o 100% m o r t a l i t y . In t h e o t h e r 4 p o o l s t h e r e s u l t s



10.

LEMKE ET AL.


163

were v a r i a b l e (3J2) . The i n d i c a t i o n was t h a t t h e s e two d y e s may be s a f e and e f f e c t i v e m o s q u i t o c o n t r o l a g e n t s . R e c e n t l y C a r p e n t e r e t a l . (33) e v a l u a t e d e r y t h r o s i n Β f o r mosquito c o n t r o l . T h i s e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d i n 30 1 χ 1 χ 0.05m h o l e s t h a t had been dug i n t h e ground. E a c h h o l e was l i n e d w i t h p l a s t i c s h e e t s and t h e n f i l l e d w i t h w e l l water f o r a 25 cm d e p t h . P r i o r to i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t 500 t o 600 f o u r t h i n s t a r Culex p i p i e n s quinquefasciatus l a r v a e were t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o each t e s t p l o t . L a r v a l samples were t a k e n u s i n g a d i p p e r 24 h a f t e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e e r y t h r o s i n B. The r e s u l t s showed t h a t a t 8.0 ppm 96% and 92% r e d u c t i o n s i n l a r v a l p o p u l a t i o n s c o u l d be s e e n i n s t u d i e s 2 and 3, r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i f t y percent c o n t r o l c o u l d be seen i n 24 h a t t r e a t m e n t r a t e s o f 0.5 t o 1.0 ppm ( 3 3 ) . The r e s u l t s o f s t u d y 1 i n d i c a t e d t h a t e f f e c t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s of e r y t h r o s i n Β f o r mosquito c o n t r o l was d e p e n d e n t on t h e pH o f t h e water t o be treated. The pH o f t h e water i s an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r f o r e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f m o s q u i t o l a r v a e when u s i n g d y e s . Fire

Ant F i e l d

Experiments

Two s t u d i e s have a l s o been c o n d u c t e d t o a s s e s s t h e t o x i c i t y o f c e r t a i n d y e s on f i e l d c o l o n i e s o f i m p o r t e d f i r e ants. In t h e f i r s t s t u d y , f i e l d c o l l e c t e d mounds of S o l e n o p s i s r i c h t e r i , the black imported f i r e a n t , were dug up and b r o u g h t back t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y where t h e y were m a i n t a i n e d ( 3 £ ) . C o l o n i e s were t h e n f e d s o y b e a n o i l b a i t s w h i c h c o n t a i n e d t h e dye p h l o x i n B. I t was f o u n d t h a t p h l o x i n Β c a u s e d m o r t a l i t y t o c o l o n i e s and t h e amount o f t i m e i t took f o r d e a t h t o o c c u r was d e p e n d e n t on t h e amount o f l i g h t t o w h i c h t h e y were exposed. S i n c e t h e s e were f i e l d c o l l e c t e d c o l o n i e s , i t can be h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t s i m i l a r r e s u l t s would be o b t a i n e d under a c t u a l f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s . However, i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o s e e i f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r b a i t i s as a t t r a c t i v e to f o r a g i n g ants. I f t h e queen does n o t i n g e s t t h e b a i t and d i e then c o l o n y l i f e w i l l go on undisturbed. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s e s s e n t i a l to study the r e a c t i o n s of f o r a g i n g f i r e ants i n the f i e l d to the m a t e r i a l , before extrapolating laboratory observations to f i e l d s i t u a t i o n s . A l a r g e s c a l e f i e l d t e s t was c o n d u c t e d by t h e a u t h o r i n o r d e r t o a s s e s s t h e e f f i c a c y o f a number o f b a i t s f o r c o n t r o l of i n d i v i d u a l red imported f i r e ant ( R I F A ) , S^ i n v i c t a , c o l o n i e s ( 3 5 ) . I n c l u d e d i n t h i s e v a l u a t i o n was a s o y b e a n o i l b a i t w h i c h c o n t a i n e d e r y t h r o s i n Β ( s u p p l i e d by t h e H i l t o n D a v i s Co., C i n c i n n a t i , OH). The c o n t r o l o f e r y t h r o s i n Β t r e a t e d c o l o n i e s was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t (P>0.05) t h a n that of c o l o n i e s t r e a t e d with standard commercial b a i t Amdro ( T a b l e V) f o r 56 d a y s p o s t - t r e a t m e n t . The d e g r e e o f c o n t r o l w i t h a l l b a i t s , however, was n o t


Heitz and Downum; Light-Activated Pesticides ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987. 71.2 46.4 59.6 15.7 14.0 53.3 0.0

21

a** a a b b a b

55.1 67.1 85.4 22.0 26.8 48.2 0.0

42

abc ab a ed cd be d 53.1 66.9 75.2 40.4 48.5 43.8 0.0

56

a a a a a a d

50.3 36.3 83.4 53.5 73.8 7.8 0.0

84

be c a be ab d d

44.3 38.1 78.3 53.3 73.8 8.7 0.0

112

c c a be ab d d

*Treatments were made 4 June 1984 ** Values expressed as percent of treated mounds that showed i n a c t i v i t y . Means within the same column, followed by the same l e t t e r , are not s i g n i f i cantly d i f f e r e n t (P> 0.05) according to the Least Squares Difference t e s t .

31 30 30 33 30 30 31

No. Mounds Treated

Days Post-Treatment*

F i e l d Evaluation of Baits for Use as Single Mound Treatments for Control of Red Imported F i r e Ants

Amdro Affirm A003 Affirm WO 02 Pro-Drone (31.Og) Pro-Drone (12.4g) Synerid Control

Bait

Table V.


10.

LEMKE ET AL.

165


satisfactory. A d d i t i o n a l f i e l d t e s t s need c o n d u c t e d b e f o r e recommending t h i s p r o d u c t

t o be f o r RIFA.


Summary A l t h o u g h , t h e r e a r e many r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y o f p h o t o a c t i v e d y e s on i n s e c t s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , l i t t l e of i t addresses the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of them i n t h e f i e l d . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o remember t h a t p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y does n o t a s s u r e i t s success i n the f i e l d . Many e l e m e n t s such a s w e a t h e r , s u n l i g h t , h u m i d i t y , and pH c a n c a u s e p r o d u c t s t o be ineffective. The r e a l t e s t f o r t h e s e d y e s l i e s i n a d d i t i o n a l f i e l d t e s t s and i t i s hoped t h a t more f i e l d o r i e n t e d s t u d i e s w i l l be a t t e m p t e d . Commercial d e v e l o p m e n t has a l r e a d y shown t h a t such a p r o d u c t ( S y n e r i d ) s t a n d s a good c h a n c e i n t h e m a r k e t p l a c e i f r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n c a n be o b t a i n e d i n t h e f i e l d . L a b o r a t o r y d e v e l o p e r s and f i e l d r e s e a r c h e r s must work together i n order t o assure the success of these products. Indeed t h e y a r e a most a t t r a c t i v e g r o u p o f i n s e c t i c i d e s when one c o n s i d e r s t h e s a f e t y and s e l e c t i v i t y o f t h e s e compounds. The d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s i s j u s t i f i e d s i n c e t h e y a r e e x t r e m e l y s a f e w i t h many o f them b e i n g r e g i s t e r e d as f o o d a d d i t i v e s . Due t o t h i s s a f e t y , t h e r e i s low c o s t f o r t o x i c o l o g i c a l t e s t i n g i n o r d e r t o s a t i s f y EPA r e q u i r e m e n t s . Because l i t t l e t o x i c o l o g i c a l t e s t i n g i s needed, speedy r e g i s t r a t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t by EPA c a n be a n t i c i p a t e d . In a d d i t i o n , few l a b e l r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d s i n c e there i s l i t t l e hazard to the a p p l i c a t o r , c r o p s , domestic a n i m a l s , w i l d l i f e or fish. I n an age o f h e a l t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y c o n s c i e n c e i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e s e p r o d u c t s c a n be used without controversy. Literature 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

Cited

Yoho, T . P . ; B u t l e r , L.; Weaver, J. J . Econ. Entomol. 1971, 64, 972-3. Yoho, T . P . ; Weaver, J. E.; B u t l e r , L . E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1973, 2, 1092-6. Yoho, T . P . ; B u t l e r , L.; Weaver, J. E . E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1976, 5, 203-4. K o e h l e r , P. G.; P a t t e r s o n , R. S. J . Econ. Entomol. 1986, 79, 1023-26. Fondren, Jr., J. E.; H e i t z , J. R. E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1978, 7, 843-6. Broome, J. R . ; Callaham, M. F.; Lewis, L . Α.; Ladner, M. C.; H e i t z , J. R. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1975, 51, 117-21. Callaham, M. F.; Broom, J. R . ; L i n d i g , Ο. H.; H e i t z , J. R. E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1975, 4, 837-41.


166 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Downloaded by KTH ROYAL INST OF TECHNOLOGY on February 2, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: May 7, 1987 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1987-0339.ch010

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

LIGHT-ACTIVATED PESTICIDES Broome, J. R . ; Callaham, M. F.; Poe, N. R . ; H e i t z , J. R. C h e m . - B i o l . I n t e r a c t . 1976, 14, 203-6. B a r h i e r i , A. R i v i s t a d i M a l a r i o l o g i c a 1928, 7, 456-63. Barbosa, P . ; P e t e r s , T. M. Mosq. News 1969, 29, 243-51. P i m p r i k a r , G. D . ; Norment, Jr., B. R . ; H e i t z , J. R. E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1979, 8, 856-9. F a i r b r o t h e r , T. Ε. Ph.D. T h e s i s , M i s s i s s i p p i State U n i v e r s i t y , S t a r k v i l l e , 1978. S a k u r a i , H.; H e i t z , J. R. E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1982, 11, 467-70. P i m p r i k a r , G. D . ; Noe, B. L.; Norment, B. R . ; H e i t z , J. R. J . Econ. Entomol. 1980, 73, 785-8. Graham, K . ; Wranger, E.; Sasan, L . H. Can. J. Zool. 1972, 50, 1625-9. L a v i a l l e , M . ; Dumortier, B. C . R. Acad. Sc. P a r i s 1978, 287, 875-8. Clement, S. L.; Schmidt, R. S . ; Szatmari-Goodman, G . ; H e i t z , J. R. J . Econ. Entomol. 1980, 73, 390-392. L u , F . C.; L a v a l l e , A. Can. Pharm. J. 1964, 30, 530. Butterworth, K. R . ; Gaunt, I . F.; Grasso, P . ; G a n g o l l i , S . D . F d . Cosmet. T o x i c o l . 1976, 14, 525-31. RTECS, NIOSHA, Supt. of Documents, U . S . Government P r i n t O f f i c e : Washington, DC, 1983. Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1977, 5th ed. H e i t z , J. R. Disposal and Decontamination of Pesticides; Kennedy, M. V., American Chemical S o c i e t y : Washington, DC, 1978; No. 73, p 35-48. A x t e l l , R. C.; Rutz, D. A. Entomol Soc. Am. M i s c . Publ. 1986, 61, 88-100. H i n k l e , Ν. C.; Sheppard, D. C.; Nolan, Jr., M. P. J. Econ. Entomol. 1985, 78, 722-4. Bloomcamp, L . M.S. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a , G a i n e s v i l l e , 1986. P i m p r i k a r , G. D., Fondren, Jr., J. E.; H e i t z , J. R. E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1980, 9, 53-8. Meyer, J. Α . ; Mullens, Β . Α . ; Rooney, W. F.; Rodriguez, J. L . J. A g r i c . Entomol. 1986, 2, 351-7. Meyer, J. Α . ; Mullens, Β . Α . ; Rooney, W. F. Progress in P o u l t r y ; Univ. C a l i f o r n i a Coop. Extension S e r v . , 1986, No. 31, 6 pp. Meyer, J. Α . ; Bradley, F . Progress in P o u l t r y ; Univ. C a l i f o r n i a Coop. Extension S e r v . , 1986, No. 34, 3 pp. C a r l s o n , D. Α . ; Mayer, M. S . ; S i l h a c e k , D. L.; James, J. D . ; Beroza, M . ; Bierl, B. A. Science 1971, 174, 76-8. C a r l s o n , D. Α . ; Beroza, M. E n v i r o n . Entomol. 1973, 2, 555-9.


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RECEIVED February 11, 1987


Field Development of Photooxidative Dyes as Insecticides - American

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